Le présent projet vise à mieux comprendre les difficultés reliées à l’acquisition du subjonctif en français langue seconde chez les apprenants adultes. Nous tenterons plus particulièrement de déterminer les différents facteurs influant sur son acquisition. Nous présenterons dans un premier temps les théories de l’acquisition des langues, depuis ses débuts dans les années 50 jusqu’à aujourd’hui, afin de faire la lumière sur les différents facteurs impliqués dans l’acquisition d’une deuxième langue à l’âge adulte. Nous nous pencherons ensuite sur le cas spécifique du subjonctif en français. Dans la littérature, il est généralement accepté que ce mode est difficile à acquérir en raison de ses règles d’usage complexes et propres au français. Nous verrons par contre que certaines études contredisent le fait que le subjonctif se retrouve sous des formes complexes dans la langue parlée courante. Nous terminerons donc par une description du subjonctif et de ses règles d’usage. Cette description nous permettra de saisir le vaste éventail des emplois possibles et de le mettre, par la suite, en parallèle avec celui trouvé dans la langue parlée. Dans les deux dernières parties de ce travail, nous analyserons et discuterons des différents facteurs impliqués dans l’acquisition de ce mode. L’analyse de cinq études traitant du subjonctif en français langue première et seconde nous permettra d’abord de démontrer que, contrairement aux idées reçues dans la littérature, la complexité des règles d’usage du subjonctif n’affecte pas son acquisition. Nous verrons en fait que les occurrences du subjonctif en français parlé sont rares et leurs formes, relativement simples. Nous montrerons ensuite que la cause principale des difficultés d’acquisition est l’incapacité à remarquer facilement ce mode dans la langue cible en raison de sa faible fréquence et saillance, c'est-à-dire sa capacité à ressortir par rapport aux autres éléments de la phrase. Nous verrons également que le subjonctif s’acquiert tardivement parce que son développement dépend de celui des phrases complexes dans lesquelles il se trouve obligatoirement. / This project aims at understanding the difficulties related to the acquisition of the French subjunctive in second language adult learners. More specifically, we will try to determine the different elements involved in its acquisition. To begin with, we will present language theories from the 1950s to the present in order to shed light on the various elements affecting second language acquisition in adults. We will then look specifically at the situation of the French subjunctive. The subjunctive mode is generally described in the literature as difficult to acquire because its usages are complex and unique to the French language. However, as we will see, some studies have proven that the subjunctive in oral French is in fact quite simple. We will end this section by describing the subjunctive and its applications. This description will demonstrate the wide theoretical range of these applications which we will later compare with those found in everyday oral French. In the last two sections of this work, we will analyze and discuss the results of five studies on the use of the subjunctive in French as a first and second language. First, we will demonstrate that, contrary to the received idea in the literature, the complexity of subjunctive applications does not affect its acquisition. We will in fact show that in spoken language, the subjunctive is rarely used, while its applications are relatively simple. We will then show that the main cause of its difficulty lies with the incapacity of learners to notice those verbs in the input due to its low frequency and its relatively slight saliency (in other words, its conspicuousness). We will also see that the acquisition of the subjunctive tends to be delayed in the learning process, largely because that acquisition is dependent on the development of the complex sentences in which it is found.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the preference in the use of so-called "journalistic subjunctive" in contemporary Spanish journalistic texts. The theoretical part based on specialist literature describes the Spanish modal system. Greater attention is being paid to the subjunctive, its form and use in individual sentences and in subordinate substantive, adjectival and adverbial clauses. The main part of the theoretical part is the introduction of so-called "journalistic subjunctive", therefore imperfect subjunctive form (Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo), which is used instead of the indicative past perfect or past tense (Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de indicativo o Pretérito indefinido). This form of subjunctive is a typical feature of journalistic style, so the very end of the theoretical part is dedicated to the characteristics of the Spanish journalistic texts. The research part is an analysis of the occurrence and form of so-called "journalistic subjunctive" on a selected sample of Spanish journalistic texts, focusing on the context of this phenomenon. The basis for the practical part of the thesis is a corpus of Spanish Royal Academy El Corpus del Espa?ol del Siglo XXI (CORPES XXI), which includes texts created from 2001 to 2012.

LACERDA, Jean Carlos Silva. O uso variável do modo imperativo na fala de Fortaleza. 2015. 95f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-16T13:59:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jcslacerda.pdf: 926237 bytes, checksum: bf7ad6d7563b82778a88cdc955dc36a7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-16T14:59:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jcslacerda.pdf: 926237 bytes, checksum: bf7ad6d7563b82778a88cdc955dc36a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-16T14:59:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jcslacerda.pdf: 926237 bytes, checksum: bf7ad6d7563b82778a88cdc955dc36a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The present study analyzes the use of the imperative in the speech of Fortaleza, under the dome of Quantitative Sociolinguistics, using database NORPOFOR – Norma Oral do Português Popular de Fortaleza, as a source of collection to the sample. The goal is to analyze the use of grammatical imperative in the speech of cearense’s capital city, considering semantic and morphosyntactic motivation such as verbal conjugation, oblique pronouns position, polarity of sentence structure, semantic group and sentence verb as well as the ones of social nature like gender, education level and age range. Previous researches of Scherre (2007; 2005; 1999) and Cardoso (2009), which mention or directly work with data concerning Fortaleza, and Alves (2001), referring to João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, indicate that subjunctive imperative finds in these speech communities a relatively significant percentage of use. The data of this research were put through GOLDVARB X software (SANKOFF; TAGLIAMONTE; SMITH, 2005), distributed among nine social and linguistic factor groups. The linguistic factor groups significantly selected by GOLDVARB X were verbal conjugation, polarity of the sentence structure and the oblique pronoun position, referring to the use of the subjunctive imperative variable. In general terms, the results revealed that imperative associated to indicative, with a 60% occurrence, was the most frequent form in the speech sample of Fortaleza. The subjunctive form showed 40% of use, opposing to our expectations, once we hoped that the imperative associated to this form should present higher frequency of use in the speech of the cearense capital. / O presente estudo analisa o uso do imperativo na fala de Fortaleza, à luz da Sociolinguística Quantitativa (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 1968), utilizando como fonte de coleta para a amostra o banco de dados NORPOFOR – Norma Oral do Português Popular de Fortaleza (ARAÚJO, 2011). O principal objetivo é analisar o uso do imperativo gramatical na fala da capital cearense, em que pesem motivações semânticas e morfossintáticas como conjugação verbal, posição do pronome oblíquo átono, polaridade da estrutura da oração, grupo semântico e verbos da oração, bem como motivações de natureza social como sexo, escolaridade e faixa etária. Trabalhos anteriores como o de Scherre (2007; 2005; 1999) e Cardoso (2009) que citam ou trabalham diretamente com dados de Fortaleza, e Alves (2001), referente a João Pessoa – PB, indicam que o imperativo subjuntivo encontra nestas comunidades de fala um percentual de uso relativamente significativo. Os dados desta pesquisa foram submetidos ao programa Goldvarb X (SANKOFF; TAGLIAMONTE; SMITH, 2005), distribuídos entre nove grupos de fatores sociais e linguísticos. Os grupos de fatores linguísticos selecionados significativamente pelo GOLDVARB X foram conjugação verbal, polaridade da estrutura da oração e a posição do pronome oblíquo átono quanto ao uso da variável imperativo subjuntivo. Em termos gerais, os resultados demonstraram que o imperativo associado ao indicativo, com 60% das ocorrências, foi a forma mais frequente na amostra de fala de Fortaleza. A forma do subjuntivo apresentou 40% de uso, contrariando nossa expectativa, uma vez que esperávamos que o imperativo associado a esta forma apresentasse maior frequência de uso na fala da capital cearense.

Submitted by Monique Carbone Cintra null (moniquecintra@hotmail.com) on 2016-07-29T16:04:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 publicação REPOSITÓRIO corrigido.pdf: 3271395 bytes, checksum: b5786597b417c5db9d82e5217e975ea5 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-08-02T13:22:51Z (GMT) / Submitted by Monique Carbone Cintra null (moniquecintra@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-09T12:05:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 .DISSERTAÇÃO PUBLICAÇÃO FINAL.pdf: 3310210 bytes, checksum: da74fe844757b2f5a530118f2c166dca (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-09T14:36:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cintra_mc_me_arafcl.pdf: 3310210 bytes, checksum: da74fe844757b2f5a530118f2c166dca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T14:36:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cintra_mc_me_arafcl.pdf: 3310210 bytes, checksum: da74fe844757b2f5a530118f2c166dca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho consiste na análise da produção escrita de universitários italianos aprendizes de português como língua estrangeira (PLE) nos cursos de “Línguas e Culturas Estrangeiras” e “Tradução Intercultural” do departamento de Letras de uma universidade da região central da Itália. Dedicamos nossa atenção, em particular, para o futuro do subjuntivo que é um tema pouco explorado na área de PLE e que, sendo uma forma verbal exclusiva da língua portuguesa, é motivo de grande dificuldade por parte dos aprendizes italianos. Assim sendo, traçamos um percurso que prevê desde a identificação dessas dificuldades até a sua descrição e classificação, bem como a análise das estruturas linguísticas pragmáticas desses alunos quando inseridos num contexto irrealis com projeção futura. Para fundamentar o nosso estudo, recorremos a teorias da Linguística Geral e, predominantemente, da Linguística Aplicada com o intuito de considerarmos algumas questões envolvidas na aquisição/aprendizagem do FS por aprendizes que possuem o subjuntivo no presente e no passado no paradigma da língua materna, mas não dispõem desse modo no tempo futuro, como é o caso dos italianos. Baseamo-nos nas teorias relacionadas com o processo de aquisição/aprendizagem de língua estrangeira (LE), tais como a Análise de Erros (CORDER, 1967) e a Interlíngua (SELINKER, 1972) para o estudo das dificuldades verificadas nas produções escritas. Pautamo-nos também no foco principal da abordagem funcionalista que considera a língua em uso, ou seja, que as estruturas linguísticas são empregadas a partir das necessidades de comunicação dos usuários da língua, para examinarmos os enunciados escritos por esses aprendizes. Ademais, sabemos que na aquisição/aprendizagem de uma LE, um dos processos cognitivos mais recorrentes é a interferência da língua materna, que quando entendida como estratégia do processo de aprendizagem pelo qual o estudante passa, pode indicar as associações feitas pelo aprendiz e despertar a reflexão do professor acerca de uma metodologia diferenciada. Por meio deste estudo, buscamos também disponibilizar resultados que possam ser reunidos às teorias desenvolvidas na área de PLE e utilizados pedagogicamente no contexto específico de ensino que aqui se apresenta. / This work consists in the analysis of the written production of Italian university Portuguese learners as a Foreign Language (PLE) in the courses of "Foreign Languages and Cultures" and "Intercultural translation" Language of a university department in the central region of Italy. We devote our attention particularly to the future subjunctive, which is a topic not yet fully explored and, being a sole verbal form of the Portuguese language, is a matter of great difficulty by Italian learners. Therefore, we set a course which provides from the identification of these difficulties to their description and classification, as well as the analysis of pragmatic language structures of these students when placed in context with irrealis future projection. In order to substantiate our study, we fell back upon the General Linguistics theories and prevailingly from Applied Linguistics in order to consider some issues involved in the FS acquisition / learning by learners who have the subjunctive in the present and in the past of the mother tongue paradigm, but lack thereby future time, as is the case of the Italians. We rely on theories related to the acquisition / learning process of a foreign language (LE), such as Error Analysis (CORDER, 1967) and Interlingua (SELINKER, 1972) to study the difficulties experienced in written productions. We have also guided the main focus of the functionalist approach which takes into account the language in use, meaning that linguistic structures are employed from the communication needs of the language users to examine the statements written by these learners. Furthermore, we know that in the LE acquisition / learning, one of the most recurrent cognitive processes is the mother tongue interference, which, when understood as a learning process strategy whereby the student is taken through, may indicate the associations made by the learner and may also awaken the teacher's reflection regarding a different methodology. Through this study, we also seek to make these results available, which can be brought together to the theories developed in the PLE area and used pedagogically in the specific context of teaching which is presented here.

Submitted by Isabela Baiocato null (1300610@fclar.unesp.br) on 2017-07-18T15:31:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO - BAIOCATO, Isabela.pdf: 1422227 bytes, checksum: 354a48134a3cf7d4d42542d332e7654d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-19T17:57:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 baiocato_i_me_arafcl.pdf: 1422227 bytes, checksum: 354a48134a3cf7d4d42542d332e7654d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T17:57:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 baiocato_i_me_arafcl.pdf: 1422227 bytes, checksum: 354a48134a3cf7d4d42542d332e7654d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a alternância entre os modos Subjuntivo e Indicativo no português brasileiro por meio de cartas pessoais datadas de meados do século XX. Pretende-se confrontar as prescrições gramaticais com os usos observados nas cartas. A teoria que serve de base para este estudo é a Teoria da Variação e Mudança Linguística, modelo teórico que se filia à Sociolinguística. Defende-se a ideia de que a troca entre os modos Subjuntivo/Indicativo não modifica o valor semântico da oração, constituindo de fato um fenômeno variável. A metodologia empregada inclui duas etapas: (i) o levantamento prévio de informações em gramáticas, manuais e outros materiais de cunho normativo similares, representativos do período de tempo compreendido pela análise, e o levantamento de resultados obtidos em estudos variacionistas sobre o fenômeno; (ii) a análise empírica do fenômeno a partir dados oriundos de cartas pessoais datadas do século XX. A variável dependente é o modo verbal empregado em contexto de orações completivas. Inclui duas variantes: formas do Subjuntivo e formas do Indicativo. Com base no resultado obtido foi possível identificar três padrões de uso do Subjuntivo: „uso categórico‟, „uso semi-categórico‟ e „uso variável‟. Os resultados mostraram que o tempo presente é o mais frequente entre os regentes verbais, bem como entre as variantes (na oração encaixada). Alguns morfemas modo-temporais do padrão semi-variável presentes nas variantes aparentaram ser abertos à variação, sendo o caso do pretérito perfeito e do futuro. Os contextos marcados para uso de Subjuntivo trouxeram resultados significativos: os casos de Indicativo ocorreram, principalmente, em situações em que o esperado era o uso do Subjuntivo. Dessa forma, nota-se que, mesmo sendo sutil, a entrada de Indicativo em contextos de Subjuntivo é ativa. Por outro lado, alguns fatores estruturais tendem a manter o Subjuntivo. A ocorrência de Subjuntivo em orações completivas é mais frequente quando, na oração encaixada, temos o morfema de imperfeito anexado ao verbo. Outro fator que se mostrou conservador ao uso de Subjuntivo foi a presença de uma sentença negativa na oração principal, em consonância com a tradição gramatical. / The objective of this work is to investigate the alternation between Subjunctive and Indicative modes in Brazilian Portuguese through personal letters dating from the middle of the 20th century. It is intended to confront the grammatical prescriptions with the uses observed in the letters. The theory that serves as the basis for this study is the Theory of Variation and Linguistic Change, a theoretical model that links to Sociolinguistics. It is defended the idea that the exchange between the Subjunctive / Indicative modes does not modify the semantic value of the sentence, constituting in fact a variable phenomenon. The methodology used includes two steps: (i) the previous survey of information in grammars, manuals and other similar normative materials, representative of the time period comprised by the analysis, and the results obtained in variational studies on the phenomenon; (ii) the empirical analysis of the phenomenon from data from personal letters dating from the twentieth century. The dependent variable is the verbal mode employed in the context of completive sentences. It includes two variants: Subjunctive forms and Indicative forms. Based on the result obtained it was possible to identify three patterns of use of the Subjunctive: „categorical use‟, „semi-categorical use‟ and „variable use‟. The results showed that the „present‟ tense is the most frequent among the verbal regents, as well as between the variants (in the embedded sentence). Some mode-temporal morphemes of the „semi-variable pattern‟ present in the variants appeared to be open to variation, being the case of the „perfect‟ and „future‟ tense. The contexts marked for use of Subjunctive brought significant results: the cases of Indicative occurred mainly, in situations in which the expected one was the use of the Subjunctive. In this way, it is noticed that, although subtle, the entry of Indicative in Subjunctive contexts is active. On the other hand, some structural factors tend to maintain the Subjunctive. The occurrence of Subjunctive in completive sentences is more frequent when, in the embedded sentence, we have the imperfect morpheme attached to the verb. Another factor that was conservative to the use of Subjunctive was the presence of a „negative sentence‟ in the main sentence, according to the grammatical tradition. / CNPq: 132875/2015-2

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / The present study analyzes the use of the imperative in the speech of Fortaleza, under the dome of Quantitative Sociolinguistics, using database NORPOFOR â Norma Oral do PortuguÃs Popular de Fortaleza, as a source of collection to the sample. The goal is to analyze the use of grammatical imperative in the speech of cearenseâs capital city, considering semantic and morphosyntactic motivation such as verbal conjugation, oblique pronouns position, polarity of sentence structure, semantic group and sentence verb as well as the ones of social nature like gender, education level and age range. Previous researches of Scherre (2007; 2005; 1999) and Cardoso (2009), which mention or directly work with data concerning Fortaleza, and Alves (2001), referring to JoÃo Pessoa, state of ParaÃba, indicate that subjunctive imperative finds in these speech communities a relatively significant percentage of use. The data of this research were put through GOLDVARB X software (SANKOFF; TAGLIAMONTE; SMITH, 2005), distributed among nine social and linguistic factor groups. The linguistic factor groups significantly selected by GOLDVARB X were verbal conjugation, polarity of the sentence structure and the oblique pronoun position, referring to the use of the subjunctive imperative variable. In general terms, the results revealed that imperative associated to indicative, with a 60% occurrence, was the most frequent form in the speech sample of Fortaleza. The subjunctive form showed 40% of use, opposing to our expectations, once we hoped that the imperative associated to this form should present higher frequency of use in the speech of the cearense capital. / O presente estudo analisa o uso do imperativo na fala de Fortaleza, à luz da SociolinguÃstica Quantitativa (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 1968), utilizando como fonte de coleta para a amostra o banco de dados NORPOFOR â Norma Oral do PortuguÃs Popular de Fortaleza (ARAÃJO, 2011). O principal objetivo à analisar o uso do imperativo gramatical na fala da capital cearense, em que pesem motivaÃÃes semÃnticas e morfossintÃticas como conjugaÃÃo verbal, posiÃÃo do pronome oblÃquo Ãtono, polaridade da estrutura da oraÃÃo, grupo semÃntico e verbos da oraÃÃo, bem como motivaÃÃes de natureza social como sexo, escolaridade e faixa etÃria. Trabalhos anteriores como o de Scherre (2007; 2005; 1999) e Cardoso (2009) que citam ou trabalham diretamente com dados de Fortaleza, e Alves (2001), referente a JoÃo Pessoa â PB, indicam que o imperativo subjuntivo encontra nestas comunidades de fala um percentual de uso relativamente significativo. Os dados desta pesquisa foram submetidos ao programa Goldvarb X (SANKOFF; TAGLIAMONTE; SMITH, 2005), distribuÃdos entre nove grupos de fatores sociais e linguÃsticos. Os grupos de fatores linguÃsticos selecionados significativamente pelo GOLDVARB X foram conjugaÃÃo verbal, polaridade da estrutura da oraÃÃo e a posiÃÃo do pronome oblÃquo Ãtono quanto ao uso da variÃvel imperativo subjuntivo. Em termos gerais, os resultados demonstraram que o imperativo associado ao indicativo, com 60% das ocorrÃncias, foi a forma mais frequente na amostra de fala de Fortaleza. A forma do subjuntivo apresentou 40% de uso, contrariando nossa expectativa, uma vez que esperÃvamos que o imperativo associado a esta forma apresentasse maior frequÃncia de uso na fala da capital cearense.

Orientadores: Anna Christina Bentes da Silva, Josane Moreira de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T01:05:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_RosanaFerreira_D.pdf: 1294916 bytes, checksum: 7551a54b1c86e72e9f0a8dc66472ad0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta tese investiga a expressão de modalidades típicas do subjuntivo em duas sincronias do português: século XVI (dados de GANDAVO, 1556) e contemporaneidade (dados de Muriaé-MG e de Feira de Santana-BA). Utilizam-se dos pressupostos teóricos e procedimentos metodológicos da Sociolingüística Quantitativa (LABOV, 1972, 1994) e analisam-se os contextos de tempo presente das sentenças completivas, adverbiais e relativas. Nesse trabalho, aventa-se a hipótese central de que em diversas fases do português, o fenômeno do uso do subjuntivo não esta apenas relacionado a co-ocorrencia do indicativo e do subjuntivo, como costumam abordar na literatura sociolinguistica (cf. BIANCHET, 1996; MEIRA, 2006; FAGUNDES, 2007, dentre outros), mas também a realização de estruturas alternativas, a saber: sentenças que se apresentam com a forma verbal nominalizada, no gerúndio, no infinitivo, elíptica ou no futuro condicional. Aventa-se, também, a hipótese de que o português falado no solo mineiro esteja manifestando uma etapa mais avançada do processo de variação linguística. Mas especificamente, no caso do uso do presente do subjuntivo, assume-se a hipótese de que construções com a forma verbal no presente do subjuntivo não estejam tão frequentes no vernáculo mineiro como esta no baiano, fato que se manifesta pela recorrência, em índices mais altos, dos usos do presente do indicativo e de estruturas alternativas nos dados de Muriaé-MG. Para, assim, caracterizar o fenômeno em estudo, busca-se verificar a atuação de fatores estruturais e sociais na co-ocorrência indicativo/subjuntivo e no uso de estruturas alternativas, bem como, identificar os aspectos sintáticos e semânticos apresentados por essas estruturas. Em conclusão encontra-se exposto o que pode ser sintetizado nas seguintes palavras: a expressão das modalidades típicas do subjuntivo apresenta nas duas sincronias pontos em comum e características díspares. Eis os pontos afins: alto índice de uso de estruturas alternativas (em torno de 70%), exceto em contexto de sentenças relativas; co-ocorrência indicativo/subjuntivo, sobretudo em contexto de adverbiais e relativas. Referente aos pontos díspares, cada quadro sincrônico do fenômeno apresenta-se impar em relação a atuação de fatores estruturais e sociais. Com isso, atesta-se, assim, a validade da hipótese de que o fenômeno do não-uso do subjuntivo encontra-se em estagio mais avançado na amostra mineira do que na baiana. / Abstract: This thesis investigates the expression of typical modalities of the subjunctive in two synchronies of the Portuguese: century XVI (data of GANDAVO, 1556) and contemporarily (data from Muriae-MG and Feira de Santana-BA). The estimated theoreticians and methodological procedures of the Quantitative Sociolinguistics use themselves of (LABOV, 1972, 1994) and analyze the contexts of present time of the completive, adverbial and relative clauses. In this work it is suggested the central hypothesis of that in diverse phases of the Portuguese, the phenomenon of the use of the subjunctive is not only related to the co-occurrence of the indicative and the subjunctive, as they used to considered in sociolinguistics literature (cf. BIANCHET, 1996; MEIRA, 2006; FAGUNDES, 2007, amongst others), but also to the realization of alternative structures, namely, sentences which present themselves with the verbal forms nominalizated, in the gerund, in the infinitive, elliptical or in the conditional future. It also suggests the hypothesis of that the Portuguese said in the "mineiro" area is revealed a stage more advanced of the process of linguistic variation. But specifically, in the case of the use of the present of the subjunctive, it is assumed hypothesis of that constructions with the verbal form in the present of the subjunctive are not so frequent in vernacular "mineiro" as it is in the "baiano", fact which manifests by the recurrence, in higher levels, of the uses of the present of the indicative and alternative structures in the data of Muriae-MG. For, thus, characterizing the phenomenon in studying, it is tried to verify the performance of structural and social factors in co-occurrence of indicative/subjunctive and the use of alternative structures, as well as identifying the syntactic and semantic aspects that characterize these structures. In conclusion, it is displayed what it can be synthesized in the following words: the expression of the typical modalities of the subjunctive presents in common in the two synchronies points and different characteristics. Here it is the similar points: high index of use of alternative structures (around 70%), except in context of relative sentences; co-occurrence of the indicative/ subjunctive, over all in context of adverbial and relative clauses. Referring to the points, we can affirm that each synchronous set of the phenomenon is presented odd in relation to the performance of structural and social factors. With this, it is certified, thus, the validity of the hypothesis of that the phenomenon of the not-use of the subjunctive is found in a more advanced stage in the "mineiro" sample of than in the "baiano" one. / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

This corpus study discusses the subjunctive construction in mandative sentences in East African and Indian English. Data taken from the East African ICE-EA corpus and the Indian Kolhapur corpus are compared to previous studies about American English and British English, mainly by Hundt (1998) and Johansson & Norheim (1988). Subjunctive, indicative and modal periphrastic constructions are identified and examined. The conclusion of this study is that the subjunctive construction in mandative sentences is more common in Indian and East African English than in British English.

This theses is dedicated to the use of the verbal paradigms hablara and hablase in contemporary Spanish. We demonstrate that due to historical reasons the usage of paradigm hablara is much wider than that of hablase, which can be used only in the subjunctive meaning. According to the valid linguistic norm, the paradigm hablara (and not hablase) can be used instead of the Past Perfect (although it is not recommended). The same is evidenced with the conditional tense of the modal verbs querer, deber and poder as well as with the main clause of the unreal conditional clauses in the present tense. This means that these two verb paradigms can be arbitralily substituted only when used in the subjunctive function. On the basis of our own frecuency analysis of twenty most used Spanish verbs in the language corpus CREA, we prove that the frecuency of the hablase on average 18% in Spain and 10% in Latin America. Our analysis of this corpus material does not confirm the statement of some linguists that the frecuency of -se form is generally slightly higher in negative sentences. However, our analysis of a parallel corpus InterCorp seems to indicate that it is higher (by 7%) after the conditional conjunction ‚si'.

Whereas in Czech there are three verb moods, in French a fourth one is to be found, being defined as the "subjunctive mood". The subjunctive does not exist in Czech which often makes it hard to handle by students as well as teachers. The main aim of the thesis is to map the ways of presenting the French subjunctive verb mood in selected grammar handbooks intended for students and teachers of French and outline the different approaches to describing its parameters. Subsequently, the second objective here is to analyse the methods of presenting the subjunctive in selected textbooks and workbooks used when teaching French at Czech schools. The thesis is divided in three parts. In the initial one, the different approach to presenting the subjunctive in the referential grammar book of P. Charaudeaua - Grammaire du sens et de l'expression is analysed together with the ones applied in the FLE grammar books by G. D. de Salins - Grammaire pour l'enseignement/apprentissage de FLE, M. Callamand - Grammatique vivante du français and in the slightly different grammar book by A. Monnerie-Goarin - Le français au présent. To be able to meet the target of the analysis and find out how a verb mood of a typologically different language is presented to an exclusively Czech audience, the Czech-written grammar book of...