Orientador: Alexandre Dal Pai / Banca: Valeria Cristina Rodrigues Sarnighausen / Banca: Carlos Roberto Pereira Padovani / Resumo: O uso de ambientes protegidos na agricultura tem ganhado importância nas ultimas décadas, por proporcionar ao agricultor a possibilidade de produzir produtos agrícolas de maior qualidade e possibilitar a produção em períodos em que normalmente a oferta de tais produtos é baixa, devido à inadequação das condições climáticas para o desenvolvimento das culturas (denominados períodos de entressafra), aumentando assim, o lucro obtido pelo produtor. O trabalho é composto por dois capítulos que se complementam e visam avaliar o comportamento da radiação solar no interior de uma estufa de polietileno e a parametrização de modelos clássicos de estimativa da radiação de ondas longas atmosféricas. No Capítulo 1, o saldo de radiação foi medido por um saldoradiômetro modelo CNR1 da Kipp & Zonnen, que tem a capacidade de medir as quatro componentes ao mesmo tempo: as radiações de ondas curtas (Global e Refletida) e as radiações de ondas longas (Atmosférica e Terrestre). As medidas foram realizadas no interior de uma estufa de polietileno tipo túnel durante período de 01/03/2008 a 28/03/2009, situada no campus da FCA,UNESP de Botucatu. Posteriormente foi realizada uma análise climática do Saldo de Radiação (NR) e sua sazonalidade. No Capítulo 2, Objetivou-se parametrizar modelos de estimativa da radiação de ondas longas atmosférica (LW) para o interior de uma estufa de polietileno em Botucatu - SP. Estes modelos (modelos clássicos) só tem validade para dias de céu completamente limpo (sem... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of greenhouses in agriculture has gained importance in recent decades, by giving the farmer the possibility to produce agricultural products of higher quality and enable the production in periods where normally the offer of such products is low due to the inadequacy of climate conditions for crop development (called off-season periods), thus increasing the profit made by the producer. The work consists of two chapters that complement each other and seek to evaluate the behavior of solar radiation inside a polyethylene greenhouse and parameterization of classic estimation of radiation atmospheric long-wave models. In Chapter 1, the net radiation was measured by a net-radiometer model CNR1 by Kipp & Zonnen, which has the capacity to measure the four components simultaneously: the shortwave radiation (Global and Reflected) and longwave radiation (Atmospheric and Terrestrial). The measurements were performed inside a tunnel type polyethylene greenhouse during the period of 01/03/2008 to 28/03/2009, located on the campus of FCA, UNESP Botucatu. Later, a climatic analysis of the Net radiation (NR), and its seasonality was performed. In Chapter 2, the objective is modeling the atmospheric longwave radiation (LW) into a polyethylene greenhouse in Botucatu - SP. These models (classical models) are only valid for days of completely clear sky (without clouds) and estimate the LW depending on air temperature (Ta) and a steam current pressure (ea). Measurements were made of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Orivaldo Arf / Resumo: Com a crescente adoção da prática de rotação de culturas, o arroz de terras altas tem se tornado uma opção viável na região do Cerrado, e para que haja um maior investimento e retorno na cultura do arroz de terras altas, é fundamental o ajuste das melhores épocas de semeadura e a escolha de cultivares adequados. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi identificar a melhor época de semeadura e o cultivar que expresse seu potencial produtivo, sendo adaptável e estável, além de possuir boa qualidade industrial, em região de Cerrado de baixa altitude. O experimento foi desenvolvido no município de Selvíria (MS), durante o ano agrícola 2016/17. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro épocas de semeadura (outubro, novembro, dezembro e fevereiro), cada uma com oito cultivares de arroz (BRS Esmeralda, ANa 5015, ANa 6005, IPR 117, IAC 500, IAC 203, BRSGO Serra Dourada e ANa 7211) e quatro repetições. As semeaduras realizadas em outubro e novembro proporcionaram maiores valores de nitrogênio foliar, massa de matéria seca da parte aérea, espiguetas totais e cheias por panícula, fertilidade de espiguetas e eficiência produtiva de grãos. A semeadura em outubro proporcionou as maiores massas de cem grãos. Houve acamamento na semeadura em novembro e incidência de escaldadura na semeadura em dezembro. Os cultivares BRS Esmeralda, ANa 5015, ANa 6005 e IPR 117 destacaram-se no teor de nitrogênio foliar, espiguetas cheias por panícula e apresentaram adaptabilidade geral às d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: With the increasing adoption of crop rotation practice, upland rice has become a viable option in the Cerrado region, and for there to be a greater investment and return on upland rice cultivation, it is fundamental to adjust the best sowing times and the choice of suitable cultivars. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify the best sowing season and the cultivar that expressed its productive potential, being adaptable and stable, besides having good industrial quality, in a low altitude Cerrado region. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, during the agricultural year 2016/17. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four sowing times (October, November, December and February), each with eight rice cultivars (BRS Esmeralda, ANa 5015, ANa 6005, IPR 117, IAC 500, IAC 203, BRSGO Serra Dourada and ANa 7211) and four replicates. Seeds in October and November provided higher values of leaf nitrogen, aerial part dry mass, total and full spikelets per panicle, spikelet fertility and productive efficiency of grains. Seeding in October provided the largest hundred grain weight. Lodging occurred at sedding in November and scald incidence occurred in December. BRS Emeralda , ANa 5015, ANa 6005 and IPR 117 cultivars are highlighted in the leaf nitrogen content, full spikelets per panicle and had general adaptability to different sowing times. The highest yields were observed in the sowing in October, especiall... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Beaver dams alter streams characteristics in a way that promotes the diversity of aquatic species and provides a wide distribution of temperatures within beaver ponds. In order to quantify the spatial distribution of these temperatures, a process-based temperature model was developed for a beaver pond in Northern Utah. This model provided insight into the processes and characteristics that are driving these temperatures. Solar radiation is one of these processes that is often the primary driver of stream temperature. There is a need to develop methods to measure the fate of solar radiation within the water to better represent solar radiation within stream temperature models. Black-body pyranometers are instruments that measure solar radiation in air, but require corrections for use underwater. Studies were conducted investigating methods for correcting these instruments. Based on the results of these studies it is suggested that these corrections are dependent on the spectrum of the light source and that the instrument needs further corrections when the light source is measured from different angles; therefore there is a need for further investigation into pyranometer corrections in order to measure the fate of solar radiation in natural water bodies. Combined, this research provides methods and suggests additional research opportunities for more accurately quantifying and predicting stream temperatures for waters impacted by beaver.

Les coraux Scléractiniaires se développent généralement dans la zone photique peu profonde, exposée au rayonnement ultraviolet (UVs), la composante la plus dangereuse du rayonnement solaire. Le rayonnement UVs augmente avec le réchauffement climatique et s’ajoute à l’ensemble des pressions auxquelles sont soumis les coraux. Les enjeux de cette thèse ont été 1) de mieux comprendre les effets des UVs sur la réponse physiologique des coraux, les flux de matière organique et les bactéries associées au mucus et au corail; et 2) de caractériser l’effet combiné des UVs et d’une augmentation de température, et/ou d’un changement de disponibilité en sels nutritifs. Les résultats obtenus montrent tout d’abord que l’exposition des coraux aux UVs amplifie l’effet négatif de la température sur leur physiologie. Il en est de même pour l’absence en sels nutritifs, essentiels pour la physiologie corallienne. Nos résultats indiquent également que la sensibilité des coraux à un stress UV dépend de l’espèce étudiée et de la densité de symbiontes présents dans les tissus. L’effet négatif des UVs augmente avec la densité de symbiontes, vraisemblablement dû à la formation d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) qui provoquent des dommages à l’organisme. Dans cette thèse, nous avons montré que la voie de signalisation JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), hautement conservée au sein des êtres vivants, est impliquée dans la gestion de ces espèces réactives et que son inhibition entraine un blanchissement très rapide des coraux sous UVs et forte température. Finalement, l’excrétion de matière organique ainsi que les bactéries associées sont également impactés par les UVs ce qui pourrait contribuer à d’importants changements biochimiques dans l’eau des récifs coralliens. Les travaux de cette thèse apportent de nouvelles connaissances sur les effets des UVs sur les coraux et soulignent l’importance de les prendre en considération lors de nos prédictions sur le devenir des récifs coralliens face au réchauffement climatique. / Scleractinian corals mainly grow in the shallow euphotic zone, exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the most harmful part of the solar radiation. UVR increases with climate change and adds to the different environmental pressures that corals are facing. The aims of this thesis were to 1) better understand the effects of UVR on coral physiology, organic matter fluxes and associated bacteria; 2) assess the combined effects of UVR and thermal stress and/or nutrient level. Results show that UVR worsens the negative effect of temperature on coral physiology, similarly to nutrient depletion. Our results also indicate that the sensitivity to UVR stress (i.e. an increase in UVR) is species dependent and function of the symbiont density. The negative effects of UVR increase with the number of symbionts, likely due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause cellular damages. In the thesis, we showed that the JNK signalling pathway (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), highly conserved in living organisms, is involved in the early response of corals to UVR and its activation is required to repress stress-induced ROS accumulation. Finally, organic matter release and mucus and coral-associated bacteria are also significantly impacted by UVR, which could contribute to important biochemical changes in reef waters. The work conducted in this thesis brings new insights into the effects of UVR on corals and highlights the importance of taking this environmental factor into account when predicting the future of coral reefs under climate change.

Orientador: Alex Sandro Campos Maia / Coorientador: Vinícius de França Carvalho Fonseca / Banca: Sheila Tavares Nascimento / Banca: Marcelo Simão da Rosa / Resumo: O estudo dos efeitos do ambiente térmico radiante sobre as respostas fisiológicas e termorregulação de animais sob diferentes ambientes em região tropical pode resultar em achados relevantes sobre a adaptação a esse meio. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar as respostas termorregulatórias de vacas da raça Holandesa expostas e protegidas da radiação solar direta. Foram utilizadas doze vacas Holandesas multíparas com produção média de leite de 20 kg, 676 kg de peso vivo e 120 dias de ordenha, foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro quadrados latinos 6x6 sob duas condições ambientais distintas, sendo seis animais destinados a um piquete com pastagem e seis estabulados em galpão tipo Free Stall. As variáveis meteorológicas avaliadas foram temperatura do ar (TAR, °C), umidade relativa (UR, %), radiação solar (RS, W m-2 ), temperatura radiante média (TRM, °C) e velocidade do vento (VV, m s-1 ). Dados fisiológicos, incluindo frequência respiratória (FR, resp mín-1 ), ventilação (VE, L s-1 ), proporções dos gases respiratórios (oxigênio, O2; dióxido de carbono, CO2; metano, CH4), temperatura retal (TR, °C), da epiderme (TEP, °C) e temperatura superficial (TS, °C). Ao caracterizar o ambiente térmico radiante foi evidenciado que há um menor gradiente de temperatura entre TS e TRM em comparação ao gradiente entre TS e TAR mesmo em animais protegidos da radiação solar direta. A exposição das vacas a radiação solar direta influenciou na elevação das temperaturas profundas ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The study of the effects of radiant thermal environment on the physiological responses and thermoregulation of animals under different environments in a tropical region may result in relevant findings on the adaptation to this environment. This work aimed to investigate the thermoregulatory responses of Holstein cows protected and exposed to direct solar radiation. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows with average milk yield of 20 kg, 676 kg of live weight, and 120 days in milking, were randomly assigned in four 6x6 latin square design under two management system, being six subjects managed on pasture and six in housed system. The following variables were evaluated: air temperature (AT, °C), relative humidity (RH,%), solar radiation (SR, W m-2 ), mean radiant temperature (MRT, °C) and wind speed (WS, m s-1 ). Physiological data including respiratory rate (RR, breaths min-1 ), ventilation (VE, L s-1 ), proportions of respiratory gases (oxygen, O2; carbon dioxide, CO2; methane, CH4). Additionally, rectal (TR, °C), skin (TEP, °C), and hair coat surface temperature (TS, °C) were also collected. In characterizing the radiant thermal environment it was evidenced that there is a lower temperature gradient between TS and TRM compared to the gradient between TS and TAR even in animals protected from direct solar radiation. The exposure of cows to direct solar radiation influenced the elevation of deep temperatures and consequently greater heat losses in a sensitive and latent way in compa... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

I analyzed the 21 year dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in 55 lakes in five sites across Eastern Canada in relation to regional and global variables. Regional variables included total solar radiation (TSR), precipitation (PPTN), air temperature (T) and sulfate deposition (SO4). Global variables included the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). A synchronous pattern in DOC was found among lakes within each region; however, a synchronous pattern in DOC was not found between sites, except for Kejimkujik and Yarmouth which were only 80 km apart from each other. This suggested that the variation of the long-term DOC pattern was in response to the temporal pattern of regional variables, and it supports the recent understanding that regional factors have a strong influence on many lake properties. Significant long-term trends in DOC were not evident except at the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), where an increase in DOC was observed together with a decrease in summer TSR and an increase in summer precipitation. Annual mean air temperature has increased at the Nova Scotia and Turkey lakes sites over the study period. The relationship between the long-term pattern in DOC with the regional and global variables was analyzed for each study site to determine the key variables that could best explain the variation in the long-term pattern in DOC. TSR and PPTN were important independent variables across all sites, except for the Turkey Lakes Watershed site (TLW). Summer TSR (annual TSR for Kejimkujik and Yarmouth) had a negative relationship, while summer precipitation had a positive relationship with the long-term DOC pattern for all sites except TLW. TSR and PPTN explained 78%, 49% and 84% of the variation in the long-term DOC pattern at Dorset, ELA, and Nova Scotia (NS) sites, respectively. In contrast, the long-term pattern in DOC at TLW only had a weak relationship with the regional and global variables considered. A General model was developed to compare the strength of the response of DOC to the regional variables among sites. Therefore, only the variables which had a significant linear correlation with DOC across sites were selected. If a site had no variables in common with other sites, it was excluded from the general model. This resulted in TLW being excluded from the general model because the long-term DOC pattern at TLW was not significantly correlated with any regional variables. The best general model included TSR from Dorset, ELA and NS sites and precipitation from only the NS site. The strengths of the response of DOC to precipitation were weak at Dorset and ELA compared to NS, therefore, they were excluded. The general model explained 91% of the site-to-site variation of DOC among sites. Among them, TSR was an important negative variable which contributed 56% of the explanation to the general model. Precipitation at NS was an important positive variable for the general model. It contributed 34% of the explanation to the model. As the response of the long-term DOC pattern to the changes of environmental variables (TSR and PPTN) was very strong at NS, the NS site dominated the general model, and its temporal (year-to-year) variation in the long-term DOC pattern explained 60% of the site-to-site variation of DOC in Eastern Canada. The other two sites, Dorset and ELA, had weak contributions (20% and 11%, respectively) to the general model.

In this thesis, 41 years of bright sunshine duration (SD) data of 192 meteorological stations in Turkey were analyzed. The main objective is to determine the trends of SD data and the importance of such analyses is the high correlation between SD data and solar irradiation reaching the surface of the earth. Because of the missing value problems, only the data set for 72 stations were examined. After imputing missing values of these stations by expectation maximization algorithm, to test the homogeneity Kruskal Wallis test (K-W) and Wald-Wolfowitz runs test for randomness were applied. Only 36 of the stations passed from these homogeneity tests therefore, trend analysis was carried out for these locations. To exclude the data sets which did not pass from the tests was important to reach more accurate trend analysis of the data in hand. Results of the trend analysis showed that the change of SD over the 41 years are in agreement with the globally identified surface solar radiation dimming and brightening time periods all over the world. The dimming period is mainly between the years 1970 and about 1990 while the brightening period is from about 1990 to 2010. The yearly averages of SD data sets of 27 locations out of 36, for the years in the dimming period, were in a good agreement with the global dimming trends. However, for the brightening period the agreement was not as clear as it was in the dimming period. Nevertheless, during the brightening period, the data set of most of the locations had zero trends or noticeably reduced rates of decrease of SD. The dimming might be attributed to the increase in air pollution and this might be an indication of human induced climate change. Larger amounts of negative trends during winter months supported this conclusion. However, to reach a concrete conclusion more accurate of different climatic parameters should be analyzed. Satellites images may be helpful for further clarifications of such conclusions on climate change issues.

I analyzed the 21 year dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in 55 lakes in five sites across Eastern Canada in relation to regional and global variables. Regional variables included total solar radiation (TSR), precipitation (PPTN), air temperature (T) and sulfate deposition (SO4). Global variables included the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). A synchronous pattern in DOC was found among lakes within each region; however, a synchronous pattern in DOC was not found between sites, except for Kejimkujik and Yarmouth which were only 80 km apart from each other. This suggested that the variation of the long-term DOC pattern was in response to the temporal pattern of regional variables, and it supports the recent understanding that regional factors have a strong influence on many lake properties. Significant long-term trends in DOC were not evident except at the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), where an increase in DOC was observed together with a decrease in summer TSR and an increase in summer precipitation. Annual mean air temperature has increased at the Nova Scotia and Turkey lakes sites over the study period. The relationship between the long-term pattern in DOC with the regional and global variables was analyzed for each study site to determine the key variables that could best explain the variation in the long-term pattern in DOC. TSR and PPTN were important independent variables across all sites, except for the Turkey Lakes Watershed site (TLW). Summer TSR (annual TSR for Kejimkujik and Yarmouth) had a negative relationship, while summer precipitation had a positive relationship with the long-term DOC pattern for all sites except TLW. TSR and PPTN explained 78%, 49% and 84% of the variation in the long-term DOC pattern at Dorset, ELA, and Nova Scotia (NS) sites, respectively. In contrast, the long-term pattern in DOC at TLW only had a weak relationship with the regional and global variables considered. A General model was developed to compare the strength of the response of DOC to the regional variables among sites. Therefore, only the variables which had a significant linear correlation with DOC across sites were selected. If a site had no variables in common with other sites, it was excluded from the general model. This resulted in TLW being excluded from the general model because the long-term DOC pattern at TLW was not significantly correlated with any regional variables. The best general model included TSR from Dorset, ELA and NS sites and precipitation from only the NS site. The strengths of the response of DOC to precipitation were weak at Dorset and ELA compared to NS, therefore, they were excluded. The general model explained 91% of the site-to-site variation of DOC among sites. Among them, TSR was an important negative variable which contributed 56% of the explanation to the general model. Precipitation at NS was an important positive variable for the general model. It contributed 34% of the explanation to the model. As the response of the long-term DOC pattern to the changes of environmental variables (TSR and PPTN) was very strong at NS, the NS site dominated the general model, and its temporal (year-to-year) variation in the long-term DOC pattern explained 60% of the site-to-site variation of DOC in Eastern Canada. The other two sites, Dorset and ELA, had weak contributions (20% and 11%, respectively) to the general model.

Global climate models (GCM) have been used for nearly two decades now as a tool to investigate and analyze past, present, and future weather and climate. Even though the first several generations of climate models were very simple, today's models are very sophisticated. They use complex parameterization schemes to approximate many nonlinear physical fields. In these models, the resolution and time steps can be set to be as small or as large as desired. In either case, the model generates over 100 atmospheric variables and 20 land surface variables that can be reported daily or monthly. The Community Atmospheric Model Version Two global climate model spends over sixty percent of the time computing shortwave and longwave parameterization schemes. Our goal is to replace its shortwave scheme with empirical methods and show that accuracy of the tropospheric variables is not compromised when using these empirical methods. We found that an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model can be used to simulate the solar radiation at the top of the model atmosphere. However, the calculated insolation value is only valid for one particular grid point. To simulate the radiation over the entire globe, many ARMA models need to be determined. We also found that large 4-10-10-1 neural networks can be used to simulate the solar radiation to within 2 W m-2. However, much smaller and manageable neural networks can be used to simulate the complete solar insolation term if the neural network only simulates the residual after the annual and diurnal cycles and removed from the field (referred to as the - method). By using the neural network in the - method and by setting the eccentricity term to a constant, we were able to cut the models processing of the solar insolation by at least a factor of four.

Sunshine, air and water are the vital elements to the human. This study investigated the insolation and solar radiation in Kaohsiung city. Solar radiation on the horizontal and declined plane was calculated. Sun shadow model for urban buildings was constructed for computing accumulated sunshining hours. Horizontal and vertical building shadows were displayed in ArcGIS ¡V the GIS software. Raster-based data model was used to analyze the effect of sun shadow shading by neighbour buildings. And the effect of shadow shading for solar water heater was also investigated. According to the results, minor installation error of orientation and decline angles of solar panel will not cause major energy loss. And the distance between the buildings¡Bthe height difference and the orientation between buildings are most important factors which affect optimal installation location of the solar water heater. If there are buildings located to the south, southeast and southwest, and the stories difference between buildings is over three, the installing location should be moved toward north. If buildings are next to each others and the variation of height is large, the efficient of receiving solar radiation will be deteriorated. The larger is the distance between buildings, the better the energy received.