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BACKGROUND:The widespread utilization of organic compounds in modern society and their dispersion through wastewater have resulted in extensive contamination of source and drinking waters. The vast majority of these compounds are not regulated in wastewater outfalls or in drinking water while trace amounts of certain compounds can impact aquatic wildlife. Hence it is prudent to monitor these contaminants in water sources until sufficient toxicological data relevant to humans becomes available. A method was developed for the analysis of 36 trace organic contaminants (TOrCs) including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, steroid hormones (androgens, progestins, and glucocorticoids), personal care products and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) using a single solid phase extraction (SPE) technique with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The method was applied to a variety of water matrices to demonstrate method performance and reliability.RESULTS:UHPLC-MS/MS in both positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) modes was employed to achieve optimum sensitivity while reducing sample analysis time (<20min) compared with previously published methods. The detection limits for most compounds was lower than 1.0 picogram on the column while reporting limits in water ranged from 0.1 to 15ng/L based on the extraction of a 1L sample and concentration to 1mL. Recoveries in ultrapure water for most compounds were between 90-110%, while recoveries in surface water and wastewater were in the range of 39-121% and 38-141% respectively. The analytical method was successfully applied to analyze samples across several different water matrices including wastewater, groundwater, surface water and drinking water at different stages of the treatment. Among several compounds detected in wastewater, sucralose and TCPP showed the highest concentrations.CONCLUSION:The proposed method is sensitive, rapid and robust / hence it can be used to analyze a large variety of trace organic compounds in different water matrixes.

The behaviour and impact of pharmaceuticals in the environment are still poorly understood. Pharmaceuticals are widely used and continually released into the environment causing increasing concerns about their impact on the environment beyond the intended human or veterinary use. Prescribed pharmaceuticals, typically, enter the environment either through excretion after human use or disposal of surplus medication. Sewage treatment plants do not completely remove pharmaceuticals and their metabolites and these have been detected in sewage treatment plant effluent and receiving waters. Land application of treated sewage effluent is widely practiced in New Zealand as an alternative to surface water discharge. Methods were developed to determine selected pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices such as sewage effluent, sewage solids, soil, and soil water. From these, pharmaceutical removal efficiencies were determined for three common sewage treatment processes; activated sludge, composting and land application of sewage effluent. The impacts of some common pharmaceuticals on soil microbial communities, together with the effect of prolonged exposure to sewage effluent on these communities were examined. Additionally, toxicity of sewage effluent, and toxicity mechanisms of specific pharmaceuticals were investigated using luminescent micro-organisms and lettuce seedlings. Pharmaceuticals were successfully detected in sewage effluent, sewage solids, compost, soil and soil water. The sewage treatment processes investigated, including land application, were able to remove or reduce pharmaceutical concentrations in sewage. In case of land application, volcanic soils were more efficient than sandy soils in pharmaceutical removal while irrigation rate and level of sewage pre-treatment also showed some effect on removal efficiency. Pharmaceuticals were not acutely toxic at environmental levels currently detected. Exposure of microbial communities to unnaturally high levels of pharmaceuticals did demonstrate that most pharmaceuticals were potentially able to induce stress in the microbial community although microbes were able to metabolise some of these pharmaceuticals. Twelve years of effluent irrigation resulted in microbial adaptation to aspirin, acetaminophen and tetracycline, indicating that these pharmaceuticals had an effect on microbial community. Presently, land application of treated sewage waste may be a suitable treatment for additional pharmaceutical removal provided that land application schemes are designed appropriately, and pharmaceutical accumulation in the soil is occasionally monitored. It would be prudent to recognise the potential risk that could be caused by chronic exposure to pharmaceuticals such that continued vigilance may lead to future indications of chronic effects at an early stage.

Antimony film electrode was studied for the use in a voltammetric analysis of organic compounds. The substance chosen as an analyte was trifluralin, which is used as a pesticide. The comparison of different substrate electrodes was carried out between five electrodes, which were gold, silver, copper, polished amalgam and glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Best performance was observed on antimony film glassy carbon electrode (SbFGCE). It provided higher sensitivity and lower limit of quantification in comparison with bare GCE. The antimony film was stable and it provided good reproducibility (RSD = 5.2 %). Parameters of an electrochemical preparation of SbFGCE were optimized. Conditions for determination of concentration of trifluralin were optimized on newly prepared SbFGCE. The best conditions were in a solution of methanol and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid in 1:1 ratio measured by differential pulse voltammetry. The limit of quantification was determined as 1.2·10-6 mol·l-1 . A direct voltammetric measurement on SbFGCE was carried out in a model river sample. Lower limits of quantification were achieved with solid phase extraction (SPE). Recovery values were 86 ± 8 % in deionized water with a preconcentration factor of 125. The limit of quantification was lowered to value 1.1·10-8 mol·l-1 . The extraction...

Les antibiotiques sont des polluants présents dans les écosystèmes aquatiques, réceptacles ultimes des substances anthropiques. L’étude de ces composés porte sur leur rémanence dans le milieu ou leurs effets sur des organismes naturels. De nombreux efforts ont été faits à l’échelle mondiale pour l’évaluation de la qualité environnementale des différentes ressources en eau pour la survie des espèces aquatiques mais aussi pour la consommation humaine et le risque sanitaire lié. Dans ce but, l’optimisation des techniques analytiques pour ces composés dans les systèmes aquatiques demeure une nécessité. Notre objectif est de développer des méthodes d’extraction et de détection pour 12 molécules appartenant à la famille des aminoglycosides et de la colistine dans les eaux des stations d’épuration et les eaux hospitalières. L’absence des méthodes d’analyse pour ces composés ainsi que le manque des études permettant leur détection dans l’eau sont les raisons de leur étude. L’Extraction sur Phase Solide (SPE) en mode classique (hors ligne) ou en ligne, suivie d’une analyse par la Chromatographie Liquide couplée à la Spectrométrie de Masse (LC/MS/MS) est la méthode la plus couramment employée pour ce type d’analyse. Les paramètres sont optimisés et validés afin d’assurer les meilleures conditions utilisées dans les analyses environnementales. Cette technique a été appliquée sur des échantillons réels des eaux des stations d’épuration à Bordeaux et au Liban. / Antibiotics are pollutants present in aquatic ecosystems ultimate receptacles of anthropogenic substances. These compounds are studied as their persistence in the environment or their effects on natural organisms. Numerous efforts have been made worldwide to assess the environmental quality of different water resources for the survival of aquatic species, but also for human consumption and health risk related. Towards goal, the optimization of analytical techniques for these compounds in aquatic systems remains a necessity. Our objective is to develop extraction and detection methods for 12 molecules of aminoglycosides and colistin in sewage treatment plants and hospitals waters. The lack of analytical methods for analysis of these compounds and the deficiency of studies for their detection in water is the reason for their study. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) in classic mode (offline) or online followed by Liquid Chromatography analysis coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/ MS) is the most method commonly used for this type of analysis. The parameters are optimized and validated to ensure the best conditions for the environmental analysis. This technique was applied to real samples of wastewater treatment plants in Bordeaux and Lebanon.

Este estudo apresenta o desenvolvimento da metodologia de extração em fase sólida e separação em cromatográfica líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas em sequencia, SPE-LC-MS/MS, para a determinação de 21 (vinte e um) fármacos pertencentes a diferentes classes terapeuticas, 1 (uma) droga de abuso e seu principal metabólito, em amostras de água superficial. A separação cromatográfica foi otimizada estudando o desempenho de fases estacionárias e fases móvies. A quantificação dos compostos selecionados foi realizada com a ionização por eletronebulização (electrospray ionization- ESI) e o espectrômetro de massas operando no modo de Monitoramento de Múltiplas Reações (Multiplas Reaction Monitoring- MRM). A validação da metodologia proposta foi realizada utilizando os parâmetros de seletividade, efeito de matriz, faixa de trabalho, linearidade, limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ), precisão, exatidão, recuperação e robustez. A validação da metodologia permitiu a sua aplicação na avaliação da distribuição dos 23 compostos selecionados, nas águas da represa Guarapiranga, um dos principais sistemas produtor de água potável da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). A presença desses poluentes nos ambientes aquáticos é proveniente da liberação direta do esgoto urbano das habitações do seu entorno, como consequência do precário sistema de saneamento básico. As águas da represa Guarapiranga foram avaliadas em 14 (quatorze) locais estrategicamente escolhidos e amostradas durante 3 (três) campanhas de coleta de amostra (agosto de 2011, setembro de 2012 e abril de 2013). Nessas amostras foram quantificados acetaminofeno (9,6 - 254 ng L-1), atenolol (8,5 177 ng L-1), benzoilegonina (7,9 139 ng L-1), cafeína (27 27386 ng L-1), carbamazepina (12 358 ng L-1), clortalidona (9,4 35 ng L-1), cocaína (12,8 2650 ng L-1), diclofenaco (8 35 ng L-1), enalapril (20 ng L-1), losartana (6,7 114 ng L-1) e valsartana (9,7 - 47 ng L-1). O ponto de coleta denominado de GU103-12 (23°4188.5S 46°4467.3W) foi a região que apresentou os valores mais elevados quanto ao nível de concentração dos compostos avaliados e ao índice de risco integrado de poluição química aquática (Integrated Risk Index of Chemical Aquatic Pollution IRICAP). O estudo também foi realizado em amostras de água de reservatórios das Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI) 5 e 6 do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso e a ocupação do solo influenciam diretamente na qualidade da água dos reservatórios, evidenciando a necessidade de implementar melhorias no sistema de coleta de esgoto e de ocupação irregular para evitar a contaminação e o descarte inadequado em ambientes aquáticos. / This study presents the development of the methodology of solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry, SPE-LC-MS/MS, for the determination of 21 (twenty one) pharmaceuticals belonging to different therapeutic groups, 1 (one) illicit drug and its major metabolite, in surface water samples. The chromatographic separation was optimized by studying the performance of different stationary and mobile phases. Quantitation of selected compounds was performed by electrospray ionization (ESI) and the mass spectrometer operating in a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The validation of the proposed methodology was performed using the parameters of selectivity, matrix effect, dynamic range, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, recovery and robustness. The validation of methodology allowed to apply the methodology in the evaluation of the distribution of the 23 (twenty one) selected compounds, in Guarapiranga Dam waters, an of the major producer system of drinking water of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). The presence of these pollutants in aquatic environments is from the direct release of urban sewage from the homes of your surroundings, as a result of poor sanitation system. The waters of Guarapiranga dam were evaluated in 14 (fourteen) locations strategically chosen and sampled in 3 (three) campaigns of sample collection (August 2011, September 2012 and April 2013). In these samples were quantified acetaminophen (9.6 - 254 ng L-1), atenolol (8.5 - 177 ng L-1), benzoylegonine (7.9 - 139 ng L-1), caffeine (27 - 27386 ng L-1) carbamazepine (12 - 358 ng L-1), chlorthalidone (9.4 - 35 ng L-1), cocaine (12.8 - 2560 ng L-1), diclofenac (8 - 36 ng L-1), enalapril (20 ng L-1), losartan (6.7 - 114 ng L-1) and valsartan (9.7 - 47 ng L-1). The sample siting GU103-12 (23°4188.5S 46°4467.3W) was the region with the highest values in the level of concentration of the target compounds and the integrated risk index of chemical aquatic pollution (IRICAP). The study was also conducted on water samples from reservoirs of the UGRHI (Unit of Water Resources Management) 5 and 6, State o São Paulo. The results showed that the use and occupation of land directly influence the reservoir water quality highlighting the need to implement improvements in sewage collection system and illegal occupation to prevent contamination and the improper disposal in aquatic environments.

O 99mTc é o radionuclídeo mais utilizado em medicina nuclear. No Brasil os geradores de 99Mo/99mTc são produzidos exclusivamente pelo Centro de Radiofarmácia do IPEN-CNEN/SP, com 99Mo importado de diferentes fornecedores. O 99Mo (t1/2 = 66 h), por ser um produto de fissão do 235U, pode conter impurezas radionuclídicas prejudiciais à saúde humana. Dessa forma, para que o gerador seja utilizado de forma segura, é necessário que o 99Mo seja avaliado por ensaios de controle de qualidade e atenda à alguma especificação descrita em farmacopeia. A Farmacopeia Europeia (FE) apresenta monografia, com parâmetros (identificação, pureza radioquímica e pureza radionuclídica), métodos de análise, e limites, para avaliação da qualidade da solução de [99Mo] na forma de molibdato de sódio, que é utilizada como matéria-prima no preparo dos geradores de 99Mo/99mTc. No entanto, observa-se uma dificuldade na implementação e execução dos métodos por parte dos produtores de geradores, com pouca literatura sobre o assunto, provavelmente devido à falta de praticidade dos métodos propostos e à extensa lista de reagentes utilizados. Nesse trabalho foram avaliados vários parâmetros de qualidade do 99Mo descritos na monografia da FE. Foram estudados métodos de separação do 99Mo de suas impurezas radionuclídicas por extração em fase sólida (SPE) e por TLC. Após separação por SPE, foi proposta a quantificação de metais por ICP-OES para avaliar a porcentagem de retenção de Mo e a porcentagem de recuperação de Ru e Te e Sr em diversos tipos de cartuchos, em substituição ao uso de radiotraçadores. Observou-se que a marca de cartucho de SPE para separação do 99Mo recomendada pela FE apresentou baixa recuperação para Ru, quando comparado aos outros cartuchos de troca aniônica disponíveis no mercado. Amostras de 99Mo de diferentes fornecedores mundiais foram analisadas. Observou-se que é possível realizar a quantificação de 103Ru em amostras de 99Mo mesmo com tempos de decaimento acima de 4 semanas. Um método alternativo de separação do 99Mo do 131I por TLC apresentou resultados promissores. Não foi feita a quantificação das impurezas radionuclídicas emissoras beta e alfa. Todas as amostras analisadas apresentaram resultados dentro das especificações da FE para pureza radioquímica (>95%) e pureza radionuclídica. / 99mTc is the most used radionuclide in nuclear medicine. In Brazil, the 99Mo/99mTc generators are exclusively produced by Radiopharmacy Center at IPENCNEN/ SP, by importing 99Mo from different suppliers. 99Mo (t1/2 = 66 h) is a fission product of 235U and it can have radionuclidic impurities that are prejudicial for human health. For safe use of generators, it is necessary to perform the evaluation of 99Mo by quality control tests in order to assess if 99Mo complies with the specifications. The European Pharmacopoeia (EP) presents a monograph for evaluation of the quality of the [99Mo] solution as sodium molybdate,that is used as raw material for 99Mo/99mTc generators production, including specification parameters (identification, radiochemical purity and radionuclidic purity), analysis methods and limits. However, it has been observed difficulties on the execution and implementation of these methods by the generators producers, with a few literature about this subject, probably due to complexity of the proposed methods. In this work, many quality control parameters of 99Mo described in the EP monograph were evaluated. Separation methods for 99Mo from its radionuclidic impurities by solid phase extraction (SPE) and TLC were studied. After SPE separation, the quantification of metals by ICP-OES to evaluate the percentage of retention of Mo and the percentage of recovery of Ru, Te and Sr using different types of cartridges were proposed, replacing radiotracers use. It was observed that the specific type of SPE cartridge recommended by the EP for separation of 99Mo presented low recoveries for Ru, compared to other available anion exchange SPE cartridges. 99Mo samples from different worldwide suppliers were analyzed. It was observed that quantification of 103Ru in 99Mo samples with decay time higher than 4 weeks is possible. An alternative method for separation of 131I from 99Mo showed promising results by TLC. The quantification of beta and alpha emitters radionuclidic impurities was not performed. All analysed samples presented results that comply with EP specifications for radiochemical purity (>95%) and for radionuclidic purity.

Mykotoxine sind giftige Naturstoffe, die im Rahmen des Sekundärstoffwechsels von Schimmelpilzen beim Wachstum auf pflanzlichen Substraten gebildet werden. Zu den bekanntesten Mykotoxinen zählt das Ochratoxin A (OTA), welches überwiegend in Getreide und davon abgeleiteten Erzeugnissen, aber auch in Wein und Kaffee sowie Gewürzen und Bier nachgewiesen wurde. OTA ist unter anderem immunotoxisch, nephrotoxisch und besitzt teratogene sowie kanzerogene Eigenschaften. Darüber hinaus wird OTA eine hormonelle Wirkung zugesprochen. Aufgrund der Toxizität und des relativ häufigen Vorkommens in Lebensmitteln wurden für OTA Grenzwerte festgelegt. Diese liegen für Wein, Röstkaffee und diätetische Produkte zwischen 0,5 mikrogramm /kg und 10 mikrogramm /kg. Grenzwerte für Gewürze und Bier sind geplant. Im Rahmen der Methodenentwicklung zur Bestimmung von OTA in Lebensmitteln wurden verschiedene clean-up-Techniken miteinander verglichen. Dabei wurde vor allem den kombinierten Ionentauscher/reversed phase-Säulen und der LC-MS/MS wesentliche Bedeutung beigemessen. Innerhalb der Methodenvalidierung wurden die Ergebnisse mit dem entsprechenden Standardverfahren verglichen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit oben genanntem Material in Kombination mit der LC-MS/MS sehr gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden können. Diese wurden im Rahmen der Validierung durch statistische Auswertung bestätigt. Ferner wurden im Rahmen der Methodenentwicklung, speziell bei der Bestimmung von OTA in Kaffee, Extraktionstechniken miteinander verglichen. Dabei wurde die bislang kaum beachtete ASE (Accelerated Solvent Extraction, Dionex) sowie Ultraschallextraktion mit der Schüttelextraktion aus der gültigen Norm verglichen und ihre Anwendbarkeit auf weitere Lebensmittel geprüft. In diesem Zusammenhang waren die ASE und Ultraschallextraktion der konventionellen Schüttelextraktion überlegen. Darüber hinaus wurde die Ultraschallextraktion in Kombination mit dem Ionentauscher/reversed phase clean-up erfolgreich auf Weizen und Chili angewandt. Parallel zur Methodenentwicklung wurde die Stabilität und Homogenität von OTA in Wein und Röstkaffee untersucht. Sowohl die Homogenität als auch die Stabilität des Analyten sind wichtige Faktoren bei der Entwicklung neuer Verfahren, da zusammen mit Ergebnissen der Validierung, die Messunsicherheit innerhalb neuer Verfahren eingegrenzt werden. / Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxic substances and produced as secondary metabolites by fungi which are growing on plants predominantly. One of the most interesting mycotoxins is ochratoxin A (OTA), which was found in several foods and feed stuff like wheat and its related products, wine, coffee, spices and beer. Among other things OTA is immunotoxic, nephrotoxic and has teratogenic and cancerogenic properties. Further more OTA shows hormonal effects. Because of its toxicity and common appearance in food and feed the OTA content had to be regulated in European and or national directives. The maximum values are determined between 0.5 micrograms/kg and 10 micrograms/kg for wine, roasted coffee and dietetic products. Other maximum levels for beer and spices are intended. During the investigation of analytical methods for the determination of OTA in food stuff different clean-up techniques were compared. Thereby the mixed anion exchange/reversed phase clean-up in combination with LC-MS/MS was researched intensively. Within method validation the results were compared with the corresponding standard methods. This work shows that the mixed mode clean-up in combination with LC-MS/MS gives excellent results. These results were statistically confirmed during method validation. Further more different extraction techniques were compared during the development of analytical methods, especially for the determination of OTA in coffee. Thereby the ASE (accelerated solvent extraction, Dionex) and the ultrasonic extraction were compared with the shaking technique from current standard methods. The adaptability for other food and feed products was researched as well. In this context the new extraction techniques were superior to conventional shaking techniques. In addition the ultrasonic extraction with mixed mode clean-up and LC-MS/MS detection was applied to chilli and wheat effectively. Besides the investigation of analytical methods the stability and homogeneity of OTA in wine and roasted coffee was researched. The homogeneity and stability of OTA in matrix are very important factors during the investigation of analytical methods. In combination with the relevant results of the method validation these results can be used to determine the uncertainty of the new analytical methods.

A contaminação de aguas pela mistura Benzeno, Tolueno, Etilbenzeno e Xilenos (BTEX) vem gerando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de metodologias altamente eficientes na remoção de poluentes e de metodologias analíticas para monitoramento ambiental suficientemente sensíveis, seletivos, reprodutíveis e rápidos. Nesse contexto, adsorventes com propriedades magnéticas aparecem como alternativas eficientes, de baixo custo e de fácil automação, inclusive possibilitando o desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica baseada na extração em fase sólida magnética (m-SPE), que vem ganhando interesse crescente por permitir extração rápida e análise efetiva dos poluentes com alta sensibilidade. A busca por adsorventes adequados exige o estudo de materiais com grande área superficial, funcionalizáveis e estáveis como as sílicas, mais especificamente uma comparação entre os tipos de sílica e do tipo de agente funcionalizante nas propriedades de adsorção/dessorção. Sílicas mesoporosas oraganofuncionalizas magnéticas com diferentes morfologias foram preparadas: sílica mesoporosa ordenada MCM-48 e MCM-41, bem como nanoparticulas esféricas de sílica mesoporosa (NPSiO2). A formação da silica mesoporosa ordenada começa com a preparação de um template de CTAB sobre o qual são depositados/formados os materiais MCM-41 e MCM-48. A concentração de CTAB deve ser controlada com cuidado pois estruturas com diferentes morfologias podem ser geradas variando-se esse parâmetro. As análises de espectroscopia FTIR, DRX e sorção de N2 revelaram que os materiais preparados são sílicas mesoporosas ordenadas com arranjo tipo giroide 3D (MCM-48) ou do tipo hexagonal (MCM-41) com área superficial respectivamente de 1212 m2.g-1 e 1159 m2.g-1. Além disso, as imagens de MET do material MCM-48 mostraram tamanho médio de partícula igual a 116 nm &#177; 15 nm. Para facilitar a remoção do adsorvente, nanopartículas de magnetita (SPION) foram incorporadas na superfície dos materiais adsorventes. O tempo de remoção típico foi determinado como sendo de 1 minuto. A organofuncionalização da sílica com octadecilssilano (C18), octilssilano (C8) e difenilssilano (Ph2) foi confirmada por espectroscopia FTIR e análise termogravimétrica demostrando a presença e a percentagem em massa dos grupos orgânicos em cada tipo de sílica mesoporosa. Usando como referência sílica gel 60 comercial (Sílica), foram comparadas as propriedades de adsorção frente a BTEX em agua, quando o agente funcionalizante é C8, C18 ou Ph2. Os resultados indicaram que as capacidades de adsorção, segundo o modelo de Langmuir, seguem a seguinte ordem C8&#8805;C18>>Ph2. A partir disso, as propriedades de adsorção das demais sílicas funcionalizadas com C8 foram comparadas determinando-se que as capacidades de adsorção, segundo o modelo de Langmuir, estão na seguinte ordem: MCM-48>Sílica>NPSiO2>MCM-41. O nanocompósito organofuncionalizado MCM48-C8/SPION, que mostrou as melhores propriedades de adsorção, foi usado para a extração em fase sólida magnética (m-SPE) de BTEX em agua de posto de gasolina. Verificou-se que apenas 30 mg de adsorvente, 5 min de contato com a solução de BTEX, 1 min para remoção do adsorvente e 1 min para a extração foram suficientes para concentração/recuperação de BTEX de agua pela técnica de m-SPE, viabilizando a análise quantitativa, no caso por CG-MS. / The contamination of water bodies by Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes (BTEX) has prompted the development of more efficient methodologies for their removal and the development of sufficiently sensitive, selective, reproducible and fast analytical methods for environmental monitoring. In this context, adsorbent materials with magnetic properties appear as efficient, low cost and easy automation alternatives, including the development of analytical methods based on magnetic solid phase extraction (m-SPE), which has gaining increasing interest since allows rapid extraction and effective analysis of pollutants with high sensitivity. The search for suitable adsorbents requires the study of materials with large surface area, functionalizable and stable as the silica\'s family, more specifically a comparison between the types of silica and the type of functionalizing agent on their adsorption/desorption properties. Magnetic organofunctionalized mesoporous silicas with different morphologies were prepared: ordered mesoporous silica MCM-48 and MCM-41, as well as spherical nanoparticles of mesoporous silica (NPSiO2). The formation of ordered mesoporous silica begins with the preparation of a CTAB template on which silica is deposited/formed to produce MCM-41 and MCM-48 materials. The CTAB concentration must be carefully controlled since colloidal structures with different morphologies can be generated by varying this parameter. The FTIR, XRD and N2 sorption spectroscopy analyzes confirmed the preparation of ordered mesoporous silica materials with a gyroid 3D (MCM-48), or hexagonal type (MCM-41) arrangement respectively with a surface area of 1212 m2.g-1 and 1159 m2.g-1. In addition, the MET images of the MCM-48 material showed mean particle size equal to 116 nm &#177; 15 nm. To facilitate removal from water, magnetite nanoparticles (SPIONs) were incorporated into the surface of adsorbent materials. The typical removal time was determined to be 1 minute. The organofunctionalization of the silica with octadecylsilane (C18), octylsilane (C8) and diphenylsilane (Ph2) was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrating the presence and allowing the determination of the mass percentage of the organic fraction in each type of mesoporous silica. Using commercial silica gel (Silica) as reference, the adsorption properties toward BTEX in water were compared when the functionalizing agent is C8, C18 or Ph2. The results indicated that the adsorption capacities, according to the Langmuir model, decrease in the following order C8 &#8805; C18 >> Ph2. From this, the adsorption properties of the C8 functionalized silicas were compared showing that the adsorption capacities according to the Langmuir model decrease in the following order: MCM-48 > Silica > NPSiO2 > MCM-41. The organofunctionalized nanocomposite MCM48-C8/SPION, exhibiting the best adsorption properties, was used in magnetic solid phase extraction (m-SPE) of BTEX from gas station water. Only 30 mg of adsorbent, 5 min of contact with the BTEX solution, 1 min to remove the adsorbent and 1 min for extraction were enough for concentration/recovery of BTEX in water by m-SPE technique suitable for quantitative analysis, in this case by CG-MS.

Nesse trabalho de duas partes, colunas monolíticas poliméricas foram aplicadas em extração em fase sólida e em nanocromatografia capilar, duas das suas mais importantes aplicações. Na primeira parte foi desenvolvido um monolito para extração em fase sólida dos metais Cd(II), Pb(II) e Cu(II), que foi acoplada on-line com detecção eletroquímica com o auxílio de instrumentação de análise por injeção sequencial (SIA). A coluna usada como suporte sólido para extração em fase sólida foi obtida com a copolimerização entre formador de ligação cruzada etileno dimetacrilato (EDMA) e monômero funcional glicidil metacrilato (GMA), preparada a partir de uma mistura reacional composta de 30% GMA, 10% EDMA, 5% H2O, 35% n-propanol e 20% 1,4- butanodiol, aquecida durante 24 horas à 60&#176;C. Essa composição e condições de polimerização favoreceram a permeabilidade do monolito, o que foi necessário para o acoplamento no SIA. Após a obtenção do monolito base o mesmo foi modificado pela reação do anel epóxi do grupo GMA com ácido iminodiacético (IDA) para garantir propriedades de quelação de metais e maior capacidade de adsorção para a coluna. O monolito foi caracterizado com imagens de microscopia de varredura eletrônica (MEV) e a capacidade de extração foi de 4,4 &#177; 0,3 mg Cu(II) m-1 obtida com curvas de breakthrough. O método de determinação on-line dos metais operado por SIA, que executou as etapas de carregamento de amostra, limpeza da coluna, eluição dos analitos e recondicionamento dos sítios ativos teve frequência amostral de 6,8 injeções por hora. Os limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ) para o método foram, respectivamente, de 1,0 e 3,3 &#181;g L-1 para o Cd(II), 0,7 e 2,2 &#181;g L-1 para o Pb(II) e 0,5 e 1,8 &#181;g L-1 para o Cu(II). O método foi aplicado na determinação dos metais em diferentes matrizes de águas naturais, sendo encontrado Cu(II) em algumas amostras. A exatidão do método foi avaliada com estudos de adição e recuperação nessas águas, obtendo-se valores entre 75,5 e 116,6%. Na segunda parte do trabalho foi utilizada uma coluna polar composta da sulfobetaína zwitteriônica N,N-dimetil-N-metacriloil-oxietil-N-(3-sulfopropil) amônio betaína (MEDSA) e do formador de ligações cruzadas dioxietil dimetacrilato (DiEDMA) em Nanocromatografia de Interação Hidrofílica (HILIC) para fazer a separação de Dopamina, Epinefrina, Norepinefrina, L-DOPA, Tiramina, DOPAC e Ácido Homovanílico, neurotransmissores, alguns de seus metabólitos e precursores, compostos polares de baixa massa molecular. A seletividade cromatográfica da coluna foi altamente dependente da composição da fase móvel aquosa:orgânica, apresentando um mínimo de retenção na transição do mecanismo HILIC para a fase reversa (RP). Ajustando os dados experimentais de fatores de retenção em função da composição da fase móvel com o modelo de retenção duplo foi possível prever qual composição de fase móvel promoveria a separação dos analitos da mistura, que foi atingida em torno de 85% acetonitrila e 15% H2O. A coluna foi modificada com o grupo zwitteriônico 2-metacriloil-oxietil fosforilcolina (MPC) por UV grafting e a modificação da metade do comprimento da coluna durante 30 minutos de exposição UV levou às mudanças na seletividade cromatográfica. / In this two parts work, polymeric monolithic columns were applied in solid phase extraction and in capillary nanochromatography, two of their most important applications. In the first part, a monolith for solid phase extraction of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) metals was developed and coupled online with electrochemical detection with the aid of sequential injection analysis instrumentation (SIA). The column used as a solid support for solid phase extraction was obtained by copolymerization between the crosslinker ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) and the functional monomer glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), prepared from a reaction mixture composed of 30% GMA, 10% EDMA, 5% H2O, 35% n-propanol and 20% 1,4-butanediol, heated at 60 &#176; C for 24 hours. This composition and polymerization conditions favored monoliths permeability, which was required for the SIA coupling. After obtaining the base monolith, it was modified by reaction of the epoxy ring of the GMA group with the iminodiacetic acid (IDA) to guarantee metals chelating properties and increase adsorption capacity for the column. The monolith was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and extraction capacity was 4.4 &#177; 0.3 mg Cu(II) m-1, obtained from breakthrough curves. The method for online determination of metals operated by SIA, which performed the steps of sample loading, column cleaning, analyte elution and reconditioning of active sites had a sampling throughput of 6.8 injections per hour. The limits of detection (LD) and quantification (LQ) for the method were, respectively, 1.0 and 3.3 &#181;g L-1 for Cd(II), 0.7 and 2.2 &#181;g L-1 for the Pb(II) and 0.5 and 1.8 &#181;g L-1 for Cu(II). The method was applied for the determination of metals in different natural water matrices, finding Cu(II) in some samples. The accuracy of the method was evaluated with addition and recovery studies in these waters, finding recoveries between 75.5 and 116.6%. In the second part of the work, a polar column composed of the zwitterionic sulfobetaine N,N-dimethyl-N-methacryloyloxyethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine (MEDSA) and the cross-linker dioxyethyl dimethacrylate (DiEDMA) was used in Hydrophilic Interaction Nanocromatography (HILIC) to separate Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, L-DOPA, Tyramine, DOPAC and Homovanilic Acid, neurotransmitters, some of its metabolites and precursors, which are polar compounds of low molecular mass. The chromatographic selectivity of the column was highly dependent on the composition of the aqueous:organic mobile phase, showing a minimum retention at the transition from the HILIC to the reverse phase (RP) mechanism. By adjusting the experimental data of retention factors as a function of mobile phase composition with the double retention model it was possible to predict which mobile phase composition would promote the separation of the mixed analytes, which was achieved around 85% acetonitrile and 15% H2O. The column was modified with the 2-methacryloyl oxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) zwitterionic group by UV grafting and the modification of half columns length during 30 minutes of UV exposure led to changes in the chromatographic selectivity.