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Spatial variability of aquatic carbon dioxide and methane concentrations : A study of a hemi-boreal streamHaglund, Hampus, Klingmyr, Daniel January 2016 (has links)
Inland waters such as streams and lakes have recently been found to be supersaturated with both carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) – the high concentrations resulting in significant natural emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Previous studies have shown that streams emit particularly large amounts of GHGs per area covered, but the spatial variability is very high and has rarely been studied in detail. This study focuses on the variability of aquatic CO2 and CH4 concentrations with high spatial resolution in a hemi-boreal stream. The study area is a 7 km2 catchment in Skogaryd in southwest Sweden. 131 samples were collected and the stream was divided into groups depending on slope gradient and geographical placement. The results show that the concentrations had high spatial variability, especially regarding CH4, and that the concentrations are higher and more variable at lower slope gradients, which possibly indicates an increased gas exchange at higher slopes. The results also showed that concentrations can increase or decrease sharply over short distances in relation to changing slope gradient. This shows that frequent spatial sampling is needed to more accurately represent streams than what is often the case in many studies. A general distance between sampling locations could not be found due to the high variability of concentrations. Instead, the authors suggest that future studies of CO2 and CH4 concentrations in streams use a stratified random sampling strategy based on slope gradients.
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INFLUENCE OF RIPARIAN BUFFER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ON SOIL PROPERTIESGumbert, Amanda A 01 January 2013 (has links)
The Kentucky Division of Water indicates that agriculture is responsible for 55% of the Commonwealth’s assessed streams not supporting their designated uses. Riparian buffers reduce nonpoint source pollution in agroecosystems by storing and cycling nutrients, stabilizing streambanks, increasing infiltration, and storing water. Specific information regarding riparian buffer management is needed for land managers to maximize buffer effectiveness at reducing agricultural contaminants impairing water quality.
Baseline soil properties (texture, pH, C and nutrients) of the riparian buffer surrounding a tributary of Cane Run Creek in Fayette County, KY were characterized prior to imposing three mowing regimes (intense, moderate, and no mow treatments) and one native grass regime. Measurements were made along parallel transects located 2-m and 8-m distances from the stream. Root biomass, aggregate distribution, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were measured along the 2-m transect in two consecutive years following treatment establishment. The 2-m transect soils had the highest C, pH, Ca, Zn, and sand content. The 8-m transect had the highest P, K, Mg, and clay content. Semivariogram analysis of C content indicated slight to moderate spatial dependency along the 2m transect and moderate to strong spatial dependency along the 8m transect. Root biomass increased with decreased mowing frequency at the surface depth after one year; the native grass treatment had significantly less root biomass in both years compared to mowing treatments. There was no significant treatment effect on aggregate size distribution at the surface depth in either year. Mean weight diameter and large macroaggregates decreased from 2011 to 2012. Vegetation treatment had no statistically significant effect on water stable aggregates or saturated hydraulic conductivity. Experimental semivariograms provided evidence of spatial structure at multiple scales in root biomass, aggregates, and soil C. Spatial variability occurred over a shorter lag distance in 2012 than 2011, suggesting an effect of imposed treatments slowly developing over time.
This study provides important insights on riparian buffer soil properties, soil sampling strategies to detect spatial variability in riparian buffers, and length of time needed to assess effects of vegetation management regimes on riparian root biomass, soil aggregates, and hydraulic conductivity.
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Dynamics of the cold surface layer of polythermal Storglaciären, SwedenPettersson, Rickard January 2004 (has links)
<p>Polythermal glaciers, i.e. glaciers with a combination of ice at and below the freezing point, are widespread in arctic and subarctic environments. The polythermal structure has major implications for glacier hydrology, ice flow and glacial erosion. However, the interplay of factors governing its spatial and temporal variations such as net mass balance, ice advection and water content in the ice is poorly investigated and as yet not fully understood. This study deals with a thorough investigation of the polythermal regime on Storglaciären, northern Sweden, a small valley glacier with a cold surface layer in the ablation area. Extensive field work was performed including mapping of the cold surface layer using ground-penetrating radar, ice temperature measurements, mass balance and ice velocity measurements. Analyses of these data combined with numerical modelling were used specifically to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of the cold surface layer, the spatial distribution of the water content just below the cold surface layer transition, the effect of radar frequency on the detection of the surface layer, and the sensitivity of the cold surface layer to changes in forcing.</p><p>A comparison between direct temperature measurements in boreholes and ground-penetrating surveys shows that the radar-inferred cold-temperate transition depth is within ±1 m from the melting point of ice at frequencies above ~300 MHz. At frequencies below ~155 MHz, the accuracy degrades because of reduced scattering efficiency that occurs when the scatterers become much smaller compared to the wavelength. The mapped spatial pattern of the englacial cold-temperate transition boundary is complex. This pattern reflects the observed spatial variation in net loss of ice at the surface by ablation and vertical advection of ice, which is suggested to provide the predominant forcing of the cold surface layer thickness pattern. This is further supported by thermomechanical modeling of the cold surface layer, which indicates high sensitivity of the cold surface layer thickness to changes in vertical advection rates.</p><p>The water content is the least investigated quantity that is relevant for the thermal regime of glaciers, but also the most difficult to assess. Spatial variability of absolute water content in the temperate ice immediately below the cold surface layer on Storglaciären was determined by combining relative estimates of water content from ground-penetrating radar data with absolute determination from temperature measurements and the thermal boundary condition at the freezing front. These measurements indicate large-scale spatial variability in the water content, which seems to arise from variations in entrapment of water at the firn-ice transition. However, this variability cannot alone explain the spatial pattern in the thermal regime on Storglaciären.</p><p>Repeated surveys of the cold surface layer show a 22% average thinning of the cold surface layer on Storglaciären between 1989 and 2001. Transient thermomechanical modeling results suggest that the cold surface layer adapts to new equilibrium conditions in only a few decades after a perturbation in the forcing is introduced. An increased winter air temperature since mid-1980s seems to be the cause of the observed thinning of the cold surface layer. Over the last decades, mass balance measurements indicate that the glacier has been close to a steady state. The quasi-steady state situation is also reflected in the vertical advection, which shows no significant changes during the last decades. Increased winter temperatures at the ice surface would result in a slow-down of the formation of cold ice at the base of the cold surface layer and lead to a larger imbalance between net loss of ice at the surface and freezing of temperate ice at the cold-temperate transition.</p>
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Spatial variability of wave fields over the scale of a wave energy test siteAshton, Ian Gerard January 2011 (has links)
Accurate wave measurements are required for wave energy applications, including resource assessments and performance assessments. In response, wave data are measured from deployment sites, commonly using wave buoys or other point wave sensors. Spatial variability in the wave field will introduce inaccuracies to the analysis of data captured from a single point to represent a separate location or area. This thesis describes research undertaken to quantify the effect of spatial variability on the accuracy of direct wave measurements taken at a wave energy site. An array of four timesynchronised wave buoys were deployed, separated by 500m, in a location close to the Wave Hub wave energy test site in Cornwall, UK. These data were subject to close scrutiny in terms of data processing and quality control, which raised specific issues regarding data processing and the validation of wave data for a new measurement facility. Specific recommendations are made for data captured from this facility, and bespoke quality control routines were developed. This process minimises the possible contribution of errors to the processed data, which is observed to be of the highest importance when analysing simultaneous data sets, and provides a data set that is particularly suited to the examination of the spatial characteristics of ocean waves. The differences between simultaneous data demonstrated local physical processes to be causing a deterministic difference between the waves at the measurement sites, which contributed to a significant difference between the power statistics at different locations within the site. Instantaneous differences between measurements were observed to agree well with theoretical estimations of random error, based on sampling theory. The culmination of the research is a unique analysis of the spatial properties of ocean wave fields on the scale of a wave energy test site, of direct relevance to the development and monitoring of wave energy test sites.
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Mensuração do porte de plantas com sensor proximal baseado em radar de onda contínua modulada em frequência / Measurement of plant height using a proximal sensor based on frequency modulated continuous wave radarSantos, Pedro Henrique 27 February 2019 (has links)
A variabilidade espacial do desenvolvimento das plantas cultivadas em áreas extensas pode ser caracterizada com diversas estratégias, havendo sensores específicos e aqueles que indiretamente permitem inferir sobre o porte e biomassa. O uso de sensores de reflectância embarcados em plataformas orbitais, aéreas ou terrestres são fontes importantes de informação, mas não permitem obter informações de forma direta sobre a altura das plantas além de apresentarem alta sensibilidade às condições de iluminação no momento da coleta. Sensores ultrassônicos para mensurar a distância até o topo das plantas cultivadas são empregados comumente em operações nas quais se deseja manter uma distância entre órgãos das máquinas e as plantas, porém não permitem obter informações precisas sobre o porte das plantas, uma vez que usualmente são fixados em partes móveis, além de serem também sensíveis a variáveis do ambiente como poeira e ventos. Os radares são sensores ativos amplamente utilizados em aplicações em que se deseja mensurar distâncias. Há sistemas orbitais capazes de empregar radiação que penetra em dosséis de vegetações permitindo o cálculo de sua altura. O uso de radares em curtas distâncias requer dispositivos com capacidade de mensurar o tempo em alta resolução o que os torna caros. Através da modulação de sinais é possível o emprego de dispositivos mais simples mantendo a efetividade na determinação da distância. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o uso de um tipo de sistema radar, de baixo custo, que pode ser acoplado a veículos terrestres para a mensuração de distâncias curtas. Foi desenvolvido um sistema de mensuração de distância baseado em micro-ondas moduladas. A modulação em duas frequências distintas permitiu obter medidas até alvos com características distintas e.g. alvos representativos do topo do dossel e da superfície do terreno. Houve uma relação exponencial entre a distância aos alvos e a frequência de batidas do sinal modulado. O sistema foi acoplado em um trator e caracterizou-se seu desempenho em alvos com dimensões conhecidas, demonstrando haver efeito do formato e tamanho do alvo sobre a qualidade da medida de distância. Também foi realizada a comparação com um sensor de reflectância do infravermelho em uma lavoura de milheto (Pennisetum glaucum). Os resultados demonstraram o potencial da técnica, com boas relações entre as leituras de frequência de batidas e distância do alvo quando este apresenta dimensões superiores ao campo de visada do sensor. As leituras de distância até o terreno na presença de um obstáculo foram, entretanto influenciadas pela distância do obstáculo ao sensor. Uma comparação com leituras de um sensor de reflectância foi realizada em uma lavoura que apresentava variabilidade espacial identificando uma relação inversa entre as leituras do sensor com as de reflectância. / Spatial variability of growth for row crops cultivated in extensive areas can be characterized using several strategies from specific sensors and those that allow indirectly infer about height and biomass. The use of reflectance sensors embedded in orbital, aerial or terrestrial platforms are important sources of information but do not allow direct information on plant height, besides being highly sensitive to lighting conditions at the time of collection. Ultrasonic sensors can be employed for the measurement of distances and are already used in many agricultural operations in which there is a requirement to maintain a distance between machine components and plants. Such sensors, however, doesn\'t allow to obtain information about the size of the plants, since they are usually fixed in moving parts, as well as being sensitive to environmental variables such as dust and wind. Radars are active sensors widely used in applications where distances should be measured. Many orbital radar systems are capable of employing radiation that penetrates vegetation canopies allowing the calculation of its height. The use of radars at short distances requires devices with the ability to measure time at a high resolution which make them expensive. Through the modulation of signals, it is possible to use simpler devices while maintaining the effectiveness in determining the distance. The objective of this research was to investigate the use of a low-cost radar system, which can be attached to terrestrial vehicles for the measurement of short distances. A distance measurement system based on modulated microwave radiantion was developed. Signal modulation in two frequencies allowed obtaining measurements from targets with distinct characteristics e.g. targets representative of the top of the canopy and terrain surface. There was an exponential relationship between distance to the targets and the beating frequency of modulated signals. The system was installed on a tractor and its performance was characterized in targets with known dimensions, demonstrating the effect of the size and shape of the target on the quality of the distance measurement. Comparison was also made with a reference infrared reflected sensor in a millet (Pennisetum glaucum) crop. The results demonstrated the potential of the technique, with good relations between the signal beating frequency and target distance readings when the target is larger than the sensor\'s footprint. Distance to the ground measurements when in the presence of an obstacle were influenced by the distance from the obstacle to the sensor. A comparison with readings of a reflectance sensor was performed in a crop that had spatial variability, an inverse relationship between sensor and reflectance readings was found.
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Analyse spatiale et environnementale du risque d’incendie de forêt en Algérie : Cas de la Kabylie maritime / Spatial and environmental analysis of the risk of forest fire in Algeria : Case of the maritime KabyliaBelkaid, Hamid 27 April 2016 (has links)
L'Algérie fait partie des pays qui subissent un risque important en matière d'incendies de forêts, elle perd en moyenne 30 000 ha de sa couverture végétale annuellement. Ce chiffre montre, à lui seul, le niveau du risque incendie de forêt dans ce pays et suscite une inquiétude concernant les conséquences de cet aléa à plus longue échéance. Afin de cerner les enjeux environnementaux actuels et futurs, nous avons opté pour l'étude de l'effet des incendies sur les écosystèmes forestiers algériens et la mise en relief des tendances actuelles. Dans cette perspective, nous avons choisi comme objet d'étude les forêts de la Kabylie maritime (nord algérien) qui connaissent des fréquences assez élevées d'incendies et une importante vulnérabilité, depuis maintenant plusieurs années. L'étude consiste à retracer l'évolution du risque incendie dans cet espace forestier et mettre en évidence les changements morphologiques, structuraux et floraux qui y sont intervenus à travers le temps, mais aussi à analyser les changements du climat et de l'occupation de l'espace par l'homme. Ceci, afin de saisir l'influence future du changement climatique et des comportements sociaux sur l'évolution de la forêt algérienne et de tenter d'esquisser des scénarios possibles permettant d'anticiper sur des situations à risques. / Algeria is among the countries that undergo a significant risk in terms of forest fires, it loses an average of 30 000 ha of its land cover annually. This figure shows, in itself, the forest fire risk level in this country and raises a concern about the consequences of this hazard in the longer term. To identify current and future environmental issues, we decided to study the effect of fires on forest ecosystems and Algerian highlighting current trends. In this perspective, we have chosen as a case study the forests of maritime Kabylia (Algeria North) experiencing relatively high frequency of fires and a significant vulnerability for several years now. The study is to trace the evolution of the fire risk in this forest area and highlight the morphological, structural and floral changes that have occurred there over time, but also to analyze climate change and occupation space by man. This, to capture the future impact of climate change and social behavior on the evolution of the Algerian forest and attempt to outline possible scenarios to anticipate risk situations.
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[en] NUMERICAL BOREHOLE STABILITY ANALYSIS CONSIDERING SPATIAL VARIABILITY AND FLUID-MECHANICAL COUPLING / [pt] ANÁLISE NUMÉRICA DA ESTABILIDADE DE POÇOS DE PETRÓLEO CONSIDERANDO A VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL E ACOPLAMENTO FLUIDO-MECÂNICOANDRE LUIS MULLER 30 August 2007 (has links)
[pt] Em geral, a análise da estabilidade e a análise das
respostas de poços de
petróleo são realizadas de forma determinística em relação
às propriedades
mecânicas e hidráulicas do meio rochoso. No entanto, sabe-
se que os meios
rochosos e em particular rochas sedimentares, podem
mostrar um considerável
grau de heterogeneidades, em micro, meso e macro-escala.
Essas
heterogeneidades produzem variabilidade espacial nas
propriedades mecânicas e
hidráulicas dos meios rochosos. Essa variabilidade mostra
em geral um caráter
espacial pronunciado. O presente estudo propõe o
desenvolvimento de
procedimentos de análise numérica, utilizando elementos
finitos, de processos
fluido mecânicos acoplados, monofásicos e bifásicos, que
levem em conta a
variabilidade espacial de propriedades hidráulicas e
mecânicas e a variabilidade
das condições iniciais de tensões e poro pressões. Nesse
estudo, empregam-se os
procedimentos numéricos desenvolvidos em duas fases
distintas. Na análise
probabilística da estabilidade de poços e na análise
probabilística das respostas
dos poços durante a produção, considerando o acoplamento
fluido mecânico com
fluxo bifásico. / [en] In general, borehole stability analysis and borehole
response analysis are
carried out considering that both hydraulic and mechanical
parameters of the rock
mass are deterministic. However, it is a well known fact,
that rock masses and in
particular sedimentary rock masses may show a considerable
degree of
heterogeneity, in micro, meso and macro scale. These
heterogeneities produce
spatial variability in mechanical and hydraulic properties
of the rock medium.
This variability can be very pronounced. The present work
proposes the
development of numerical analysis procedures, using finite
elements, in order to
analyze single and two phases flow, coupled fluid
mechanical processes that take
into account the spatial variability of hydraulic and
mechanical properties and the
variability of the initial stresses and pore pressures. In
this study, the developed
numerical procedures are used in two distinct phases. In
the borehole stochastic
stability analysis and in the borehole stochastic response
analysis during the
production, considering fluid mechanical coupling and two
phase flow.
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Use of crop canopy sensors in the measurement of sugarcane parameters aiming site-specific nitrogen fertilization management / Uso de sensores de dossel na mensuração de parâmetros em cana-de-açucar visando ao gerenciamento localizado da adubação nitrogenadaPortz, Gustavo 09 June 2015 (has links)
Plant canopy sensors have emerged as a new tool for in field on-the-go spatially localized prediction of plant biomass and nitrogen (N) uptake by crops in an indirectly and plant indestructible way as base for N variable rate fertilization. Sensors based on the combination of specific reflectance bands from the electromagnetic spectrum constitute the vast majority of canopy sensors, and this principle has already been validated in many crops. Alternatively to this concept, the use of ultrasonic distance sensors to measure crop canopy height has been presented as an option to estimate biomass. Based on that, the aim of this thesis was to validate and refine canopy sensor systems on automated diagnosis of plant parameters aimed the application of N fertilizer according sugarcane needs. Therefore, it was necessary to: 1) validate the prior calibration made for the reflectance sensor (Portz et al., 2012) and to establish the best time to use the sensor over the crop; 2) test the use of the reflectance sensor in comparative strips trials of uniform and sensor based N variable rate application testing algorithms with positive and negative slope and measuring productivity at the end of the season; 3) obtain the relationship between crop canopy height with accumulated biomass and N uptake by the crop during the initial growing season; 4) explore the plant height measured with an ultrasonic sensor comparing the results of biomass and N uptake prediction with those obtained with the reflectance sensor. The experiments were conducted on commercial sugarcane fields, and in strips of the crop with N variable rate application. The experiments were installed over clayey and sandy soils in dry and rainy seasons being all evaluated with the reflectance sensor Yara N-Sensor model ALS (N-Sensor® ALS, Yara International ASA) and partly in comparison with an ultrasonic sensing system Polaroid 6500 (Polaroid, Minnetonka, MN, USA), when the crop had stalk height between 0.2 and 0.9 m. The reflectance sensor calibration fitted with the previous published data showing the interval between 0.3 - 0.5m as the most appropriate to use this sensor over sugarcane. The positive slope algorithm was superior to the negative, except in the situation of clayey soil in rainy season where the response from the negative slope algorithm was higher. The sugarcane plant height was highly correlated with biomass and N uptake by the crop, being possible to estimate the plants canopy height indirectly by the use of an ultrasonic sensor. Comparing the sensor systems, canopy reflectance was better in the early stages of crop as canopy height was more suitable for estimating the cultural parameters when the plants already covered soil in between the rows (+ 0.6 m stalk height), being the sensor systems complementary when fertilization is widely spread in the early crop growth period. / Sensores de dossel tem se apresentado como uma nova ferramenta para a predição espacialmente localizada, em tempo real, de forma indireta e indestrutiva da biomassa vegetal e extração de nitrogênio (N) pelas culturas como base para a aplicação de fertilizantes nitrogenados em taxas variáveis. Sensores baseados na combinação de faixas específicas de reflectância do espectro eletromagnético constituem a grande maioria dos sensores de dossel sendo este princípio já validado para uso em muitas culturas. Alternativamente a este conceito, a medição da altura do dossel cultural com o uso de sensor ultrassónico se apresenta como uma alternativa para a estimativa de biomassa vegetal. Com base nisso o objetivo desta tese foi de validar e aperfeiçoar sistemas sensores para a automação do diagnóstico visando à aplicação de fertilizante nitrogenado em função da necessidade da cana-de-açúcar. Para tanto, foi necessário: 1) validar a previa calibração feita ao sensor de reflectância (PORTZ et al., 2012) assim como estabelecer o melhor momento para uso do sensor na cultura; 2) ensaiar o uso do sensor em faixas comparativas entre taxa fixa e variável testando algoritmos de aplicação com inclinação positiva e negativa para dose de N mensurando produtividade; 3) obter a relação entre altura de dossel da cultura com, biomassa acumulada e extração de nitrogênio pela planta; 4) explorar a altura de plantas mensurada com um sensor ultrassónico comparando os resultados de predição de biomassa e extração de nitrogênio com aqueles obtidos com sensor de refletância. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em talhões comerciais de cana-de-açúcar e em forma de faixas da cultura, com aplicação em taxa variada de doses de N. Os experimentos foram instalados em solos de textura argilosa e arenosa nas épocas seca e chuvosa do ano sendo todos avaliados com o sensor Yara N-Sensor, modelo ALS (N-Sensor® ALS, Yara International ASA), e em parte comparando com um sistema sensor ultrassónico Polaroid 6500 (Polaroid, Minnetonka, MN, EUA) quando a cultura apresentava altura de colmos entre 0,2 e 0,9 m. Os dados coletados para a calibração do sensor de reflectância se encaixaram exatamente aos dados já publicados mostrando-se o intervalo entre 0.3 e 0.5 m o mais indicado ao uso deste sensor. O algoritmo com inclinação positiva se mostrou superior ao negativo exceto na situação de solo argiloso em estação chuvosa onde a resposta do algoritmo negativo foi maior. A altura de planta de cana-de-açúcar se mostrou altamente correlacionável com biomassa e extração de nitrogênio pela cultura, sendo possível estimar a altura do dossel das plantas de forma indireta pelo uso do sensor ultrassónico. Comparando-se os sistemas sensores, reflectância de dossel se mostrou melhor em estádios iniciais da cultura enquanto altura de dossel se mostrou mais indicada para estimar os parâmetros culturais quando as plantas já recobriam as entrelinhas (+0.6 m colmo), mostrando-se os sistemas sensores complementares quando o período de fertilização for mais amplo na fase inicial da cultura.
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Galpão freestall com sistema de resfriamento evaporativo e ventilação cruzada: desempenho térmico, zootécnico e o nível de bem estar animal / Low-Profile Cross-Ventilated freestall: thermal, zootechnical and animal welfare performanceGarcia, Paulo Rogério 18 September 2017 (has links)
O confinamento de bovinos leiteiros de alto padrão genético em instalações climatizadas do tipo freestall é uma das principais alternativas adotadas pelos produtores com a finalidade de mitigar os efeitos do estresse térmico. Neste cenário, o galpão freestall de laterais fechadas com sistema de resfriamento evaporativo e ventilação cruzada, em inglês low-profile cross-ventilated freestall (LPCV), é um novo conceito no sistema de produção de leite. Não há muita informação na literatura científica sobre o uso desta tipologia para confinamento de vacas holandesas em região de clima quente e úmido, caso o Brasil. Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o desempenho térmico (temperatura, umidade, velocidade do vento, indexes de conforto térmico, nível de ruído e de iluminância), zootécnico (produtividade, número de intervenções veterinárias para mastite e retenção de placenta, período de serviço, intervalo entre partos e taxa de prenhez) e o nível de bem-estar animal (limpeza corporal, lesões de jarrete, claudicação, taxa respiratória e descarga nasal) proporcionado por um galpão LPCV, para alojamento de vacas holandesas lactantes, em comparação a um galpão freestall convencional, em que a ventilação natural esta associada ao uso de ventiladores e aspersores (FVA). Verificou-se que o LPCV promoveu um maior controle do microclima interno, registrando menores amplitudes térmicas e maior redução do tempo de exposição dos animais a condições térmicas estressantes, comparado ao galpão FVA. As variáveis apresentaram uma dispersão gradiente no sentido transversal do galpão LPCV, porém a amplitude desta variação espacial foi baixa. Além disso, os animais apresentaram um adequado nível de bem-estar animal, e houve uma melhora nos índices zootécnicos da propriedade. Desse modo, conclui-se que a utilização do galpão freestall fechado com sistema de resfriamento evaporativo e ventilação cruzada foi mais eficiente que o galpão freestall convencional para confinamento de vacas holandesas em lactação, nas condições ambientais estudadas, considerando os aspectos referentes ao controle das variáveis físicas do ambiente interno, os aspectos zootécnicos e de bem-estar animal. / The Holstein dairy cattle breeding in the freestall facilities is one of the alternatives adopted by producers in order to reduce the effect of heat stress. In this scenario, low-profile cross-ventilated freestall (LPCV) is a new concept in milk production system. There is not much information in the scientific literature about the use of this typology for confining Holstein cows in a hot and humid climate region, such as Brazil. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal (temperature, humidity, air velocity, thermal comfort indexes, noise level and luminosity), zootechnical (productivity, number of veterinary interventions for mastitis and retention of placenta, open days, pregnancy interval and rate) and the level of animal welfare (cleanliness of animals, hock injuries, lameness, respiratory rate, nasal discharge) provided by a LPCV barn comparing to a conventional freestall barn where natural ventilation is associated with the use of fans and sprinklers (FVA). It was verified that the LPCV promoted a greater control of the internal microclimate, registering lower thermal amplitudes and greater reduction of exposure time of the animals to stressful thermal conditions, compared to the FVA. The variables presented a gradient dispersion in the transverse direction of the LPCV barn, but the amplitude of this spatial variation was low. In addition, the animals presented an adequate level of animal welfare, and there was an improvement in the zootechnical indexes of the property. Thus, it was concluded that the use of the full-closed freestall barn with evaporative panel and cross-ventilation was more efficient than the conventional freestall for confinement of lactating Holstein cows under the environmental conditions studied, considering the aspects regarding the control of physical variables in the internal environment, zootechnical aspects and animal welfare.
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Macrofauna de sedimentos inconsolidados no Parcel de Abrolhos (Bahia, Brasil), com ênfase em Mollusca / Macrofauna of Unconsolidated Sediments from the Abrolhos Parcel (Bahia, Brazil) with Emphasis on MolluscaCosta, Flávia Maria Pereira da 27 March 2018 (has links)
O Banco de Abrolhos, onde está situado o Parcel de Abrolhos, caracteriza-se por ser o maior alargamento da plataforma continental leste brasileira e abriga os mais ricos recifes de corais do Atlântico Sul. Todavia, apesar da importância que esse ambiente apresenta, pouco ainda se sabe sobre os organismos que o habitam, especialmente aqueles associados aos fundos inconsolidados da região. Dessa maneira, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever a estrutura e distribuição da macrofauna presente no substrato inconsolidado do Parcel de Abrolhos, avaliando a influência das estruturas recifais sobre os grupos encontrados. Além disso, a diversidade de Mollusca foi estudada detalhadamente (diversidade alfa, beta e gama). A hipótese nula que norteou o trabalho foi a de que não existem diferenças espaciais ou temporais na estrutura das assembleias da macrofauna dos sedimentos inconsolidados. Como resultado, foram encontrados 33.531 indivíduos pertencentes a 36 grupos da macrofauna, dos quais os mais abundantes foram Annelida, Crustacea e Nematoda. Além disso, a estrutura e densidade da macrofauna foram associadas ao distanciamento recifal, o que provavelmente está relacionado à presença dos recifes e ao regime hidrodinâmico local. A estrutura da macrofauna não foi similar espaço-temporalmente e a abundância dos grupos aumentou com o distanciamento recifal, sugerindo assim a presença de um halo infaunal. Em relação à Mollusca, foi encontrado elevado número de espécies frente ao esforço amostral empreendido, das quais uma revelou-se nova para a ciência (Okenia sp. n.), e outras três nunca antes foram reportadas para as águas do Atlântico Sul. Foi destacada a relevância das espécies raras nesta área, em especial quando se comparou diferentes períodos, além de ser discutida a influência da escala espacial sobre a diversidade de Mollusca. Também foram observadas mudanças espaço-temporais nas variáveis ambientais, mas o padrão geral foi mantido, o que sugere que as diferenças encontradas ocorreram por uma combinação de mecanismos, tais como qualidade da matéria orgânica, regime hidrodinâmico, disponibilidade de habitat e sobrevivência dos organismos. / The Abrolhos Bank, from which Abrolhos Parcel belongs, is characterized by being the biggest enlargement of the eastern Brazilian continental shelf and encompasses the richest coral reefs of the South Atlantic waters. However, despite its importance, little is known about the organisms that inhabit there, specially those associated with unconsolidated sediments. Thus, the objective of the present study was to describe the structure and distribution of the macrofauna living in unconsolidated sediments in the Abrolhos Parcel, evaluating the influence of the recifal structures on the macrofaunal groups. In addition, the Mollusca diversity was studyed in detail (alfa, beta and gama diversity). The general null hypothesis raised in this work was that there is no significative spatial or temporal differences on the structure of the macrofauna community living in unconsolidated sediments. As a result, 33.531 specimens belonging to 36 taxa were obtained, of which the most abundant were Annelida, Crustacea and Nematoda. The structure and density of macrofauna were associated with the distance from the recifal structure, which probably englobes the presence of reefs them shelves as well as local hydrodynamic regime. Respecting Mollusca, it was found a high number of species when compared to the sampling effort undertaken. One of those species proved to be new to science (Okenia sp. n.) and other three were never been reported to the South Atlantic Ocean. The relevance of rare species in the area was highlighted, especially when different temporal periods were evaluated. The influence of spatial scale on the Mollusca diversity was discussed accordingly. Spatial and temporal changes in environmental variables were observed, but a general pattern persisted. It is suggested that the diferences found were driven by a combination of mechanisms, such as organic matter quality, hydrodynamic regime, habitat disponibility and survival of organisms.
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