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Southern Paiutes of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau have a deep connection to their environment. Since Creation, Southern Paiutes maintain that it is their duty to manage their environment to promote growth and sustainability within their ecosystem. They have developed numerous strategies and activities that have been integrated into their cultural system that increases biodiversity and biocomplexity throughout their homeland. The Southern Paiutes had a traditional leadership system that was responsible for the maintenance of social and ecological order throughout the Southern Paiute nation. The Southern Paiute leadership, more commonly referred to as the High Chiefs, was a multi-layered system that functioned on national, regional, and local levels. This essay examines the roles and functions the High Chiefs had traditionally in Southern Paiute culture and how it was used to maintain the Southern Paiute way of life and their environment.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att utvärdera onlineversionen av programvaran MakeItRational med avseende på metoden som används för att beräkna så kallade vikter (weights) på basis av parvisa jämförelser. Studiens teoretiska del bygger på T.L. Saatys analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Större vikt läggs på tillämpningen av AHP-metoden med tonvikt på beräkning av vikter och hantering av parvisa jämförelsematriser. Uppsatsen empiriska del bygger på två beslutsanalyser utförda med hjälp av onlineversionen av MakeItRational och motsvarande egna beräkningar. Studiens resultat indikerar att onlineversionen av MakeItRational använder högeregenvektorsmetoden för att beräkna vikter.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Bowling Green State University, 2008. / Document formatted into pages; contains x, 107 p. Includes bibliographical references.

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The dissertation studies two aspects of international hierarchy. The world of international politics is not one of completely sovereign states competing in anarchy. Patterns of hierarchy, where a dominant state has legitimate control over some actions of a subordinate state, color the globe. First, I look at shared norms and hierarchy. Most studies concerning hierarchy focus on material maximization as an explanation for hierarchy--if hierarchy increases the wealth and security of two states, then hierarchy is more likely. I argue that shared norms held by two states facilitate hierarchy. Shared norms produce a common in-group community, generate common interests, create common ways of doing business, and give rise to common values that increase subordinate states' ability to persuade the dominant state. These factors ease the creation and maintenance of international hierarchical relationships. Second, I study interstate behaviors that can be explained as actions of maintenance by dominant states over subordinates to preserve or increase a level of hierarchy. I theorize that sticks and carrots from a dominant state (like economic sanctions, military interventions, and foreign aid) help sustain a dominant state's rule by convincing subordinate states to follow the dominant state's commands and expectations. Using data on U.S. hierarchies from 1950 to 2010, I utilize multivariate regressions to test hypotheses drawn from these theories. I find that shared norms associate with hierarchy, and maintenance actions uncommonly associate with compliance.

De par la réduction continuelle des dimensions du transistor CMOS, concevoir des systèmes sur puce (SoC) à la fois très denses et énergétiquement efficients devient un réel défi. Concernant la densité, réduire la dimension du transistor CMOS est sujet à de fortes contraintes de fabrication tandis que le coût ne cesse d'augmenter. Concernant l'aspect énergétique, une augmentation importante de la puissance dissipée par unité de surface frêne l'évolution en performance. Ceci est essentiellement dû à l'augmentation du courant de fuite dans les transistors CMOS, entraînant une montée de la consommation d'énergie statique. En observant les SoCs actuels, les mémoires embarquées volatiles tels que la SRAM et la DRAM occupent de plus en plus de surface silicium. C'est la raison pour laquelle une partie significative de la puissance totale consommée provient des composants mémoires. Ces deux dernières décennies, de nouvelles mémoires non volatiles sont apparues possédant des caractéristiques pouvant aider à résoudre les problèmes des SoCs actuels. Parmi elles, la MRAM est une candidate à fort potentiel car elle permet à la fois une forte densité d'intégration et une consommation d'énergie statique quasi nulle, tout en montrant des performances comparables à la SRAM et à la DRAM. De plus, la MRAM a la capacité d'être non volatile. Ceci est particulièrement intéressant pour l'ajout de nouvelles fonctionnalités afin d'améliorer l'efficacité énergétique ainsi que la fiabilité. Ce travail de thèse a permis de mener une exploration en surface, performance et consommation énergétique de l'intégration de la MRAM au sein de la hiérarchie mémoire d'un processeur. Une première exploration fine a été réalisée au niveau mémoire cache pour des architectures multicoeurs. Une seconde étude a permis d'évaluer la possibilité d'intégrer la MRAM au niveau registre pour la conception d'un processeur non volatile. Dans le cadre d'applications des objets connectés, de nouvelles fonctionnalités ainsi que les intérêts apportés par la non volatilité ont été étudiés et évalués. / With the downscaling of the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology,designing dense and energy-efficient systems-on-chip (SoC) is becoming a realchallenge. Concerning the density, reducing the CMOS transistor size faces up to manufacturingconstraints while the cost increases exponentially. Regarding the energy, a significantincrease of the power density and dissipation obstructs further improvement inperformance. This issue is mainly due to the growth of the leakage current of the CMOStransistors, which leads to an increase of the static energy consumption. Observing currentSoCs, more and more area is occupied by embedded volatile memories, such as staticrandom access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random access memory (DRAM). As a result,a significant proportion of total power is spent into memory systems. In the past twodecades, alternative memory technologies have emerged with attractive characteristics tomitigate the aforementioned issues. Among these technologies, magnetic random accessmemory (MRAM) is a promising candidate as it combines simultaneously high densityand very low static power consumption while its performance is competitive comparedto SRAM and DRAM. Moreover, MRAM is non-volatile. This capability, if present inembedded memories, has the potential to add new features to SoCs to enhance energyefficiency and reliability. In this thesis, an area, performance and energy exploration ofembedding the MRAM technology in the memory hierarchy of a processor architectureis investigated. A first fine-grain exploration was made at cache level for multi-core architectures.A second study evaluated the possibility to design a non-volatile processorintegrating MRAM at register level. Within the context of internet of things, new featuresand the benefits brought by the non-volatility were investigated.

Adult female Formosan macaques were observed to collect data on the acquisition and stabilization of ranking, troop fission and to compare the female ranking system and nepotistic hierarchy. Behavioral observations were recorded from 1 October 2006 to 30 April 2008. Behavioral sampling methods included scan sampling of macaque troop members, all occurrences sampling of adult females¡¦ affiliative behaviors, and focal animal sampling of aggressive behaviors. In addition, demographic and ranking records were collected from 1998 until 2008. When females attained four years of age, they gained adult female hierarchy, and 88 % (n = 43) of them were middle or low ranking. Individual traits, ageing and mother¡¦s relative rank have significant effects on the ranking of adult females who were 5 to 11 years of age (P < 0.05), and the ranking of 47 % (n = 58) mothers were close to their daughters. When females were 5 to 11 years of age, their relative ranks had positive linear relationships to their mother¡¦s relative rank (P < 0.05). Maternal hierarchy affected the ranking of reminders in troop C, and the dominance matrilineal females stabilized high ranking. But, most subordinate matrilineal females were middle or low ranking. The ranking of 86.4 % (n = 22) of females who immigrated to branch troops was middle or low. Matrilineal members and the ranking before troop fission had effects on the female ranking after troop fission. The ranking of 59.4 % (n = 32) of mothers was higher than that of their daughter. When females reached 9 years old or older while their mothers were alive, mean relative rank of other matrilineal female and mother¡¦s relative rank had significant effects on their ranking (P < 0.05). However, individual traits, mean relative rank of other matrilineal female, ageing, and the number of adult daughters have significant iv effects on female ranking (P < 0.05). When females were 9 to 15 years of age, the rank maintaining ratio of female with mature daughter was 0.82 (¡Ó 0.12), which is significant higher than the ratio of female without mature daughter (P < 0.05). About 50 % (n = 18) of younger sisters outranked their older sisters. The ranking relationships of sister dyads had positive linear relationships (P < 0.05). The proximity index of mother and younger sister was significantly higher than the proximity index of mother and older sister (P < 0.05), but that is independent of whether females outrank their sister or not. Only 4 % (n = 423) female aggression data were recorded that 13 supporters helped attackers to attack victims. The kin and non-kin supporter were 46.1 % and 53.9 % respectively (n = 13). Maternal hierarchy affected the adult female ranking and half of the females outranked their older sisters. However, daughters could also outrank mothers. Therefore, female ranking system of Formosan macaques follows a weakly nepotistic hierarchy. Sterck EHM, Watts DP, vanSchaik CP (1997) The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates. Behav Ecol Sociobio 41:291-309 Su HH (2003) Acquirement of social ranks of females in one group of Taiwanese macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at Fushan Experimental Forest, Taiwan. Am J Phys Anthropol:203-203 Su HH, Birky WA (2007) Within-group female-female agonistic interactions in Taiwanese macaques (Macaca cyclopis). Am J Primatol 69:199-211 Su HH, Lee LL (2001) Food habits of Formosan rock macaques (Macaca cyclopis) in Jentse, northeastern Taiwan, assessed by fecal analysis and behavioral observation. Int J Primatol 22:359-377 Suzuki S, Hill DA, Sprague DS (1998) Intertroop transfer and dominance rank structure of nonnatal male Japanese macaques in Yakushima, Japan. Int J Primatol 19:703-722 Thierry B (1990) Feedback loop between kinship and dominance: the macaque model. J Theor Biol 145:511-521 Wu HY, Lin JF (1992) Life history variables of wild troop of Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) in Kenting, Taiwan. Primates 33:85-97