The aqueous geochemistry and hydrology of the North Fork of the American Fork River, its tributaries, and the ground water in the vicinity of the Pacific Mine site were investigated in order to determine what impact ground water entering the North Fork has on toxic metal loads in the river. Toxic metal contamination in the North Fork is great enough that brown and cutthroat trout have absorbed lead, cadmium, and arsenic in their tissues at concentrations that are hazardous to human health if consumed. Ground water that flows through the mine site flows directly through the mine tailings before entering the North Fork, which produces an acidic ground water plume that has high concentrations of toxic metals. Together, the surface water discharge results and toxic metals concentrations from the surface and ground waters were used to determine toxic metals loading rates in the North Fork and its tributaries. The results suggest that the dissolved toxic metals (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) enter the North Fork when the river is gaining water from the ground water. However, the total toxic metal load generally decreases through the reach of river adjacent to the mine site and is significantly greater than the dissolved load. Cadmium and Mn travel as dissolved species while Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn travel as suspended solids in the North Fork and its tributaries. Arsenic seems to be associated with both the suspended solids and travel in the dissolved state. The geochemical modeling program PHREEQC and the diffuse double layer surface complexation model were used to investigate the chemistry that controls toxic metal mobility and attenuation in the surface and ground waters at the mine site. Based on PHREEQC results, the most important reaction in these waters is the precipitation of hydrous fe1Tic oxide. The toxic metals that sorb to the hydrous ferric oxide are Cu, Pb, most importantly Zn, and to a lesser degree As.

The main objective of this research was to develop and utilize a coupled surface water groundwater model to simulate hydrological responses of watersheds. This was achieved by coupling the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, and the rainfall runoff model, TOPMODEL, in one case study and coupling MODFLOW with a networked version of TOPMODEL called TOPNET in another case study. The model coupling was achieved using the InCouple approach, which utilizes Potential Coupling Interfaces (PCIs) that are abstractions from model flow diagrams that expose only those aspects of a model relevant to coupling. Coupling the rainfall-runoff models to MODFLOW involved development of a routine relating the spatial discretization of MODFLOW to TOPMODEL and similarly MODFLOW to TOPNET and development of a feedback scheme where groundwater and surface water interact in the soil zone. The key coupling concept was replacing the wetness index-based depth-to-water table concept of TOPMODEL with the groundwater heads simulated by MODFLOW. In the MODFLOW-TOPMODEL coupling, using data for the Tenmile Creek watershed, for the period, 1968 to 1972, it was concluded that the coupled model was able to continuously simulate the stream flow. However, the coupled model under predicted stream flow and did not agree well with observations in a point wise comparison. A mean coefficient of efficiency of 0.54 was obtained between simulated and measured stream flow. Only 24% of received precipitation was observed as baseflow and this shows that there is limited interaction between surface water and groundwater in the watershed. It was demonstrated using the coupled model that the lateral flow processes and the interactions between groundwater and surface water have a major importance for the water balance. For the Big Darby watershed, for the period 1992 to 2000, the coupled model adequately predicts the stream and groundwater flow distribution in the watershed. After model calibration, simulated groundwater showed the greatest residual variance, attributed to model error and uncertainty in model parameters. Model fit efficiencies of 0.61 and 0.69 were obtained for simulating stream flow measured at two gaging stations. The overall watershed hydrologic budget also showed small mass balance errors using the coupled model. However, the study also shows the need for further research in regard to constraining the groundwater recharge parameter which links the models.

As part of a U.S. Geological Survey study in Juab Valley in central Utah from 1991 to 1994, the chemistry of ground - and surface -water samples was determined. Total dissolved solids in the ground water of southern Juab Valley have historically been higher , in general, than ground water in other areas of Utah . Total dissolved solids for ground-water samples from this study ranged from 623 to 3,980 milligrams/liter. High-sulfate chemical data of previous studies suggested that the major source of ground-water salinity is the dissolution of gypsum (hydrous calcium sulfate ) from the Arapien Shale. Sulfur-34 to sulfur- 32 isotopic ratio data have confirmed that dissolved Arapien Shale is the major source of salinity in southern Juab Valley water. This thesis study of southern Juab Valley had four main objectives: 1) define the present chemistry of the ground and surface water; 2) qualitatively determine the mineralogy of the Middle Jurassic Arapien Shale; 3) determine the major sources of salinity; and 4) determine the main flow path in the ground-water system. Chemical data show that the water in southern Juab Valley is predominantly of a calcium-magnesium-sulfate-bicarbonate composition. X-ray diffraction determined the mineralogy of the Arapien Shale as primarily calcite and quartz. Mineralogy of the acid-insoluble residue is illite, chlorite, quartz, and a trace of feldspar. Based on chemical, isotopic, and simple salt weight percent data, dissolution of gypsum is the major source of salinity in southern Juab Valley water. Using the chemical and isotopic data as input , a mass balance computer software program (NETPATH) helped to determine that the gypsum is derived from the Arapien Shale . NETPATH and the potentiometric surface map helped to define the main ground-water flow path as southwest across southern Juab Valley, from Chicken Creek in the San Pitch Mountains on the east side of the valley toward Chick Creek Reservoir in the southwest part of the valley.

The objectives of this investigation are as follows: 1) review the existing hydrogeologic data for the San Luis Valley, the Great Sand Dunes Monument, and Medano Creek; 2) review the surface-water data that have been collected on Medano Creek; 3) collect or review previously collected water-level data obtained in the area of lower Medano Creek and correlate them with the surface-water data; 4) conduct constant-head permeameter tests on sand samples collected near the ground surface along lower Medano Creek; 5) produce a conceptual model of lower Medano Creek; and 6) produce a numerical model of lower Medano Creek that will predict the effect that a lowering of the regional water table could have on the terminus of flow of Medano Creek. The complex hydrogeologic conditions under lower Medano Creek have been approximated with three homogeneous and anisotropic layers. A complex system of confining layers is represented by a single low-hydraulic-conductivity layer in the middle. Numerical-modeling results suggest that the location of the terminus of flow in Medano Creek will recede significantly in response to a lowering of the regional water table, possibly by as much as 21,000 feet (6,400 meters) if the regional water table is lowered 150 feet (46 meters). These results indicate the qualitative effect that a lowering of the regional water table would have on lower Medano Creek, but they cannot be considered to be precise quantitative predictions. The results should be regarded with caution due to the paucity of data available.

No description available.

Understanding the connection of surface waters to ground-water systems is important when evaluating potential water resources. In the past surface waters and ground-water have been viewed as two different sources of water but more commonly now they are viewed as one connected resource (Winter et al, 1998). The nature of connection between surface and ground-waters varies depending on climatic and geologic settings, as well as anthropogenic influences such as ground-water pumping and manipulation of river flows by dams. This thesis takes advantage of daily stage changes in the Deerfield River to investigate surface water interactions with ground-water in Charlemont, MA. Two dimensional transient numerical models are constructed to simulate ground-water response to river stage changes. These models are coupled to hypothetical mass transport models to investigate mixing mechanisms of conservative solutes under varying hydraulic scenarios. These simulations support the hypothesis that daily stage fluctuations cause a pumping mechanism which drives solutes into ground-water systems adjacent to a river at rates higher then normal flow conditions, or even under certain flood conditions. Riverbed pore-water temperature responses to diurnal temperature fluctuations are measured at two sites along the Deerfield River exposed to the same daily stage changes caused by dams. Temperature and stage data are collected at two sites with differing geologic settings. These data are used to calibrate simple two dimensional models of ground-water flow and heat transport to site specific riverbed hydraulic conductivities. It is suggested that due to the differing depositional environments of the two field sites, hydraulic conductivity of riverbed materials differ, which affects the exchange flux between surface water and ground-water. Understanding the exchange between surface and ground waters under varying hydraulic and geologic conditions is vital to characterizing local water resources and determining ecosystems health.

This report is a comparative study of ground water and surface water quality protection of a developing country India and a developed country Sweden. It covers the basic water policies, laws, rules, regulations and human right to water provisions in both the countries. The main aim of this report is to compare water quality approaches in India and Sweden and find out the best possible practices in each country and assess the need & feasibility of their application in the other. It describes the present water laws in both the countries and discusses about the present scenario of ground water and surface water quality, problems in ground water and surface water and how to deal with the problems in an efficient and sustainable way. It includes role of EU Water Framework Directive (EU WFD) in water quality protection in Sweden. Some interviews with stakeholders who are working in the water sector in Sweden are also included here. The main focus of this report is to analyse comparatively the present situation of water quality protection approaches and make recommendation for improvement of water quality. It focuses on “What can a developing country like India can learn from a developed country like Sweden for water quality protection?” and “Which things Sweden can adopt from India for water quality protection?” In this study India is found in worse environmental condition than Sweden. Indian ground water and surface water is more polluted than Swedish surface and ground water. Sweden is in much better condition than India and this country has more environmental concern too. In India, the basic reason for deterioration of water quality is lack of environment friendly attitude among the public, religious activities in water, corruption, loss of traditional methods of water conservation and protection, useless and unnecessary westernisation etc. In Sweden the basic cause of water quality deterioration is eutrophication in lakes, climate change, morphological changes, presence of metals and connectivity changes due to construction works, acidification etc. Sweden is an advanced country having the foresight for environmental concerns. They are doing research for betterment of water quality. India can learn some technological advancement and proper implementation of community participation in order to establish decentralised wastewater treatment plants and beneficial production and monitoring of energy resources from wastewater. Maintenance of online database for water is also a good thing to learn from Sweden.

No description available.

This dissertation addresses the role of individual fouling mechanisms on productivity decline and solute mass transport in nanofiltration (NF) of surface waters. Fouling mechanisms as well as solute mass transport mechanisms and capabilities must be understood if NF of surface waters is to be successful. Nanofiltration of surface waters was evaluated at pilot-scale in conjunction with advanced pretreatment processes selected for minimization of nanofilter fouling, which constituted several integrated membrane systems (IMSs). Membrane fouling mechanisms of concern were precipitation, adsorption, particle plugging, and attached biological growth. Fouling was addressed by addition of acid and antiscalent for control of precipitation, addition of monochloramine for control of biological growth, microfiltration (MF) or coagulation-sedimentation-filtration (CSF) for control of particle plugging, and in-line coagulation-microfiltration (C/MF) or CSF for control of organic adsorption. Surface water solutes of concern included organic solutes, pathogens, and taste and odor compounds. Solute mass transport was addressed by evaluation of total organic carbon (TOC), Bacillus subtilis endospores, gesomin (G), 2-methlyisoborneol (MIB), and threshold odor number (TON). This evaluation included modeling to determine the role of diffusion in solute mass transport including assessment of the homogeneous solution diffusion equation. A cellulose acetate (CA) NF was less susceptible to fouling than two polyamide (PA) NFs. NF fouling was minimized by the addition of monochloramine, lower flux, lower recovery, and with the use of a coagulant-based pretreatment (C/MF or CSF). NF surface characterization showed that the low fouling CA film was less rough and less negatively charged than the PA films. Thus the theory that a more negatively charged surface would incur less adsorptive fouling, due to charge repulsion, was not observed for these tests. The rougher surface of the PA films may have increased the number of sites for adsorption and offset the charge repulsion benefits of the negatively charged surface. The addition of monochloramine significantly reduced biodegradation and integrity loss of the CA membrane. PA membranes are inherently not biologically degradable due to their chemical structure. Monochloramination reduced the rate of fouling of the PA membrane but resulted in a gradual increase in water mass transfer coefficient and a decrease in TDS rejection over time, which indicated damage and loss of integrity of the PA membrane. Based on surface characterization by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), the PA membrane degradation appeared to be chemically-based and initiated with chlorination of amide nitrogen and/or aromatic rings, which ultimately resulted in disruption of membrane chemical structures. The recommended Integrated Membrane System to control fouling of a surface water nanofiltration system is CSF monochloramine/acid/antiscalent„³monochloramine-tolerant NF. This IMS, at low flux and recovery, operated with no discernable fouling and is comparable to a groundwater nanofiltration plant with cleaning frequencies of once per six months or longer. A significant portion of the organic solutes including total organic carbon (TOC) passing through the membranes was diffusion controlled. Permeate concentration increased with increasing recovery and with decreasing flux for both PA and CA membranes. The influence was diminished for the PA membrane, due to its high rejection capabilities. Total rejection of spores used as pathogen surrogates was not achieved as spores were indigenous and high spore concentrations were used in all challenge studies; however, Integrated Membrane System spore rejection exceeded credited regulatory rejection of similar sized microorganisms by conventional treatment by several logs. Spore rejection varied by NF but only slightly by MF as size-exclusion controlled. There was no difference among spore rejection of IMS with and without in-line coagulation. Consequently, these results indicate membrane configuration (Hollow fiber>Spiral Wound) and membrane film (Composite Thin Film>CA) significantly affected spore rejection. Geosmin and methylisoborneol have molecular weights of 182 and 168 respectively, and are byproducts of algal blooms, which commonly increase taste and odor as measured by the threshold odor number (TON) in drinking water. Although these molecules are neutral and were thought to pass through NFs, challenge testing of IMS unit operations found that significant removal of TON, G and MIB was achieved by membrane processes, which was far superior to conventional processes. A CA NF consistently removed 35 to 50 percent of TON, MIB, and G, but did not achieve compliance with the TON standard of 3 units. A PA NF provided over 99 percent removal of MIB and G. Challenge tests using MIB and G indicated that size-exclusion controlled mass transfer of these compounds in NF membranes.

Yes / There is a need for an inexpensive, reliable and fast monitoring tool to detect contaminants in a short time, for quick mitigation of pollution sources and site remediation, and for characterization of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM). Fluorescence spectroscopy has proven to be an excellent technique in quantifying aquatic DOM, from autochthonous, allochthonous or anthropogenic sources. This paper reviews the advances in in situ fluorescence measurements of DOM and pollutants in various water environments. Studies have demonstrated, using high temporal-frequency DOM fluorescence data, that marine autochthonous production of DOM is highly complex and that the allochthonous input of DOM from freshwater to marine water can be predicted. Furthermore, river measurement studies found a delayed fluorescence response of DOM following precipitation compared to turbidity and discharge, with various lags, depending on season, site and input of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. In addition, research has shown that blue light fluorescence (λemission = 430–500 nm) can be a good proxy for DOC, in environments with terrestrial inputs, and ultraviolet fluorescence (λemission = UVA–320–400 nm) for biochemical oxygen demand, and also E. coli in environments with sanitation issues. The correction of raw fluorescence data improves the relationship between fluorescence intensity and these parameters. This review also presents the specific steps and parameters that must be considered before and during in situ fluorescence measurement session for a harmonized qualitative and quantitative protocol. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the research on in situ fluorescence are identified. / Authors, E.M. Carstea and C.L. Popa, acknowledge the support of the Ministry of Research and Innovation, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2016-0646, within PNCDI III, project number 18N/2019, under the Core Program OPTRONICA VI, project number 19PFE/17.10.2018 and project number 152/2016, SMIS 108109.