Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_got_me_ilha.pdf: 659775 bytes, checksum: 8e111fb382d9b046436162ef3ee97e0e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A eficiência da gestão dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares gera impactos diretamente no bem- estar de toda a população do município, mas em especial nas pessoas que trabalham com a coleta, separação e comercialização dos materiais recicláveis. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar as partes integrantes do sistema de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos domiciliares do município de Ilha Solteira - SP, desde a geração dos resíduos sólidos nas residências até a sua destinação final em aterros e/ou separação e comercialização pela cooperativa de materiais recicláveis do município. A pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu em realizar um levantamento de dados sobre a destinação dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares no município de Ilha Solteira – SP. A segunda etapa consistiu em entrevistar os munícipes com o objetivo de levantar qual é o tamanho da parcela da população que realiza a separação dos materiais recicláveis, como estes são acondicionados e quais os materiais que são separados. E a terceira etapa foi a caracterização gravimétrica dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares destinados ao aterro sanitário, segundo o método de quarteamento. A pesquisa forneceu resultados sobre a redução da vida útil do aterro sanitário, a quantidade de materiais com valor econômico que está sendo desperdiçado no aterro e a renda que deixa de ser gerada para as pessoas diretamente envolvidas com a comercialização dos materiais recicláveis. Com os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, a municipalidade que opera e gerencia os resíduos sólidos terá informações que poderão subsidiar o planejamento e as ações de curto, médio e longo prazo; no sentido de melhorar a eficiência e as condições econômica, ambiental e social do sistema de gestão dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares de Ilha Solteira – SP / The efficient management of solid waste directly impacts the welfare of the entire population of the city, but especially those working with the collection, separation, and marketing of recyclable materials. The objective of this dissertation is to study the integral parts of the management system of solid waste in the city of Ilha Solteira-SP, from the generation of solid waste in the home until its final destination in landfills and/or separation and the cooperative for marketing recyclable materials of the city. The research will be divided into three phases. The first step will be to conduct a survey of preliminary data on the allocation of household solid waste in the city of Ilha Solteira-SP. The second stage is to interview the townspeople in order to discover what portion of the population carries out the separation of recyclable materials, wich of these are wrapped and which materials are separated. The third step performed is gravimetric characterization of household solid waste destined for the landfill, using methods of quartering. From the results obtained in this research, the municipality that operates and manages the solid waste will have information that could support the planning and the actions in short, medium and long term, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of economic, environmental, and social management system for solid waste Ilha Solteira - SP. It will be known: the amount of materials with economic value that are being wasted in the landfill, as well as an estimate of the remaining service life of the landfill, and the income that is not generated for the people directly involved with the marketing of recyclable materials

Orientador: Manuel Rolando Berríos / Banca: Aloísio Costa Sampaio / Banca: Cenira Maria Lupinacci da Cunha / Resumo: Atualmente a sociedade está presenciando a degradação ambiental, no âmbito local e global, provocada por ações antrópicas inconvenientes. Para sanar ou mitigar essas adversidades estão sendo realizadas diversas propostas de ações conjuntas, pois a poluição não respeita fronteira. O presente trabalho apresenta algumas dessas experiências, enfocando principalmente a temática de resíduos sólidos urbanos, que através da constituição de consórcios intermunicipais, diversas comunas estão se unindo para solucionar ou minimizar as adversidades geradas pelo tratamento e/ou disposição final inadequada do lixo. Fundamentalmente, é dissertado sobre a ferramenta consórcio intermunicipal, bem como, demonstra-se a viabilidade de constituição de um consórcio intermunicipal para gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos - CIGRESU - nos municípios considerados. / Abstract: Now the society is witnessing the environmental degradation, in the local and global ambit, provoked by the inconvenient antropics actions. To heal or to mitigate those adversities they are being accomplished several proposed of joint actions, because the pollution doesn't respect border. The present work introduces some of those experiences, focusing the thematic of municipal solid waste mainly, that through the constitution of district consortium, several communes are joining to solve or to minimize the adversities generated by the treatment the/or inadequate disposition of the solid waste. Also, it is lectured on the tool district consortium, as well as, the viability of constitution of a district consortium is demonstrated for administration of municipal solid waste - CIGRESU - in the considered districts. / Mestre

Orientador: José Alexandre de Jesus Perinotto / Banca: Leandro Eugenio da Silva Cerri / Banca: Ângelo José Consoni / Resumo: A disposição final dos resíduos sólidos urbanos esteve historicamente associada aos surtos epidêmicos que dizimaram milhares de pessoas nos centros urbanos. Contudo, apenas no século XIX iniciaram-se esforços para o desenvolvimento de métodos sanitários de disposição final. Ainda hoje, em países subdesenvolvidos predominam formas de disposição incorretas como "lixões" e "aterros controlados", responsáveis por grande poluição ambiental e pela veiculação de doenças. Uma disposição final adequada dos resíduos sólidos urbanos se inicia com a escolha de locais favoráveis do ponto de vista ambiental. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo comparar dois métodos de seleção de áreas para implantação de aterros sanitários: o de IG-SMA (1999), e o de Basílio (2001). Os referidos métodos foram escolhidos por terem sido desenvolvidos e aplicados em uma mesma área geográfica (região de Campinas - SP). A comparação por superposição mostrou que apesar da área geográfica ser a mesma, os resultados de ambos foram diferentes. O fato é explicado pela diferença de escalas, critérios, atributos e classes, e chegou-se à conclusão que o método de Basílio (2001) apresentou muito menos áreas favoráveis à disposição de resíduos do que IG-SMA (1999) por ser mais restritivo em seus critérios de seleção. / Abstract: Historically, the incorrect waste disposal has been related to epidemics which resulted in thousand of deaths. Despite the efforts to develop sanitary disposal methods in the 19 century, even today, "uncontrolled dumps" are often found in undeveloped countries. These places are responsible for environment pollution and for several diseases. The process of adequate waste disposal begins with the selection of suitable landfill areas, based on environmental characteristics. The goal of this research was to compare two methods of landfill site selection: the first one developed by IG-SMA (1999), and the other by Basílio (2001). Both methods were developed and applied in the same area - region of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil and this fact explains the choice for them; the comparison was made by superposing maps. Despite the same geographic area, the result was very different and few areas in common were found; IG-SMA (1999) obtained more suitable areas than Basílio (2001). This has been attributed to scale, criteria and attribute differences and, as a conclusion, Basílio (2001) was considered more restrictive than IG-SMA (1999). / Mestre

A record of the design evaluation of a municipal solid waste disposal system has been made. The record was arranged chronologically on a process basis. The author had presented his analyses of the design influences. Emphasis has been put on the major influences. Observations and analyses of a more general nature, plus personal views of the case study method are also given. Recommendations for further study of this project are provided in a test proposal outline for the system. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

No description available.

Cellulose to lignin ratio is one of the widely used indicators of degree of landfill stabilization. This ratio shows the amount of carbohydrate or cellulose consumed by anaerobes compared to relatively inert lignin. However, the method of lignin measurement contains an intrinsic error. Plastics are contained in the landfill samples and these are characterized as lignaceous materials due to their acid-insolubility. Lignin is typically measured as the organic residue that is acid insoluble but is combustible upon ignition. Additionally lignin may degrade under anaerobic, high temperature conditions associated with wet conditions in sediments and bioreactor landfills. In this study, it has been found that the typical measure of lignin, a gravimetric measure, also includes plastics, leading to erroneous measures of both lignin and the cellulose/lignin (C/L) ratio. Typically, 100% of the plastic will be measured as lignin. Since plastic amounts to approximately 10% of landfill contents, lignin measurements will be 10% greater than actual amounts. Laboratory reactors were set up with known amounts of paper and plastic. The degradation of the cellulose and lignin in paper was measured and compared to plastics, which was collected by hand and weighed. Ratios of cellulose to plastics and lignin to plastics were obtained. It was found, based on the cellulose to plastic ratio and lignin to plastic ration that lignin degrades under anaerobic conditions although at a much slower rate than cellulose. These findings indicate that the cellulose to lignin ratio cannot be used as the sole indicator of stabilization in the landfills. The inclusion of the biochemical methane potential test data along with C/L is thought to provide a better indication of landfill stabilization. / Master of Science

In general, the improper disposal of waste may hinder the constitutional guarantee of a right to an environment to human health or well-being. This is especially true of domestic solid waste, a particular area of the waste stream frequently disposed of on South Africa's vacant land, rivers and streets amongst other. There is need therefore for municipalities as locally based authorities that are constitutionally bestowed with specific functions and duties in relation to waste, to ensure effective domestic solid waste management. The aim of this study is to investigate the content and design of some legal instruments aimed at domestic solid waste management in two municipalities of South Africa’s Limpopo Province namely the Lephalale and Greater Tzaneen Municipalities. The investigation and critical analysis of the selected instruments are based on the content of South Africa’s national waste law and policy with respect to domestic solid waste management specifically. The study concludes with a number of observations and recommendations with respect to the investigation instrumentation of Lephalale and Greater Tzaneen Municipalities. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

In general, the improper disposal of waste may hinder the constitutional guarantee of a right to an environment to human health or well-being. This is especially true of domestic solid waste, a particular area of the waste stream frequently disposed of on South Africa's vacant land, rivers and streets amongst other. There is need therefore for municipalities as locally based authorities that are constitutionally bestowed with specific functions and duties in relation to waste, to ensure effective domestic solid waste management. The aim of this study is to investigate the content and design of some legal instruments aimed at domestic solid waste management in two municipalities of South Africa’s Limpopo Province namely the Lephalale and Greater Tzaneen Municipalities. The investigation and critical analysis of the selected instruments are based on the content of South Africa’s national waste law and policy with respect to domestic solid waste management specifically. The study concludes with a number of observations and recommendations with respect to the investigation instrumentation of Lephalale and Greater Tzaneen Municipalities. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The biochemical methane potential (BMP) of a substance is a measure of the volume of methane gas produced per unit mass of that substance, through the process of anaerobic biodegradation. As the socio-economic consequences of climate change have become more apparent, the ability to predict the long-term cumulative environmental impact of various human activities has become more necessary. Landfills can be a substantial source of methane (a greenhouse gas) to the atmosphere, and consequently BMP is an important tool for predicting the potential cumulative long-term impacts of a landfill to the environment. From a strictly economic perspective, the practice of landfill methane extraction for industrial uses is becoming much more common. In this case, BMP is an important tool for predicting the economic feasibility of such a project. Current methods for determining the BMP of municipal solid wastes (MSW) are both time-consuming and inconsistent. A review of literature on the topic yields many different descriptions of the test, with large variations in sample sizes, incubation times, procedures, etc. Most of these methods also require expensive, and specialized equipment. This thesis describes a simple approach to the BMP test that might be carried out in a variety of laboratory settings, such as an on-site lab equipped with basic, simple, and inexpensive equipment. The method relies on a much larger than typical sample mass to produce large volumes of gas that are measured for composition multiple times over the course of the test. The volume and composition data is then used to produce a cumulative methane potential curve which can be fitted to a first-order decay model in order to predict an ultimate BMP value. The taking of multiple measurements on large volumes of gas, allows for the use of a portable field instrument called the GEMTM2000 to measure gas composition. By fitting the data to a curve in order to determine ultimate methane potential, individual measurement errors are averaged out and the final result has a precision similar to more traditional BMP methods, which rely on bulky and expensive gas chromatographs. Testing has been conducted on MSW samples from 3 separate sites. The method used involved comparatively large samples of waste (~200 g) and no limit was set on incubation time. The use of large waste samples produces large quantities of gas that must be collected and analyzed often. The method provided favourable results, consistent within acceptable limits of variability when compared with other BMP methods. There is even some evidence suggesting that the use of large waste samples improves the accuracy of the test, despite the use of equipment which provides less precise measurements of gas concentration. Given the long duration required for testing, the results were also evaluated for possible correlations between loss on ignition data and specific gravity measurements; two simple tests that can be conducted rapidly. Both data sets show a rough correlation with BMP, and may be used to quickly estimate ultimate BMP values, but the loss on ignition relationship provides the better correlation. Lastly, initial steps were taken in the development of what has been dubbed the Biochemical CO2 Potential (BCP) test, taking advantage of the relatively quicker rate of aerobic degradation. There are preliminary indications that the BCP method may be a viable alternative to the BMP, but the data set so far is small and further research is required to confirm that hypothesis.

No início deste século são inúmeros os desafios que tangem à gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos nos municípios brasileiros. Os índices de geração aumentam a cada ano, os serviços de coleta e transporte não são universalizados, os índices de tratamento e valorização ainda são incipientes e muitos municípios utilizam formas ambientalmente inadequadas para a disposição final dos resíduos sólidos, mesmo depois do Decreto Federal nº 7.404/2010, que regulamentou a Política Nacional dos Resíduos Sólidos. As cidades, como principais polos atratores do consumo de insumos e geradores de resíduos sólidos urbanos, constituem, por sua vez, o ambiente principal onde se realiza grande parte das atividades inerentes ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. Portanto, as condições de desenvolvimento urbano, estabelecidas pelas políticas urbanas e seus instrumentos, influenciam diretamente na qualidade, desempenho e eficiência do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos, principalmente daqueles de origem domiciliar. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi desenvolver uma abordagem integrada entre o planejamento urbano e os serviços de gerenciamento de resíduos domiciliares, investigando e analisando elementos e aspectos comuns, para propor estratégias sistematizadas no âmbito dos instrumentos urbanísticos, com vistas à eficientização e qualificação desses serviços e dos espaços urbanos utilizados. Após realizar a caracterização das etapas do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, identificou-se oito estratégias que poderiam ser introduzidas no âmbito do planejamento urbano. Em seguida, procedeu-se a um estudo de caso, uma área urbana sujeita à adensamento populacional e verticalização, localizada no bairro do Belenzinho, zona leste do município de São Paulo, onde, por meio da construção de cenários, simulou-se a aplicação das estratégias de planejamento urbano. Por fim, pode-se concluir que, em função das estratégias propostas, seria possível alcançar benefícios em relação à gestão dos resíduos domiciliares, justificando, portanto, a aplicabilidade dessas diretrizes em políticas de planejamento urbano aplicáveis a situações urbanas similares. / There are, today, numerous challenges regarding the management of solid waste in Brazilian cities. Regarding household waste, which is the subject of this study, generation rates increase each year, collection and transportation services are not universalized, treatment and valuation rates are still incipient, and many cities use environmentally inappropriate forms for final disposal of the waste, even after Federal Decree No. 7,404 / 2010, which regulated the National Policy on Solid Waste, established by Federal Law No. 12,305 of August 2, 2010. Cities, as the main poles attracting consumption of inputs and generators of solid waste of household origin, constitute the main environment where great parts of the solid waste management activities are carried out. Therefore, urban development conditions, established by urban policies and their instruments, directly influence the quality, performance and efficiency of waste management. The main objective of this study was to develop an integrated approach between urban planning and solid waste management services, investigating and analyzing common elements and aspects, proposing systematized strategies within urban planning instruments, with a view to the efficiency and qualification of these services and urban spaces used. After characterizing the stages of urban solid waste management, eight (8) strategies were identified that could be introduced in urban planning. The next step refers to a case study that took place in an urban area with population densification and verticalization, located in the neighborhood of \"Belenzinho\", in the eastern zone of the city of São Paulo, where urban planning strategies were simulated through the construction of specific scenarios. Finally, we can conclude that, according to the proposed strategies, it would be possible to achieve benefits regarding the management of household waste to justify the applicability of these strategies in urban planning policies applicable to similar urban situations.