The amount of force or power when applied can move one object from one position to another or the capacity of a system to do work is called energy. It exists in everybody whether they are human beings or animals or non-living things. There are many forms of energy such as: kinetic, potential, light, sound, gravitational, elastic, electromagnetic or nuclear. According to the law of conservation of energy, any form of energy can be converted into another form and the total energy will remain the same. Energy can be broadly classified into two main groups’ i.e. renewable and nonrenewable resources. Many of the renewable energy a technology have been around for years, and as the time go by, are increasing in efficiency. Keywords: solar panel improvement, motor control, energy –efficient Solarplatten, Motosteuerung, Energieeffizenz

The phenomenon of Virtual Power Plant (VPP) has gained increased attention in many parts of the world in recent years. In 2022 the European Union, in response to the rising energy prices as well as the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, set a goal of speeding up the process of creating a digital energy system (European Commission, 2022, p. 20). VPP is the/a solution to the problem, and the EU is set to start its deployment of a common European energy data space no later than 2024 (European Commission, 2022, p. 3).  Previous academic research on VPP has been conducted on the technical aspects of the phenomenon and the adoption of VPP has not been approached from a consumer standpoint. We therefore identified a research gap, since, to the best of our knowledge, no qualitative or quantitative research has been conducted in the area of acceptance of VPP by individuals or households. We could see that there is a need for this type of research due to the goals set by the European Union, and the lack of current research. To fulfill the purpose of our study, we draw on the literatures on supplier switching in homogenous markets, innovation adoption, and technology acceptance to develop a conceptual framework and further empirically extend it via a mixed-method approach. The qualitative component of the study consists of three online on-on-one interviews, conducted with the help of a discussion guide. The interviewees selected were considered to be appropriate participants, suited for our study. The interviews gave us a deeper understanding of how VPP came across to the Swedish consumer, as well as how it was perceived by them. The quantitative study was done by the means of a survey of 75 respondents, enabling us to conduct a set of linear regressions in order to test our hypotheses.  Through our mixed-method study, we were able to develop an integrative framework, showcasing factors related to Swedish consumers’ intention to partake in VPP. We could conclude that Swedish consumers see value in VPP, and that there is curiosity related to the topic which indicates that there is an interest to explore and partake in VPP. We further discuss a range of recommendations to policy-makers and energy providers, as well as the potential contributions of VPP to the two important social aspects: sustainability and energy security.

Ce mémoire traite du pilotage de systèmes hybrides de puissance électrique. Les sources principales d’énergie sont un système photovoltaïque et une pile à combustible. Les sources secondaires sont un pack de batteries et un pack de supercondensateurs. Le dimensionnement des sources secondaires est réalisé afin de gérer les transitoires de puissances et de fournir l’appoint d’énergie lorsque celle issue des sources principales est insuffisante. Les sources principales, quant à elles, fournissent l’énergie à la charge en régime permanent. Le contrôle des flux d’énergies et les asservissements de puissance utilisés dans cette thèse sont basés sur le concept de platitude des systèmes différentiels. Ils permettent d’obtenir des propriétés dynamiques élevées en asservissement et en régulation. Le superviseur, permettant de répartir la puissance entre les différents organes de stockage, est réalisé à base de contrôleur flou et assure que les supercondensateurs avec leur convertisseur d’interface sont utilisés comme filtre de puissance et apportent l’énergie en régime transitoire. En revanche, les batteries fournissent ou absorbent l'énergie sur des durées plus longues / This thesis deals with the control of electrical hybrid system. The main sources consist in an association of photovoltaic and fuel cell system. The secondary sources are a bank of batteries and a bank of supercapacitors. The sizing of secondary sources is realized to manage the power during the transient state and provide extra energy when the power of main sources is insufficient in steady state. The main sources provide the essential energy of the electrical hybrid system during steady state. The control of energy flows and power tracking used in this thesis are based on the flatness technique. This control system allows obtaining high dynamic properties in the power tracking and the regulation of system. The supervisor for sharing the power between the different storage devices is realized thanks to a fuzzy logic controller. This controller ensures that the bank of supercapacitors with its interface converter is used as a power filter and provides the energy in transient states. However, the bank of batteries provides or absorbs the energy in longer periods especially during recovery or overload modes

[pt] A energia solar é única. Se por um lado é abundante e limpa, condição que a coloca no centro da discussão do desenvolvimento de uma matriz energética global mais sustentável, por outro, engloba a tecnologia de painéis solares fotovoltaicos, que cresce exponencialmente por permitir a produção própria de eletricidade. Neste contexto, o Brasil figura em posição ímpar: embora disponha de um dos maiores índices de irradiação solar do mundo, atualmente apenas 0,014 por cento da matriz energética brasileira provém deste tipo de energia. Portanto, em face a este potencial, julga-se fundamental compreender a percepção do consumidor sobre esta tecnologia. Neste sentido, o presente estudo propõe um modelo baseado na integração dos principais conceitos de distintas linhas teóricas comportamentais (theory of planned behavior; diffusion of innovations; value-belief-norm theory) com o objetivo de verificar os fatores que influenciam a Intenção de Uso de painéis solares instalados em residências. Ainda, analisa a influência da alternativa de aquisição da tecnologia por propriedade de terceiros (leasing) como variável moderadora da pesquisa. Os dados coletados por via de survey online com 441 participantes revelam fatos interessantes, como, por exemplo, a importância da capacidade do sistema em gerar economia financeira, do apoio de pessoas próximas ao potencial usuário, e de um sentimento de obrigação moral em adotar a tecnologia para evitar danos ao clima. Dado o pioneirismo desta pesquisa no país, os resultados alcançados podem representar um primeiro passo para a formulação de políticas que estimulem a difusão de painéis solares no Brasil. / [en] Solar energy is unique. While on the one hand it is abundant and clean, which puts it at the center of the discussion of the development of a more sustainable global energy matrix, on the other hand, it comprises the technology of photovoltaic solar panels, which grows exponentially in the world by allowing owners to produce their own electricity. In this context, Brazil is in a unique position: although it has one of the highest solar irradiation rates in the world, currently only 0.014 percent of the Brazilian energy matrix comes from this type of energy. Therefore, in view of this potential, it is considered fundamental to understand the consumer s perception of this technology. In this sense, the present study proposes a model based on the integration of the theory of planned behavior, diffusion of innovations and value-belief-norm theory in order to verify the factors that influence the Intention of Use of solar panels installed in homes. Also, it analyzes the influence of the alternative of technology acquisition by third party property (leasing) as a moderator variable of the research. Data collected through an online survey of 441 participants reveal interesting facts, such as the importance of the system s ability to generate money savings, the support of people close to the potential user, and a sense of moral obligation to adopt technology to prevent climate damage. Given the pioneering nature of this research, the results achieved can represent a first step towards the formulation of policies that stimulate the diffusion of solar panels in Brazil.

In the emerging countries access to electricity is still an issue for many families and this is the reality for most of the underprivileged households in Honduras. Approximately, 21% of the families living in rural areas are out of the electric grid of the country, and matters added to this, is that these individuals live with USD 1.90 (WorldBank, 2017) per day reducing their possibilities of affording alternative solutions to gain access to electricity. SoLuz provides a fast and affordable substitute to the conventional sources of energy, through the solar panel home systems, which families with low income, whom most of the times are not reliable sources to obtain credit at financial institutions, can purchase a solar panel home kit. Through a daily mobile payment of USD0.50, a household will now have access to electricity to improve not only their lives conditions but also boost the economy, as is the case for people living in the Bay Islands in the northern part of Honduras which depends on tourism for its subsistence. Focused on being a B-Corp since the beginning and a pioneer in the region, SoLuz wishes to cover in a three-year period the 100% of the rural areas in the Bay Islands with the solar energy home systems and through the recycling programs cooperate in the protection and maintenance of the environment in the area.

The task of this master thesis was to investigate the possibility of using transparent solar panels as windows and how they compare to other solar energy technologies. The idea is then to use the UV and IR light to produce energy while letting the visual light pass through. With this also receiving the advantage of less indoor heating of the building and therefore a decreased need for cooling. To make it into a more concrete example the Sergelhuset building in Stockholm, Sweden was chosen as an example. The investigation was made through a solar irradiation simulation for four different cases and an environmental analysis of the alternatives. The result is that the most common way of mounting polycrystalline modules, is the most cost effective alternative but it might not be so good from an environmental perspective in Sweden because of the already low g CO2eq/kWh and not the best location for solar panels. Façade mounted CIGS perform well in energy production but the high investment costs set it down. However, it is better than polycrystalline panels from an environmental perspective. The semitransparent CdTe window will be hard to make economically viable and from an environmental perspective it is debatable. The transparent alternatives focus its absorption on UV and IR light but there are also semi-transparent alternatives that uses also part of the visible light, which makes it not completely transparent.

The main aim of this dissertation is to suggest an application of unmanned aircrafts and to compare them with the currently used methods. In the introductory part the dissertation deals with the history and development of unmanned aircrafts. Further, it presents a theory essential to understand a principle of operation of the proposed methods and its analysis of the currently used methods and procedures. In the final part the dissertation explains a proposal of use of unmanned aircrafts in the industry and compares them with the methods currently used.

The thesis is aimed on construction of solar panel powered datalogger of environmental values. The thesis begins by research of commercial dataloggers. Then the concept of datalogger was created. Then the electronics of datalogger was designed. Datalogger is built as a system driven by microcontroller. The microcontroller reads data from sensors, writes data to memory card and sends data to Czech radiocommunications cloud by LoRa technology. Then the data are resend to MySQL database. Program for microcontroller was made in C language. Configuration of datalogger is done through USB interface by PC application which was created in C# language. For visualisation of measured data ASP.NET Core application was created.

This thesis deals with problems related to heating of hot service water. It focuses on solar water heating, describes individual types of solar panels and summarizes the existing information about solar water heating. It demonstrates actual problems of solar system solution on a specific example of a two-generation family house, where it analyses possibilities of diagnostics and control of such system. It also deals with suggestions of possible expansion of the current solar system.

In this thesis is presented detail design of power part of DC/DC converter and output inverter. This device will serve for creating an artificial network in a family house where it will be used for supplying selected household appliances which are designed for use in AC network. The converter will be supplied with DC voltage. This tension will be obtained from a system of photovoltaic panels. The output voltage will have alternate character and it will be close to the network voltage 230 V/50 Hz. In the introductory part of thesis are discussed possible topologies of converters and output inverters. Subsequently are designed individual parts of supply inverter. In the final part there are shown waveforms of important values and is given a thesis evaluation.