中美洲之商業中心：宏都拉斯

宏都拉斯運用台灣商業經驗的商業發展架構：線上遊戲個案

建立網站以促進宏都拉斯的農產企業發展 / This thesis is both theoretical and pragmatic; it has the components of a business plan including concepts, proposals and theory to support the contents of each section. The subject of study is AGROBOLSA, which is a company with a commodity exchange system in Honduras and the most important goal of this paper is to examine the possibility to develop a new business line to generate revenues through online auctions, and at the same time facilitate the business process for agricultural producers and industrial companies. Research Motivation In Honduras, it is well known that cornering is one of the most important problems to solve in order to reduce prices and allow the producers to merchandise their products obtaining fair prices. Another important aspect to consider is the supply chain Management; both components define the prices to wholesalers and retailers in the Honduran domestic market, therefore I consider it is necessary to implement alternative business models through private companies; the emphasis is made on efficiency and Information Technology with the objective to modernize the market. I also would like to put into practice what I’ve learnt throughout my two years in the IMBA program. Research Objectives The objectives of this research are as follows: 1. Delineate a new supply chain structure within the Honduran agricultural market. 2. Implement online auctions in order to achieve higher levels of efficiency in the business process. 3. Improve the usage of Information Technology by companies in Honduras using both B2B and B2C model. 4. Utilize theoretical components to describe the methods and/or techniques utilized in the different sections of a business plan. Research Questions 1. How a re-engineering of the supply chain affect the demand of the end customers of agricultural products? 2. What’s the importance of introduce IT in the business processes? 3. To what extend the usage of online auctions would increase the interaction among customers and their profits? 4. Would the online auctions contribute to reduce costs of operation through simplified business practices? Methodology This thesis covers the sections of a business plan, marketing, research & development, operations, risks and finance. There’s a theoretical approach and/or explanations and applications of concepts in every section, thus the nature of this paper has the research component of a typical thesis and the practical focus of a business plan. The goal is to properly explain the usage of e-commerce related tools within agribusiness in Honduras. The limitations encountered while doing the research are a lack of financial information, specifically the financial statements of previous years, which weren’t available in order to make a forecast of the revenues in real economic terms. Therefore the financial section is composed of hypothetical pro forma statements with the objective to reflect the financial situation of the company. Outline This paper has all the basic components of a business plan and the necessary theoretical background in each section, the contents are organized as follows: 1. Marketing Strategy 2. Supply Chain Management 3. Research and Development 4. Operations 5. Risks 6. Finance 7. Conclusions 8. References 9. Appendix

將台灣1950年代至1980年代的成長經驗運用在宏都拉斯的發展策略上 / At the end of 2009 Honduras was facing the biggest political crisis in its history, it will be remember as the worst year of any Central American Country, as it was predicted by economists the impact was huge not only politically but socially and economically, hopefully after several months of turbulence, signs of stability began to rise from the ashes, the new President elections brought new hopes to Honduras society. This thesis is written as a basis analysis to the current situation and prospective of Honduras growth with a comparison to Taiwan strategic development during the 1950’s until the 1980’s which represents its transition from an agricultural to an industrialized based economy; Taiwan miraculous development and growth has been admired for many, it is really impressive to see how a country with so many limitations could rise as Taiwan did. Considering this two countries scenarios it would be said that a country with such abundance of resources its meant to be a develop one, while the other will face troubles to survive, however, Taiwan has shown that the scarce of resources and other external factors are not limitations to achieve economic development therefore growth. Can Honduras learn from Taiwan experiences and change its economical situation? Considering Honduras holistic situation, are those Taiwan’s strategies still applicable? The answers of these questions are promising, it is feasible to reach economic development and growth, the limitations involved in an agricultural based economy can be overcome and nation’s competitiveness can be achieved, it is not an easy task, several changes need to be done. Finally, to achieve a nation’s competitive advantage mostly requires the government and citizenship engagement, working in sync as the engine of the process, Taiwan is an example of what the nation’s population is able to do.

The purpose of this paper was to review the economic development strategies followed by Taiwan to attempt to identify possible lesson-learned that could be of service to developing countries such as Honduras that are currently striving to achieve economic growth and fight poverty. During this investigation, we reviewed the macroeconomic framework and economic development strategies of Honduras, especially those contained in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) most recently prepared for Honduras. In the case of Taiwan, we made a brief description of the macroeconomic structure and also a summary of the different strategies implemented from 1950 to the present. We made especial emphasis on the development strategies applied during the early stages of the Taiwanese economic development as they relate more to the current economic situation of Honduras. We found that among the lessons learned from the Taiwanese experience and that could be applied to the effort of Honduras to improve its economic development status are the promotion of agriculture and land reform, investment in human capital especially in terms of education, and the principle of comparative advantage in terms of trade. Honduras is currently at a turning point with the implementation of the United States-Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), the Highly Indebted Poor Initiate (HIPC), the Interamerican Development Bank debt relief negotiation, and other financial strategies. The country could use the current opportunities to guide its economic strategy toward the reduction of poverty and economic improvement. / The purpose of this paper was to review the economic development strategies followed by Taiwan to attempt to identify possible lesson-learned that could be of service to developing countries such as Honduras that are currently striving to achieve economic growth and fight poverty. During this investigation, we reviewed the macroeconomic framework and economic development strategies of Honduras, especially those contained in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) most recently prepared for Honduras. In the case of Taiwan, we made a brief description of the macroeconomic structure and also a summary of the different strategies implemented from 1950 to the present. We made especial emphasis on the development strategies applied during the early stages of the Taiwanese economic development as they relate more to the current economic situation of Honduras. We found that among the lessons learned from the Taiwanese experience and that could be applied to the effort of Honduras to improve its economic development status are the promotion of agriculture and land reform, investment in human capital especially in terms of education, and the principle of comparative advantage in terms of trade. Honduras is currently at a turning point with the implementation of the United States-Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), the Highly Indebted Poor Initiate (HIPC), the Interamerican Development Bank debt relief negotiation, and other financial strategies. The country could use the current opportunities to guide its economic strategy toward the reduction of poverty and economic improvement.

性別平等是指在公平的機會，責任和報銷提供給男性和女性的分佈。性別平等擁抱平等的待遇在教育，衛生和政治機會的男女，對於家庭，社區內獲得資源和服務，以及整個社會。 當婦女賦權，發展時，整個受益的社區和國家。在過去的十年中，性別平等已經成為在全球發展項目的執行中央的方面。無數的努力和策略，以滿足世界上最貧窮的婦女的需求已經實施。儘管國際組織的興趣和投資在肯定婦女的平等機會，還有幾個婦女不平等的惡果，尤其是在發展中國家。在洪都拉斯的婦女，特別是貧困和邊緣化的背景，暴露於無情的困難和更少的資源只為出生婦女。 本研究旨在分析在洪都拉斯性別平等在2009年政變後，外國援助的影響，側重於三個特定變量的教育，以小學和中學入學率，衛生檢測，以明確重點孕產婦死亡率和賦權外援的衝擊，由婦女在國家議會中所佔席位的比例測量。為了實現這一目標，特別是探究的方法主要是定性的基礎上，文獻分析和對國際的報告和數據的連續依賴。 關鍵詞：性別平等，洪都拉斯，教育，衛生，賦權，外援。 / Gender equality refers to justice in the distribution of opportunities, responsibilities, and reimbursements available to men and women. Gender equality embraces equal treatment of women and men in education, health and political opportunities, regarding access to resources and services within families, communities, and society at large. When women are empowered, development occurs, benefiting entire communities and nations. In the past decade, gender equality has become a central aspect in the execution of development projects around the globe. Countless efforts and strategies have been implemented in order to meet the needs of the world’s poorest women. Despite the international organizations ́ interest and investment in affirming women’s equal opportunities, there are still several women suffering from the consequences of inequality, especially in developing countries. In Honduras women, specifically from poor and marginalized backgrounds, are exposed to relentless hardship and fewer resources just for being born as women. This study seeks to analyze the impact foreign aid has on gender equality in Honduras after the coup d’etat in 2009, focusing on three specific variables education, measured by primary and secondary enrollment rates, health, with a clear focus on maternal mortality ratios and the impact of foreign aid on empowerment, measured by the proportion of seats held by women in the national parliament. To achieve this particular objective the method of inquiry is primarily qualitative, based on documental analysis and continuous reliance on international reports and data. Key words: Gender Equality, Honduras, education, health, empowerment, foreign aid.

本研究目的為擴大詳述目前與拉丁美洲相關的文獻，主要重點在於一些相同特性的國家，並可以普遍的將研究發現適用於其他地區。從拉丁美洲中的一般認知中，將宏都拉斯獨立選出，是考慮到能挑戰國家的負面印象，特別是關於2009年後所出現的政治危機。本研究檢視宏都拉斯民主化的過程，與國家和公民社會之間的正向互動。 拉丁美洲的一些主要國家因相同的要素而改變，也因此有很多重要的改變可以在這期間進行研究。因此在這研究中，發現有三個關鍵的要素可適用於相同歷史時間中的宏都拉斯與拉丁美洲一些主要的國家。本研究的重要性在於進一步了解，宏都拉斯公民社會在2009年之前與到2009年時危機發生之間的轉變。在此同時，也能發掘出民主治理的好處。 這三個關鍵的要素為:憲政工程、軍民關係與選舉，且這些要素在本研究中均有對宏都拉斯與其他拉丁美洲國家的公民社會賦權有所影響。另藉由自由之家(Freedom House)所提出的民主治理檢核表，來了解民主治理與公民社會賦權。 在拉丁美洲中此三個關鍵要素的變化，提供了建置良好的民主治理的可行性。然而，本研究也暗示了未來的相關研究，例如地方與區域性的治理，以及會產生直接影響的外部因素。研究發現也暗示了在宏都拉斯2009年政治危機之後透過了民主治理的好處，對公民社會賦權產生了正向的結果。

In the emerging countries access to electricity is still an issue for many families and this is the reality for most of the underprivileged households in Honduras. Approximately, 21% of the families living in rural areas are out of the electric grid of the country, and matters added to this, is that these individuals live with USD 1.90 (WorldBank, 2017) per day reducing their possibilities of affording alternative solutions to gain access to electricity. SoLuz provides a fast and affordable substitute to the conventional sources of energy, through the solar panel home systems, which families with low income, whom most of the times are not reliable sources to obtain credit at financial institutions, can purchase a solar panel home kit. Through a daily mobile payment of USD0.50, a household will now have access to electricity to improve not only their lives conditions but also boost the economy, as is the case for people living in the Bay Islands in the northern part of Honduras which depends on tourism for its subsistence. Focused on being a B-Corp since the beginning and a pioneer in the region, SoLuz wishes to cover in a three-year period the 100% of the rural areas in the Bay Islands with the solar energy home systems and through the recycling programs cooperate in the protection and maintenance of the environment in the area.