Neste trabalho foram obtidos filmes de óxido de tungstênio pelo método sol-gel modificado, tendo como precursor o tungstato de sódio dihidratado (Na2WO4.2H2O) e como agente estruturante o surfactante cloreto de dodeciltrimetilamônio (DTAC). O comportamento dos sistemas em meio aquoso foi avaliado por medidas de pH, condutividade e viscosidade. Foram avaliadas duas metodologias de obtenção dos filmes de óxido de tungstênio: a primeira consistiu na obtenção de filmes de tungstato de sódio, através de sistemas contendo 10 mmol.L-1 de Na2WO4.2H2O em diferentes concentrações de DTAC, por casting, e conversão do tungstato de sódio a óxido de tungstênio pela acidificação dos filmes; a segunda metodologia consistiu na conversão dos sistemas aquosos contendo 20 mmol.L-1 de Na2WO4.2H2O, em diferentes concentrações de DTAC, em ácido tungstico, obtenção dos filmes por spin coating e, calcinação em presença de ar. Os filmes foram obtidos em substratos de silício (100) recobertos com dióxido de silício e avaliados por Difração de Raios-X, Espectrometria de retroespalhamento Rutherford, Espectroscopia Raman, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e ensaios fotocatalíticos. As alterações na concentração precursor e agente estruturante não afetaram significativamente o pH e a viscosidade dos sistemas precursores. A determinação da concentração micelar crítica (cmc) do DTAC, obtida através da condutividade, foi de 13 mmol.L-1 e 9,88 mmol.L-1 para os sistemas contendo 10 e 20 mmol.L-1 de Na2WO4.2H2O, respectivamente. Em ambas metodologias o produto final foi o óxido de tungstênio em forma de disco e placas. As espessuras dos filmes obtidos na primeira metodologia variaram de 4 a 5 μm e as estruturas tiveram diâmetros médios de 4,37 μm e 114 nm. Na segunda metodologia as espessuras foram de 0,5-1,0 μm e as estruturas obtidas tiveram diâmetros médios em torno de 95-103 nm. Os filmes obtidos apresentaram atividade fotocatalítica, uma vez que duplicaram a velocidade da reação de degradação do corante alaranjado de metila em relação ao sistema sem o filme. / In this work tungsten oxide films have been obtained bymodified sol-gel method, with sodium tungstate dehydrate (Na2WO4.2H2O) as the precursor and the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) as structuring agent.The behavior in aqueous media of precursor/structuring agent systems was characterized by pH, conductivity and viscosity measurements. Two methods for obtaining tungsten oxide films were evaluated: the first consisted in obtaining sodium tungstate films from the systems containing 10 mmol.L-1 of Na2WO4.2H2O at different DTAC concentrations, by casting, converting the sodium tungstate to tungsten oxide; the second method consisted in the conversion of the aqueous systems containing 20 mmol.L-1 of Na2WO4.2H2O at different DTAC concentrations to tungstic acid, obtaining the films by spin coating and, posteriorly, calcination in the presence of air. The films were obtained on silicon substrate (100) with a 50 nm layer of silicon dioxide and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and photocatalytic tests. The precursor concentration and structuring agent do not affect significantly the pH and the viscosity of the precursor systems in aqueous media.The values of critical micelle concentration (CMC) of DTAC, obtained by the conductivity, were of13 mmol.L-1 and 9,88 mmol.L-1, for the systems containing 10 and 20 mmol.L-1 de Na2WO4.2H2O, respectively.In both adopted methods the final product is the tungsten oxide, with nano and micrometric structures in the form of discs and plates. The thickness of the films obtained in the first method varied from 4 to 5 μm and the structures presented an average diameter around 4,37 μm and 114 nm. The thickness of the films obtained with the second methodvariedfrom0,5to 1 μm and the structures presented an average diameter from 95 to103 nm.The obtained tungsten oxide films presented photocatalytic activity, since doubled the reaction rate of methyl orange dye degradation with respect to the system without the film.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:05:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barreto_af_dr_jabo.pdf: 744620 bytes, checksum: b0ca94bafee5b671deb3cb4ce4b8e406 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se avaliar o espectro de gotas em função de adjuvantes, pressões e modelos de pontas de pulverização; a cinética do ângulo de contato e tensão superficial de caldas com a adição de adjuvantes; os efeitos de adjuvantes, modelos de pontas e volumes na severidade da ferrugem Asiática da soja. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos Câmpus da FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP e FFCL/USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, entre 2009 a 2011. Avaliou-se diâmetro mediano volumétrico, coeficiente de uniformidade, porcentagem de gotas sujeitas a deriva, cinética do ângulo de contato e da tensão superficial em folhas de soja, deposição, cobertura, características agronômicas e severidade da ferrugem. Realizou-se o teste F e de regressão. Os adjuvantes LI 700, Agridex e Veget Oil destacaram-se, com maior uniformidade no espectro de gotas e menor percentual de gotas sujeitas a deriva; os modelos defletores oferecem as melhores características; nas maiores pressões há uniformização do espectro de gotas, nas pressões entre 360 e 480 kPa resultaram em menores alterações nos parâmetros avaliados; os adjuvantes avaliados reduziram a tensão superficial da água e o ângulo de contato, destacando-se o LI 700 e TA 35; as pontas DLAD e TTJ promoveram maior cobertura nos terços superior e inferior, respectivamente; o óleo vegetal no maior volume proporcionou maior deposição no terço inferior da soja; o maior volume produziram maior número de vagens e grãos independente das pontas e adjuvantes; a severidade da ferrugem variou em função dos tratamentos, as pontas DLAD proporcionaram menor severidade de ferrugem; os tratamentos foram viáveis e necessários / The objective was to evaluate the droplet spectrum as a function of adjuvants, pressures and models of spray nozzles, the kinetics of contact angle and surface tension of syrups with the addition of adjuvants, the effects of adjuvants, models and volumes in the severity Tips Asian soybean rust. The experiments were conducted in the FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP e FFCL/USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, between 2009 a 2011. We evaluated the volume median diameter, uniformity coefficient, the percentage of drops subject to drift, the kinetics of contact angle and surface tension of soybean leaves, deposition, coverage, agronomic characteristics and disease severity. We carried out the F-test and regression. Adjuvants LI 700, Agridex and Veget Oil stood out, with greater uniformity in droplet spectrum and a lower percentage of drops subject to drift, the models offer the best features baffles, the more pressure there is uniformity of the droplet spectrum, at pressures between 360 and 480 kPa resulted in minor changes in the parameters assessed, evaluated the adjuvant reduced the surface tension of water and contact angle, highlighting the LI 700 and TA 35; ends DLAD and TTJ promoted greater coverage in the upper and lower respectively, the vegetable oil in bulk gave higher deposition in the lower third of the soybeans, the higher volume produced a larger number of pods and grains independent of tips and adjuvants; rust severity varied with the treatments, the tips provided lower severity DLAD rust; treatments were feasible and necessary

abstract: High-performance III-V semiconductors based on ternary alloys and superlattice systems are fabricated, studied, and compared for infrared optoelectronic applications. InAsBi is a ternary alloy near the GaSb lattice constant that is not as thoroughly investigated as other III-V alloys and that is challenging to produce as Bi has a tendency to surface segregate and form droplets during growth rather than incorporate. A growth window is identified within which high-quality droplet-free bulk InAsBi is produced and Bi mole fractions up to 6.4% are obtained. Photoluminescence with high internal quantum efficiency is observed from InAs/InAsBi quantum wells. The high structural and optical quality of the InAsBi materials examined demonstrates that bulk, quantum well, and superlattice structures utilizing InAsBi are an important design option for efficient infrared coverage. Another important infrared material system is InAsSb and the strain-balanced InAs/InAsSb superlattice on GaSb. Detailed examination of X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and spectroscopic ellipsometry data provides the temperature and composition dependent bandgap of bulk InAsSb. The unintentional incorporation of approximately 1% Sb into the InAs layers of the superlattice is measured and found to significantly impact the analysis of the InAs/InAsSb band alignment. In the analysis of the absorption spectra, the ground state absorption coefficient and transition strength of the superlattice are proportional to the square of the electron-hole wavefunction overlap; wavefunction overlap is therefore a major design parameter in terms of optimizing absorption in these materials. Furthermore in addition to improvements through design optimization, the optical quality of the materials studied is found to be positively enhanced with the use of Bi as a surfactant during molecular beam epitaxy growth. A software tool is developed that calculates and optimizes the miniband structure of semiconductor superlattices, including bismide-based designs. The software has the capability to limit results to designs that can be produced with high structural and optical quality, and optimized designs in terms of maximizing absorption are identified for several infrared superlattice systems at the GaSb lattice constant. The accuracy of the software predictions are tested with the design and growth of an optimized mid-wave infrared InAs/InAsSb superlattice which exhibits superior optical and absorption properties. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2016

abstract: Silicone compounds have a very low surface energy due to highly flexible Si-O-Si backbone and large number of –CH3 groups, but these compounds are extremely hydrophobic and thus have limited applications in aqueous formulations. Modification of such silicone compounds by grafting hydrophilic chains provides a wide range of silicone products called "Silicone Surfactants". Silicone surfactants are surface active agents which get adsorbed at the air-water interface thereby, reducing the interfacial tension. Some of the larger applications of silicone surfactant are in the manufacture of plastic foams, in personal care products and as spreading and wetting agents (Hill, R.M, 2002). In this thesis, a series of silicone surfactant graft copolymers were synthesized via hydrosilylation reaction. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of different chain length was grafted to a hydrophobic Poly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS) backbone to improve the final hydrophilicity. Also, a positively charged quaternary ammonium salt (allyltriethylammonium bromide) was grafted to the PMHS backbone. The objective of this thesis was to synthesize polymers in predefined ratios of the above mentioned side groups and utilize these polymers to- 1) Study the effect of PEG chain length and its composition on the hydrophilicity of the polymer. 2) Study the effect of PEG: ammonium salt ratio on the surface tension of aqueous systems. Analysis of FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra of the polymers confirmed the predicted structure. The absence of characteristic Si-H absorbance peak at 2160 cm-1 in FT-IR spectra indicates consumption of silane groups along the polymer backbone. The actual moles of the side chain grafted on the backbone are calculated by 1H NMR peak integration. The results of contact angle studies indicated an increase in hydrophilicity with an increase in the composition of PEG in molecule. A 2*2 factorial DOE analysis reported that the fraction of Si-H bonds converted to PEG grafts was the critical factor towards increasing the hydrophilicity (p value of 0.015). Surface tension studies report that the air-water interfacial tension of the synthesized polymers is between 28mN/m – 45mN/m. The amount of Si-H was concluded to be the deciding factor in lowering the surface tension. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Chemical Engineering 2016

Proteins can often adsorb irreversibly at fluid/fluid interfaces; the understanding of the adsorption mechanism has relevance across a variety of industrial (e.g. the creation of stable emulsions) and biological (e.g. biofilm formation) processes. I performed molecular dynamics simulations of two surfactant proteins as they interact with air/water and oil/water interfaces, describing the origin of the surface activity, the adsorption dynamics and the conformational changes that these proteins undergo at the interface. BslA is an amphiphilic protein that forms a highly hydrophobic coat around B. subtilis biofilms, shielding the bacterial community from an external aqueous solution. By investigating the behaviour of BslA variants at oil/water interfaces via coarse-grained molecular dynamics, I show that BslA represents a biological example of an ellipsoidal Janus nanoparticle, whose surface interactions are controlled by a local conformational change. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations then reveal the details of the conformational change of the protein upon adsorption, and the self-assembly into a two-dimensional interfacial crystal. Ranaspumin-2 is one of the main components of the tungara frog foam nest. Contrary to most surfactant proteins, its structure lacks any sign of amphiphilicity. All-atom simulations show that the adsorption proceeds via a two-step mechanism where firstly the protein binds to the interface through its flexible N-terminal tail and then it undergoes a large conformational change in which the hydrophobic core becomes exposed to the oil phase. I then developed a simple structure-based coarse-grained model that highlights the same adsorption mechanism observed in all-atom simulations, and I used it to compare the dynamics of adsorption and the underlying free energy landscape of several mutants. These results agree with and are used to rationalise the observations from Langmuir trough and pendant drop experiments. Colloids can often be considered simpler versions of proteins that lack conformational changes. I performed coarse-grained simulations of the compression of interfacial monolayers formed by rod-like particles. These simulations show a rich behaviour characterised by the flipping of adsorbed rods, nematic ordering and bilayer formation. I report the series of transitions that take place as the rod aspect ratio is increased from 3 to 15.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_kf_me_jabo.pdf: 1173046 bytes, checksum: 3f548cfd5539d25d90bbd19c032374f5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A aterosclerose é uma doença multifatorial, lenta e progressiva e a hiperlipidemia um dos fatores potenciais no desenvolvimento de doenças cardíacas ateroscleróticas. As vantagens da indução das dislipidemias experimentais são a produção de lesões ateromatosas em curto espaço de tempo; adequado controle dietético e fatores ambientais; a possibilidade de estudos sobre a reversibilidade de lesões ateroscleróticas e ensaios pré clínicos de substâncias hipolipidêmicas. Este estudo visou avaliar a capacidade do surfactante na indução aterogênica na região do arco aórtico de ratos por meio de estudos morfológico e morfométrico das túnicas íntima, média e adventícia da aorta, bem como analisar o perfil lipídico sérico. Foram utilizados 28 ratos Wistar, machos, albinos, adultos e hígidos. Estes foram distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais formados por sete animais cada, a saber: Grupo I – (controle); Grupo II – tratado com tyloxapol, na dose de 500 mg/Kg de peso corporal, via intraperitoneal a cada 48 horas, durante duas semanas; Grupo III – tratado com tyloxapol na dose de 500 mg/Kg de peso corporal, via intraperitoneal a cada 48 horas, durante três semanas; Grupo IV – tratado com tyloxapol na dose de 500 mg/Kg de peso corporal, via intraperitoneal a cada 48 horas, durante quatro semanas. A análise morfológica do arco aórtico dos animais dos grupos II, III e IV evidenciou características histológicas semelhantes às do grupo I nas túnicas íntima, média e adventícia. No estudo morfométrico, os valores da espessura, em μm, da túnica íntima indicaram que o grupo III diferiu significativamente dos grupos I, II e IV. Os valores da espessura, em μm, encontrados para a túnica média e adventícia revelaram que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos I, II, III e IV. Na avaliação do perfil lipídico os valores de colesterol total... / Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial, progressive and slow disease, and hyperlipidaemia is one of the potential factors in the development of atherosclerotic cardiac diseases. The experimental dyslipidaemia carrying out advantages are the production of atheromatous lesions in a short period of time, an adequate dietetic control and environmental factors, the possibility of studies concerning reversibility of atherosclerotic lesions, and pre-clinic experiments with hypolipidaemic substances. This study aims at evaluating tyloxapol ability in atherogenic inducing, in the rats’ aortic arch region, through morphologic morphometric studies, in intima, media and adventitia tunicas of the aortic arch, as well as analyzing serum lipid levels. Twenty-eight healthy Wistar adults’ albino male rats, weighing an average of 200 g were utilized. They were distributed into four experimental groups with seven animals each, as follows: Group I – (control); Group II – treated with tyloxapol at a dose of 500mg/Kg of body weight, through intraperitoneal via each 48 hours, for two weeks; Group III - treated with tyloxapol at a dose of 500mg/Kg of body weight, through intraperitoneal via each 48 hours, for three weeks; Group IV - treated with tyloxapol at a dose of 500mg/Kg of body weight, through intraperitoneal via each 48 hours, for four weeks. Morphological analysis of the aortic arch of the animals from groups II, III and IV, showed similar histological characteristics to group I at intima, media and adventitia tunicas. The intima tunica values at the morphometric study indicated that group III has significant differed from groups I, II and IV. The media and adventitia tunicas values revealed that there were no significant differences between groups I, II, III, and IV. As lipid profile evaluation is concerned, the values of total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL have indicated... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-01T12:17:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2164475 bytes, checksum: c87e989f1dfdf49c3e5db2c823c4ac8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Bentonite clays may be defined as a clay consisting predominantly of the smectite group clay minerals, particularly montmorillonite. There is naturally organophilic bentonite clays, these can be modified by specific treatments with surfactants (ionic or nonionic), passing to its hydrophobic nature hidofílica. Organophilic clays are widely used in drilling fluids non-aqueous, these fluids are mixtures of different components used in a well bore. One of the basic characteristics of drilling fluids is to minimize physical and chemical changes of the formations to be drilled. Recent studies have demonstrated the influence of clay, and presence of a dispersant surfactant rheology of the fluids. In this study we verified the influence of clay and surfactant in the production of organoclays using a route alcoholic and was therefore analyzed the rheology of non-aqueous fluids. Therefore, we performed the characterization of samples of clays; through thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray Diffraction, Differential Thermal Analysis and Particle Size Analysis for the organoclays were characterized by XRD and X-ray fluorescence were eventually produced in non-aqueous fluids according to Petrobras to perform normalization of rheological tests. The results indicated that the influence of the ratio clay / surfactant and the route alcoholic on the rheology of non-aqueous drilling fluids. / Argilas bentoníticas podem ser definidas como sendo uma argila constituída essencialmente de argilominerais do grupo das esmectitas, especialmente a montmorilonita. Não sendo as argilas bentoníticas naturalmente organofílicas, estas podem ser modificadas através de tratamentos específicos com tensoativos(iônicos ou não-iônicos), passando sua natureza de hidofílica para hidrofóbica. As argilas organofilicas são amplamente utilizadas em fluidos de perfuração não-aquosos, estes fluidos são misturas de diferentes componentes utilizados em uma perfuração de poço. Uma das características básicas dos fluidos de perfuração é minimizar alterações físicas e químicas das formações a serem perfuradas. Estudos recentes demonstraram a influência do tipo de argila, tensoativo e presença de defloculante na reologia dos fluidos. Neste trabalho verificamos a influência do teor de argila e tensoativo na produção de argilas organofilicas, utilizando uma rota alcoólica e conseqüentemente foi analisado a reologia dos fluidos não aquoso. Para tanto, realizamos a caracterização das amostras de argilas; através de Análise Termogravimétrica, Difração de Raios X, Análise Térmica Diferencial e Análise Granulométrica, para as argilas organofílicas caracterizaram-se por DRX e Fluorescência de raios X por fim foram produzidos fluidos não aquosos de acordo com normatização da Petrobras para realização dos ensaios reológicos. Os resultados evidenciaram que existe influência da razão argila/tensoativo e da rota alcoólica na reologia dos fluidos de perfuração não aquosa.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotalDarciely.pdf: 8060837 bytes, checksum: 01b4f8dca928b568f0603b1f9ec59d31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Currently there are increasing studies on bentonite clays are organically modified. Since the method involves the addition of surfactants (sufactantes) ionic or nonionic most studied in the synthesis of organoclays, so that the synthesis can be performed in two ways: by ion exchange (the chemical reaction of double exchange) and ion -dipole (organic molecules are adsorbed on the surface of clay). Thus, the present work aims to study the sorption / cation exchange of ionic and nonionic surfactants on the surface of bentonite clays making them organophilic. In the process of organophilization bentonite clays have used two industrialized Brasgel PA and the Bentongel that their concentrations were varied from 3.16 to 7.16% by weight of clay. Was used to organophilization one nonionic surfactant amine ethoxylate grade 5 TA 50, where its concentration pierced 40-60 g/100g. After organophilizated clays were filtered, dried in an oven for 48 hours and passed in ABNT No. 200, to be well characterized. The sorption isotherms were constructed using data from thermogravimetry (TG), and adjusted to the linear model and Freundlich. From the isotherms was possible to infer the mechanism involved in the sorption is adsorption and cooperative multilayer adsorption, and the type of clay, the type of surfactant and the viscosity of the medium, variables influenced sorption. According to the results, it was possible to infer that clays with higher sorption capacity were Bentongel and Brasgel concentration of 3.16% when the WB organophilizated the Bentogel concentration of 7.16% organophilizated when the MT 50 and the Brasgel concentration 3.16% when organophilizated with TA 50. / As argilas bentoníticas, tem uma imensa variedade de aplicações, fato esse que se deve pelo motivo da mesma apresentar uma alta capacidade de troca de cátions, que é uma consequência do alto grau de substituição isomórfica e de possuírem uma determinada facilidade de intercalação de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos, esses são fatos que também contribuem para que as mesmas sejam amplamente estudas. Atualmente são crescentes os estudos sobre as argilas bentoníticas que são modificadas organicamente. Sendo o método que envolve a adição de tensoativos (sufactantes) iônicos ou não iônicos o mais estudado na síntese de argilas organofílicas, desta forma a síntese pode ser realizada de duas formas: por troca de íons (reação química de dupla troca), e íon-dípolo (moléculas orgânicas são adsorvidas na superfície da argila). sendo os sais quaternários de amônio geralmente os mais utilizados na transformação das argilas bentoníticas em organofílicas. Desta forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a sorção/troca catiônica de tensoativos iônicos e não iônicos na superfície das argilas bentoníticas tornando-as organofílicas. Os resultados dos experimentos de sorção foram obtidos através do ajuste de parâmetros de modelos matemáticos conhecidos aos dados experimentais, sendo o modelo linear e o de Freundlich os que mais se ajustaram as isotermas de sorção, por meio das isotermas de sorção e foi possível inferir que os tensoativos (TA 50 e WB) sorvidos nas argilas Bentongel e Brasgel, foram intercalados na superfície da argila em camadas, por meio do processo de adsorção cooperativa.

A prática da troca de óleo lubrificante usado, particularmente óleos automotivos, representa um grave problema ambiental em função de sua natureza perigosa, do manuseio incorreto e do descarte indiscriminado no meio ambiente. A investigação quanto à remediação de áreas contaminadas por esse resíduo torna-se necessária, particularmente para solo de natureza argilosa. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a biorremediação de um solo argiloso contaminado por óleo lubrificante utilizando biorreatores de fase semi-sólida. Frascos tipo Erlenmeyer, contendo 20 g de solo contaminado com 3% (m/m) de óleo lubrificante, em triplicata, foram mantidos em temperatura e agitação constantes, segundo as seguintes estratégias de tratamento: (i) Bioestímulo com ajuste de nutrientes (BIOE); (ii) Bioaumento com adição de inóculo microbiano aclimatado (BIOA); (iii) Bioestímulo e adição de surfactante sintético Tween-80 (BIOES); (iv) Bioaumento, bioestímulo e surfactante sintético Tween-80 (BIOAS) e (iv) controle, com água destilada purificada (CONT). A eficiência de remoção do contaminante foi avaliada após 68 dias de tratamento por análises de evolução de CO2, redução de COT, decaimento de HTP, de n-alcanos e frações de hidrocarbonetos saturados, aromáticos e compostos polares. O tratamento BIOAS resultou na maior produção de CO2 acumulada (1247,0 mg.20g-1 de solo) seguida pelo tratamento BIOES (1077,6 mg.20g-1 de solo). Ao final do experimento, todos os tratamentos reduziram significativamente os teores de HTPs quando comparados ao controle (11,14,2%). Os tratamentos BIOAS e BIOES não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto à redução de HTPs (42,03,7% e 37,46,3%, respectivamente). Tanto o bioestímulo quanto o bioaumento mostraram-se estratégias com potencial para aumentar a eficácia da biorremediação de solos argilosos, sendo que a adição de surfactante foi o fator mais importante, tendo aumentado significativamente a capacidade de remoção em ambas as estratégias. O uso de biorreatores em fase semi-sólida na biorremediação de solo argiloso contaminado com óleo lubrificante mostrou-se bastante promissor e tal estratégia pode ser aplicada em escala imediatamente superior / The practice of exchange of used lubricating oil, automotive oils in particular, represents a serious environmental problem due to its hazardous nature, the misuse and its indiscriminate disposal of same in the environment. Strategies for remediation of contaminated areas by this waste are necessary, particularly in case of soils with clayey nature. This study aimed to evaluate the bioremediation of a clayey soil contaminated by lubricating oil using bioreactors of semi-solid phase. Erlenmeyer flasks containing 20 g of contaminated soil with 3% (w / w) of lubricating oil, in triplicate, were kept at constant temperature and agitation, according to the following treatment strategies: (i) biostimulation with nutrient adjustment (BIOE), (ii) addition of bioaugmentation with microbial inoculum acclimated (BIOA), (iii) addition of biostimulation and synthetic surfactant Tween-80 (BIOES) (iv) bioaugmentation, biostimulation and synthetic surfactant Tween-80 (BIOAS) and (iv) control with purified distilled water (CONT). The contaminant removal efficiency was evaluated after 68 days of treatment by analysis of evolution of CO2, reduction of TOC, decay of HTP, n-alkanes, and fractions of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatics and polar compounds. The BIOAS treatment resulted in increased accumulated production of CO2 (1247.0 mg.20g-1 soil) followed by BIOES treatment (1077.6 mg.20g-1 soil). At the end of the experiment, all treatments significantly reduced the levels of HTP as compared to control (11.1 4.2%). The BIOAS and BIOES treatments presented no significant differences in the reduction of HTP (42.0 3.7% and 37.4 6.3%, respectively). Both biostimulation and bioaugmentation were shown to be strategies with potential to increase the effectiveness of bioremediation in a clayey soil, and the addition of surfactant being the most important factor, increasing significantly the capacity of removal in both strategies. The use of bioreactors in semi-solid phase bioremediation in a clayey soil contaminated by lubricating oil proved to be very promising, and this strategy can be applied to at higher scales

A caracterização das propriedades visco-elástico-plásticas dos materiais asfálticos são importantes para uma melhor compreensão do comportamento mecânico e performance de pavimentos. O módulo complexo visa caracterizar as propriedades viscoelásticas lineares do material presente no campo das pequenas deformações. O ensaio para obtenção do módulo dinâmico pode ser realizado a partir de um carregamento senoidal uniaxial de compressão com frequências que podem variar de 0,1Hz a 25Hz e com temperaturas de -10°C a 54°C. O valor absoluto do módulo complexo é conhecido como módulo dinâmico |E*|, que pode ser definido como uma relação entre a amplitude de tensão e a amplitude de deformação. Já, a defasagem entre a tensão e a deformação é conhecida como ângulo de fase, que é um indicador das propriedades viscosas do material. Esta dissertação possuiu como objetivo caracterizar as propriedades viscoelásticas das misturas asfálticas quentes e mornas comumente utilizadas no Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando um aditivo surfactante para as misturas mornas. Para tanto foram dosadas 4 misturas asfálticas com agregados basálticos e os ligantes CAP 50/70, AMP 60/85, AB8 e CAP TLA e obtidos os parâmetros de adesividade e resistência dessas misturas quentes e mornas. Para a realização do ensaio de módulo dinâmico foi realizado uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os procedimentos de ensaio e análise de dados, posteriormente, foi adotada a metodologia adequada para os ensaios. Os mesmos foram realizados utilizando uma prensa universal MTS e a análise dos dados foi realizada com o auxílio das ferramentas do Microsoft Excel. Através do estudo foi possível concluir que as misturas com ligante convencional possuem um comportamento similar entre a mistura convencional e a morna. O mesmo não ocorre nas misturas com ligante modificado, onde ocorre uma alteração tanto da fase viscosa como da elástica, sendo esse efeito mais predominante nas misturas modificadas por polímero. / The characterization of the viscoelastic-plastic properties of asphaltic materials are important for a better understanding of the pavements’ mechanical behavior and performance. The complex module aims to characterize as linear viscoelastic properties of the material present in the field of small deformations. The assay for obtaining the dynamic modulus can be performed from a compression uniaxial sinusoidal loading with frequencies ranging from 0.1Hz to 25Hz and temperatures from -10 °C to 54 °C. The absolute value of the complex modulus is known as dynamic module | E * |, which is defined as a relation between a stress amplitude and a strain amplitude. Already, a discrepancy between stress and strain is known as phase angle, which is an indicator of the viscous properties of the material. This dissertation aimed to characterize as viscoelastic properties of hot and warm asphalt mixtures commonly used in Rio Grande do Sul, using a surfactant additive for warm mixtures. In order to do so, four asphalt concrete mixes - composed with the basalt aggregates and binders CAP 50/70, AMP 60/85, AB 8 and CAP TLA – were designed. In addition, the parameters of adhesiveness and resistance to hot and warm mixtures were obtained. For a dynamic modulus test, a literature review was performed about the data analysis and test procedure, and a suitable methodology for testing was subsequently adopted. The tests were realized with an universal testing machine of MTS and the data analysis were performed by means of the Microsoft Excel tools. Through the study it was possible to conclude that mixtures with conventional binder presented similar behavior between a conventional and a warm mixture. The same does not occur in mixtures with modified binder, where a change in both the viscous and the elastic phases occurs, and this effect is more predominant in the polymer modified mixtures.