Abstract Optical fiber communications have been become one of the most popular researches since 1970s. In this field, there are many studies on the coupling between semiconductor lasers and fibers and many conclusions are demonstrated. In this thesis we build a 2-D numerical model to simulate energy coupling between laser diodes (LDs) and tapered optical fibers. Our model is based on the spectral domain integral equation (SDIE) formulation which is derived from Maxwell equations and the principle of mode matching. Through this numerical model we will be able to show the field distribution in LD waveguide junctions. We may also use this tool to study the coupling parameters such as the separation distance and tapered fiber geometry.

Optical coherence tomography systems are used to image the retina in 3D to allow ophthalmologists diagnose ocular disease. These systems yield large data sets that are often labor-intensive to analyze and require significant expertise in order to draw conclusions, especially when used over time to monitor disease progression. Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) instantly acquires depth profiles at a single location with a broadband source. These systems require mechanical scanning to generate two- or three-dimensional images. Instead of mechanically scanning, a beamlet array was used to permit multiple depth measurements on the retina with a single snapshot using a 3x 3 beamlet array. This multi-channel system was designed, assembled, and tested using a 1 x 2 beamlet lens array instead of a 3 x 3 beamlet array as a proof of concept prototype. The source was a superluminescent diode centered at 840nm with a 45nm bandwidth. Theoretical axial resolution was 6.92um and depth of focus was 3.45mm. Glass samples of varying thickness ranging from 0.18mm to 1.14mm were measured with the system to validate that correct depth profiles can be acquired for each channel. The results demonstrated the prototype system performed as expected, and is ready to be modified for in vivo applicability.

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a dispersed interferometric technology used to obtain tomographic images, typically of tissue for medical applications. OCT is a competing technology with confocal microscopy (CM) and confocal fluorescent microscopy (CFM), which are both used for biopsy imaging for pathology as the gold standard. OCT offers several advantages over CM/CFM: it is able to acquire a full 3D image in a single pass, it requires little or no sample preparation time, and the axial (depth) and lateral (transverse) resolution are not dependent on one another. SD-OCT is limited in imaging depth to a few millimetres due to the quality performance of the spectrograph section of the instrument--that which determines the sensitivity of the SD-OCT system. In this thesis a design for an SD-OCT system is presented that is suitable for biopsy imaging for pathological studies, i.e. an OCT microscope. The purpose of this system is to provide a fast diagnosis to be made in a surgical environment to reduce the amount of tissue removed from a patient and lower the chance of a returned visit at a later date due to insufficient tissue removal. The secondary purpose of the SD-OCT microscope is to serve as a research testbed system for implementing novel hardware advancements. One such technology, called an optical pupil slicer (OPS), will be implemented in the instrument to improve the depth imaging performance of the SD-OCT system over conventional SD-OCT systems. The OPS is a device that generally improves the performance of a dispersive-type spectrograph by increasing the spectral resolution without a loss in throughput, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the SD-OCT system.

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a dispersed interferometric technology used to obtain tomographic images, typically of tissue for medical applications. OCT is a competing technology with confocal microscopy (CM) and confocal fluorescent microscopy (CFM), which are both used for biopsy imaging for pathology as the gold standard. OCT offers several advantages over CM/CFM: it is able to acquire a full 3D image in a single pass, it requires little or no sample preparation time, and the axial (depth) and lateral (transverse) resolution are not dependent on one another. SD-OCT is limited in imaging depth to a few millimetres due to the quality performance of the spectrograph section of the instrument--that which determines the sensitivity of the SD-OCT system. In this thesis a design for an SD-OCT system is presented that is suitable for biopsy imaging for pathological studies, i.e. an OCT microscope. The purpose of this system is to provide a fast diagnosis to be made in a surgical environment to reduce the amount of tissue removed from a patient and lower the chance of a returned visit at a later date due to insufficient tissue removal. The secondary purpose of the SD-OCT microscope is to serve as a research testbed system for implementing novel hardware advancements. One such technology, called an optical pupil slicer (OPS), will be implemented in the instrument to improve the depth imaging performance of the SD-OCT system over conventional SD-OCT systems. The OPS is a device that generally improves the performance of a dispersive-type spectrograph by increasing the spectral resolution without a loss in throughput, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the SD-OCT system.

[pt] Neste trabalho se estuda a propagação de pulsos elétricos curtos em linhas de transmissão impressas, uniformes e não- uniformes, através de simulação por computador. Como a faixa de freqüências associada a estes pulsos, com duração e picossegundos, extende-se até várias centenas de giga Hertz, a caracterização das linhas de transmissão ao longo das quais os pulsos se propagam exige o rigor dos métodos de onda completa. Com este propósito é utilizada a Abordagem de Domínio Espectral (ADE) para rigorosamente considerar as características dos materiais e a geometria das linhas, na faixa de freqüência requerida, no cálculo das constantes de fase e de atenuação. A resposta a transientes é analisada no domínio do tempo empregando-se a Transformada de Fourier. É observado que a principal causa da distorção dos pulsos é a característica dispersiva das linhas; enquanto as perdas, devido aos materiais ou pelo descasamento de impedância no caso de linhas não-uniformes, só atenuam os sinais, sem deformá- los significativamente. Isto foi observado em linhas microstrips isoladas. Entretanto, em linhas microstrips acopladas um outro mecanismo de distorção que se agrega, e que é o dominante, é a distorção por acoplamento modal. É comprovado também, que a natureza dispersiva das linhas de transmissão pode ser usada, favoravelmente, para reformar pulsos assimétricos. Este último resultado encontra interessantes aplicações em Óptica. / [en] In this work, the propagation of short electrical pulse on uniform and non-uniform planar transmission lines is studied by means of computer simulation. As the frequency band associated with electrical pulses with duration of pico-seconds extends up to several hundreds of giga Hertz, the characterization of the transmission lines along which the pulses propagate requires full waves methods. With this purpose the Spectral Domain Approach (SDA) is used to rigorously consider the effects of the line material and geometry, in the frequency band required, to calculate the phase and attenuation constants. A Fourier Transform is used to analyse the transient response in the time domain. It is observed that the tranmission line dispersion is the main cause for distortion fo the pulses, while the losses - due to the materials or mismatching on non-uniform lines - are mainly responsible for signal attenuation. However, in coupled microstrip lines, distortion due to mode coupling was the dominant distortion mechanism. It is also observed that the dispersive nature of the transmission line can be used with advantage, through carefull choice of geometry and composition, to reshape asymetrical pulses. The results fo this study find applications on quasi-optical circuits and optical circuits short pulse generation.

Orientador: Claudio Kitano / Resumo: Sistemas ópticos operando em altas frequências utilizam modulação externa do laser, em especial através de moduladores baseados no efeito eletroóptico linear, onde se aplicam guias de ondas de dimensões reduzidas com eletrodos planares. Assim, é importante e conveniente determinar as propriedades e a distribuição do campo elétrico modulador de modo a conhecer outras características da estrutura, como resposta em frequência e potência de modulação. Neste trabalho, isto foi feito através do método de abordagem de domínio espectral. Contudo, este método apresenta imprecisões em estruturas com assimetria de eletrodos, aplicando-se então o método das imagens, clássico no eletromagnetismo, aliado à técnica de abordagem de domínio espectral. Esta nova abordagem permite a obtenção de funções de base adequadas à análise de parâmetros como o campo elétrico, assim como os demais parâmetros característicos dos guias de ondas planos. Este trabalho apresenta esta abordagem e seus resultados comparando-os à simples translação das funções de base para estruturas simétricas, validando a técnica proposta, bem como se propõe a desenvolver um conjunto de rotinas numéricas utilizando para isso o software Matlab. Através do processo de desenvolvimento das rotinas numéricas são apresentadas as dificuldades e metodologias de solução para implementação do método automatizado. Além de permitir a automatização de todo o processo de cálculo, minimizando a interferência humana, neste trabalho também é de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18875号 / 医博第3986号 / 新制||医||1008(附属図書館) / 31826 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 森田 智視, 教授 福山 秀直, 教授 大森 治紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a safe and non-invasive imaging technique providing high axial resolution. A spectral-domain OCT scanner capable of acquiring volumetric data of the retina is becoming an increasingly important modality in ophthalmology for the diagnosis and management of a variety of retinal diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age related macular degeneration (AMD) which are major causes of a loss of vision. To analyze and track these ocular diseases, developments of the automated methods for detecting intraretinal layers, optic discs and retinal blood vessels from spectral-domain OCT scans are highly required recently. The major contributions of this thesis include: 1) developing a fast method that can automatically segment ten intraretinal layers in the spectral-domain macular OCT scan for the layer thickness analysis, 2) developing a method that can automatically segment the optic disc cup and neuroretinal rim in the spectral-domain OCT scan centered at the optic nerve head (ONH) to measure the cup-to-disc ratio, an important structural indicator for the progression of glaucoma, and 3) developing a method that can automatically segment the 3-D retinal blood vessels in the spectral-domain ONH-centered OCT scan to extract 3-D features of the vessels for the diagnosis of retinal vascular diseases.

Yes / In this paper, we present an analytical study for the investigation of the effects of the magnetoelectric elements of a reciprocal and nonreciprocal bianisotropic grounded substrate on the input impedance, resonant length of a dipole antenna as well as on the mutual coupling between two element printed dipole array in three configuration geometries: broadside, collinear and echelon printed on the same material. This study examines also the effect of the considered bianisotropic medium on the electric and magnetic field distributions that has been less addressed in the literature for antenna structures. Computations are based on the numerical resolution, using the spectral method of moments, of the integral equation developed through the mathematical derivation of the appropriate spectral Green’s functions of the studied dipole configuration. Original results, for chiral, achiral, Tellegen and general bi-anisotropic media, are obtained and discussed with the electric and magnetic field distributions for a better understanding and interpretation. These interesting results can serve as a stepping stone for further works to attract more attention to the reciprocal and non-reciprocal Tellgen media in-depth studies.

Currently available methods for managing glaucoma, e.g. the planimetry on stereo disc photographs, involve a subjective component either by the patient or examiner. In addition, a few structures may overlap together on the essential 2-D images, which can decrease reproducibility. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) provides a 3-D, cross-sectional, microscale depiction of biological tissues. Given the wealth of volumetric information at microscale resolution available with SD-OCT, it is likely that better parameters can be obtained for measuring glaucoma changes that move beyond what is possible using fundus photography etc. The neural canal opening (NCO) is a 3-D single anatomic structure in SD-OCT volumes. It is proposed as a basis for a stable reference plane from which various optic nerve morphometric parameters can be derived. The overall aim of this Ph.D. project is to develop a framework to segment the 3-D NCO and its related structure retinal vessels using information from SD-OCT volumes and/or fundus photographs to aid the management of glaucoma changes. Based on the mutual positional relationship of the NCO and vessels, a multimodal 3-D scale-learning-based framework is developed to iteratively identify them in SD-OCT volumes by incorporating each other's pre-identified positional information. The algorithm first applies a 3-D wavelet-transform-learning-based layer segmentation and pre-segments the NCO using graph search. To aid a better NCO detection, the vessels are identified either using a SD-OCT segmentation approach incorporating the presegmented NCO positional information to the vessel classification or a multimodal approach combining the complementary features from SD-OCT volumes and fundus photographs (or a registered-fundus approach based on the original fundus vessel segmentation). The obtained vessel positional information is then used to help enhance the NCO segmentation by incorporating that to the cost function of graph search. Note that the 3-D wavelet transform via lifting scheme has been used to remove high frequency noises and extract texture properties in SD-OCT volumes etc. The graph search has been used for finding the optimal solution of 3-D multiple surfaces using edge and additionally regional information. In this work, the use of the 3-D wavelet-transform-learning-based cost function for the graph search is a further extension of the 3-D wavelet transform and graph search. The major contributions of this work include: 1) extending the 3-D graph theoretic segmentation to the use of 3-D scale-learning-based cost function, 2) developing a graph theoretic approach for segmenting the NCO in SD-OCT volumes, 3) developing a 3-D wavelet-transform-learning-based graph theoretic approach for segmenting the NCO in SD-OCT volumes by iteratively utilizing the pre-identified NCO and vessel positional information (from 4 or 5), 4) developing a vessel classification approach in SD-OCT volumes by incorporating the pre-segmented NCO positional information to the vessel classification to suppress the NCO false positives, and 5) developing a multimodal concurrent classification and a registered-fundus approach for better identifying vessels in SD-OCT volumes using additional fundus information.