<p>In 2004, a report from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy documented a broad range of ecological problems in U.S. ocean waters, including declining fish stocks, changes in marine biodiversity, coastal habitat loss, and hypoxic "dead zones," as well as related governance problems, such as uncoordinated and contradictory laws, underfunded programs, and conflicts between local, state, and federal priorities. The Commission's recommendations for improvement revolved around the themes of ecosystem-based management, improved agency coordination, and regional flexibility.</p><p>One recommendation in particular stated that, "Congress ... should establish a balanced, ecosystem-based offshore management regime that sets forth guiding principles for the coordination of offshore activities." Five years later, President Obama instructed an interagency taskforce to develop a "framework for effective coastal and marine spatial planning" to help achieve the goals of that recommendation and, in 2012, nine Regional Planning Bodies were established to begin the planning process.</p><p>Not everyone has embraced marine spatial planning (MSP) as a desirable next step in ocean management. Some ocean industries worry that MSP could interfere with economic priorities. New users, such as offshore windfarm developers, fear that extended planning will further delay their activities. Members of Congress have complained that MSP policy lacks adequate legislative underpinnings. Still others worry</p><p>that MSP may be a solution in search of a problem, diverting money and attention away from more immediate ocean challenges. Equally worrisome, the policy research community has yet to provide solid theoretical or historical support for the presumed efficacy of MSP in U.S. ocean waters. In light of the recent, rapid adoption of MSP and the questions surrounding it, more rigorous examination is in order.</p><p>This study contributes to that examination in two ways. First, it places MSP within the broader context of research and practice in fields such as policy analysis, common-pool resource theory, institutional analysis, planning and design, community engagement, and conflict resolution. Second, it looks at the history of U.S. public lands--a public space that has been accommodating multiple uses and conservation for over a century--as a comparative model. </p><p>This approach results in three research questions:</p><p>1) Are U.S. public lands and the U.S. EEZ sufficiently similar, based on characteristics most relevant to policy analysis, that successes and failures in one arena might be relevant to the other?</p><p>2) If so, has over a hundred years of active public land management in the U.S. produced any lessons for success that might be applicable to the more recently developing field of ocean management, particularly with respect to multiple-use planning and management? and</p><p>3) If the settings are similar in meaningful ways, and if lessons can be distilled from public lands management, how might these be transposed, or operationalized to inform the current drive for more integrated ocean management, particularly through the tool of marine spatial planning?</p><p>A critical review and synthesis of U.S. public land studies, particularly regarding the history of the National Forests, comprises one important element of the study. This is supplemented with case studies, site visits, detailed analyses of government documents related to both land and ocean management, and extensive formal and informal interviews with key informants in the National Forest and ocean management communities.</p><p>The study results answer the first two questions in the affirmative and conclude that sustainable, multiple-use management of government-controlled spaces and resources inevitably requires tradeoffs between numerous competing objectives. These tradeoffs can rarely be resolved through objective decision analysis and will rely implicitly or explicitly on value judgments. Using forest history as a model, it appears that the most significant choices to be made by ocean policy makers will revolve around: 1) the scale of problem definition and resolution; 2) the relative emphasis on political, technocratic, judicial, or participatory decision-making; and 3) the extent of flexibility allowed. Specific suggestions are made for how elected officials, agency staff, environmental organizations, industry, and academia can approach ocean management in a way that reflects a variety of interests, advances understanding, and achieves sustainable and productive ocean ecosystems.</p> / Dissertation

Submitted by Alexandre Soares (alexandredesoares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-25T13:07:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 erinaldo_barbosa_silva.pdf: 1554769 bytes, checksum: 6b88b2266a00b9da2124a190999ead5c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-09-08T18:15:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 erinaldo_barbosa_silva.pdf: 1554769 bytes, checksum: 6b88b2266a00b9da2124a190999ead5c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T18:15:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 erinaldo_barbosa_silva.pdf: 1554769 bytes, checksum: 6b88b2266a00b9da2124a190999ead5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Na regi?o do Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha s?o poucos os estudos voltados para a cadeia produtiva da agricultura familiar. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi o de descrever a cadeia produtiva da agricultura familiar do munic?pio de Couto Magalh?es de Minas a partir da identifica??o e relatos dos agricultores familiares, suas associa??es e parceiros institucionais. Tendo como objetivos espec?ficos identificar as etapas da cadeia produtiva da agricultura familiar, conhecer a import?ncia das organiza??es de agricultores familiares para o processo de comercializa??o de alimentos e diagnosticar os entraves t?cnicos e gerenciais das organiza??es de agricultores familiares. Para coleta de dados junto aos sujeitos de pesquisa foram utilizados question?rios semiestruturados. Participaram da pesquisa 13 agricultores familiares, quatro representantes das organiza??es de agricultores e quatro representantes das institui??es parceiras. A cadeia produtiva da agricultura familiar de Couto de Magalh?es de Minas segue um caminho simples e curto com seus produtos destinados principalmente ao mercado local. A maioria dos agricultores familiares entrevistados considerou que os assuntos tratados nas reuni?es de suas associa??es eram tanto de interesse da diretoria, quanto seus e que os benef?cios advindos da participa??o nas suas associa??es estavam relacionados: ao acesso aos implementos agr?colas, a obten??o de cr?dito rural e maior inser??o no mercado. Por outro lado, os parceiros institucionais destacaram que a import?ncia das associa??es eram relativas ? participa??o no Conselho Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustent?vel e pela sua representatividade junto ao poder p?blico. Os principais entraves apontados pelos agricultores familiares na cadeia produtiva foram: a aus?ncia de Assist?ncia e Extens?o Rural regular e constante, a falta do recurso h?drico, a falta de mat?ria-prima, a falta de transporte adequado dos produtos, a aus?ncia de divulga??o dos seus produtos e falta de selo de certifica??o sanit?rio. Evidenciou-se que as associa??es de agricultores familiares eram importantes atores sociais para a cadeia produtiva da agricultura familiar do munic?pio. Contudo, faz-se necess?rio que sejam criados mecanismos para que as associa??es sigam o proposto pelo Plano Nacional de Economia Solid?ria. Como proposta para o fortalecimento da cadeia produtiva do munic?pio, sugere-se a implanta??o de uma central de associa??es que aglutine e articule projetos e programas de interesse comum de todas. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Sa?de, Sociedade e Ambiente, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2015. / In the High Jequitinhonha Valley county few studies on the family agriculture production chain are found. The overall goal of this study was to describe the productive chain of family farming in the town of Couto Magalh?es de Minas, drawing from the identification and reports of family farmers, their organizations and institutional partners. More specifically, it aimed to identify the stages in the family farming production chain, learn about the importance of family farmers? organizations for the process of food marketing, and diagnose technical and managerial barriers in these organizations. To collect data, semi-structured questionnaires were used. Subjects included 13 family farmers, four representatives of farmers? organizations and four representatives of partner institutions. The productive chain of family farming in Couto de Magalh?es de Minas follows a short and simple path, with its products primarily intended for the local market. Most family farmers interviewed considered that the issues addressed in their associations? meetings were of interest to the management board as well as to themselves, and that the benefits resulting from participation in their associations related to: access to farm implements, rural credit achievement and greater market insertion. On the other hand, the institutional partners highlighted that the relevance of the associations was subject to their participation in the Municipal Council for Sustainable Rural Development and to its representativeness before the government. The main obstacles mentioned by the subjects about the production chain were: lack of regular and constant assistance and Rural Extension, lack of water resources, lack of raw material, lack of adequate transport of the products, lack of marketing of their products and lack of a sanitary certification seal. It became evident that the family farmers? associations were important social actors for the productive chain of family agriculture in the town. However, it is necessary that mechanisms be created so that they follow what has been proposed by the National Solidarity Economy Plan. As a proposal for the strengthening of the town?s productive chain, it is suggested the implementation of an associations headquarters that clusters and articulates projects and programs of common interest to all.

Currently, the problem of waste generation by human activities is complex and remains unraveled societies in general, especially in the urban context. For a better disposal of waste should be proposed to gather policy that besides the correct destination is able to build a sustainable population of the social and environmental point of view, by reducing the waste produced and the reuse and recycling of materials as alternative income. There are some problems from the improper disposal of a highly polluting residue, oils and saturated fats, which although at room temperature is present in the liquid state when it comes into contact with water, it becomes a solid residue; by its particularities when discarded improperly in the environment, creates problems of economic and environmental, and the contamination of soil and water resources and clogging pipes and sewage network, increasing maintenance costs of sanitation companies. One way to reuse the used cooking oil is the manufacture of new products such as biodiesel and soap, avoiding, thus, the improper disposal on the environment and, consequently, environmental pollution and harmfulness to human health. The sample of the survey sample comprised those responsible for private households in the domestic sphere, chosen randomly as two neighborhoods in the city of Itaara-RS, a total of 50 people interviewed. Thus, the study enabled us to diagnose and understand people's behavior on the cooking oil disposal used, with different social levels and their willingness to adhere to more sustainable practices of their disposal. In addition, examined the potential for payment of used cooking oil and highlighted the importance of selective collection of this waste to mitigate environmental impacts caused by it, when disposed of improperly. The research showed both the low-income neighborhood, and in the higher income, respondents said they would donate the oil to recycling because they are concerned about environmental protection and prevent pollution. It is noticed that much of the population is concerned with the environment, which is a favorable opinion for the involvement in the process of cooking oil collection used, avoiding their improper disposal. Still, the degree of willingness to donate the used oil is positive, respondents with lower income reported already enjoying the residue in soap and the use of animal food, which would be less willing to cooperate with donation campaigns used oil, since the material intended for its own use, for economic reasons. As part of this research, where the allocation of a polluting waste resulting from human activity is addressed, the environmental attitudes and perception of the sample, reveal the degree of awareness and awareness of their role in question disposal of cooking oil and the environment . It was possible to research the construction of a scenario of knowledge and expectations on the part of the population of Itaara front of the issues surrounding the disposal of used cooking oil, the availability of the population to donate this residual oil rather than discard it and its recycling for the production of new products. / Atualmente, a problemática geração de resíduos pelas atividades humanas é complexa e permanece desafiando as sociedades em geral, especialmente no contexto urbano. Para uma melhor destinação dos resíduos deve ser proposta uma política de recolhimento que além da destinação correta, é capaz de construir uma população sustentável do ponto de vista social e ambiental, através da redução dos resíduos produzidos e da reutilização e reciclagem de materiais como alternativa de renda. Existem alguns problemas provenientes do descarte inadequado de um resíduo altamente poluidor, os óleos e gorduras saturados, que apesar de em temperatura ambiente apresentar-se no estado líquido, ao entrar em contato com a água, se torna um resíduo sólido; por suas particularidades, quando descartado inadequadamente no meio ambiente, gera problemas de ordem econômica e ambiental, como a contaminação do solo e dos recursos hídricos e o entupimento de encanamentos e da rede de esgotamento sanitário, elevando os custos de manutenção das companhias de saneamento. Uma forma de reaproveitar o óleo de cozinha usado é a fabricação de novos produtos como biodiesel e sabão, evitando-se, assim, o descarte inadequado no meio ambiente e, consequentemente, a poluição ambiental e as nocividades à saúde humana. O universo amostral da pesquisa compreendeu os responsáveis por domicílios particulares no âmbito doméstico, escolhidas aleatoriamente, contemplando dois Bairros/Núcleos do Município de Itaara-RS, com um total de 50 pessoas entrevistados. Dessa forma, o estudo permitiu diagnosticar e entender o comportamento da população, relativo ao descarte de óleo de cozinha usado, com diferentes níveis sociais e sua disponibilidade em aderir as práticas mais sustentáveis do respectivo descarte. Além disso, analisou o potencial de recolhimento do óleo de cozinha usado e evidenciou a importância da coleta seletiva deste resíduo para mitigar os impactos ambientais por ele causado, quando descartado de forma inadequada. A pesquisa evidenciou tanto no bairro de menor renda, quanto no de maior renda, os entrevistados afirmaram que doariam o óleo para reciclagem por estarem preocupados com a preservação ambiental e evitar a poluição. Percebe-se que grande parte da população se preocupa com o meio ambiente, o que constitui uma manifestação favorável para o envolvimento no processo de coleta de óleo de cozinha usado, evitando seu descarte inadequado. Ainda, que o grau de disposição em doar o óleo usado, é positivo, os entrevistados de menor renda relataram que já aproveitam o resíduo na fabricação de sabão e na utilização da comida animal, o que constituiria menor disposição em colaborar com campanhas de doação de óleo usado, uma vez que destinavam o material ao uso próprio, por razões econômicas. No âmbito da presente pesquisa, onde a destinação de um resíduo poluente resultante da atividade humana é abordada, as atitudes e percepção ambiental da amostra, revelam o grau de conscientização e sensibilização sobre o seu papel na questão descarte do óleo de cozinha e o meio ambiente. Foi possível com a pesquisa a construção de um cenário de conhecimentos e expectativas por parte da população de Itaara frente às questões que envolvem o descarte do óleo de cozinha usado, a disponibilidade da população em doar esse óleo residual ao invés de descartá-lo e seu reaproveitamento para produção de novos produtos.

Submitted by Lucas Vituri Santarosa null (lucasviturisantarosa@gmail.com) on 2016-09-08T19:18:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_LucasSantarosa_final com ficha.pdf: 7860653 bytes, checksum: 6aa2806898b067c2a01afa0656925a2f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-12T20:10:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santarosa_lv_me_bot.pdf: 7860653 bytes, checksum: 6aa2806898b067c2a01afa0656925a2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T20:10:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santarosa_lv_me_bot.pdf: 7860653 bytes, checksum: 6aa2806898b067c2a01afa0656925a2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-10 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A estatística espacial aplicada a coleta de dados, análise e interpretação de fenômenos espaciais é uma ferramenta importante para gestão dos recursos hídricos, exigindo modelos matemáticos precisos e com capacidade de determinar as incertezas. Assim, as metodologias geoestatísticas apresentam-se como uma alternativa para análise de dados voltados ao monitoramento dos aquíferos coletados em redes geoespaciais, reduzindo os efeitos relacionados à amostragem e agregando sentido físico a análise. Este trabalho explorou o uso da geoestatística no mapeamento da dinâmica de níveis freáticos do Sistema Aquífero Bauru (SAB), comparando interpoladores como krigagem e cokrigagem, em condições de amostragem anisotópica. Foram utilizadas como variáveis auxiliares as propriedades físico-hídricas do solo e do relevo para o mapeamento dos níveis freáticos do ano hidrológico 2014/2015 e 2015/2016 a partir de 48 poços de monitoramento localizados nos domínios da Estação Ecológica de Santa Bárbara (EEcSB), município de Águas de Santa Bárbara/SP. Os objetivos foram verificar a oscilações do nível freático em uma área do SAB, estimar os volumes recuperados e reunir informações para formular um Modelo Hidrogeológico Conceitual (MHC). Os resultados mostraram que a adoção das variáveis auxiliares, sobretudo dados topográficos e resistência do solo a penetração, são capazes de melhorar as estimativas espaciais, com visível redução da variância amostral, suavizando os erros nas predições. Os volumes de água recuperados calculados a partir dos mapas do nível freático revelam a capacidade do uso de áreas como a EEcSB para o estoque de águas subterrâneas em curto prazo, capaz de suprir a demanda regional em períodos de escassez. Com a previsão da captação de 30% do volume de água recuperado na EEcSB estima-se o abastecimento da população dos municípios de Manduri, Cerqueira Cesar e Águas de Santa Bárbara por cerca de três meses. Com os dados ambientais reunidos foi formulado um MHC a partir da estimativa da dinâmica da água subterrânea. Os resultados apresentados são importantes no auxílio da gestão das águas subterrâneas com informações estratégicas para o uso sustentável de aquíferos a partir da direção de escoamento natural do aquífero e do comportamento da oscilação do nível freático em relação ao regime pluviométrico. / The spatial statistics applied to data collection, analysis and interpretation of spatial phenomena has become essential for management of water resources, requiring accurate mathematical models and the ability to determine the uncertainties. Therefore, geostatistics presented as an important tool for data analysis aimed at monitoring of aquifer collected in geospatial networks, reducing the effects related at data collection and merging physical sense in the analyses. This study explored the use of geostatistics in mapping the dynamic of Bauru Aquifer System (BAS), comparing interpolators as kriging and cokriging in anisotopic sampling conditions. Were used as auxiliary variables the physical and hydraulic of the soil and the topography for the mapping of water table deep of the hydrological year 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 onwards of 48 monitoring wells located in the Ecological Station of Santa Barbara (EEcSB) domain, in Águas de Santa Barbara, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The objectives were to verify the fluctuations of water table in an area the BAS, estimate the recovered water volumes and gather information for the formulation of the Hydrological Conceptual Model (HCM). The results showed that the using of the auxiliary variables, mainly topographic data and soil resistance penetration, are able to improve the spatial predictions, with notable reductions at sampling variance and decreasing errors in the predictions. The water volumes recovered calculated from the water table maps allowed to infer about the ability of the use at areas as the EEcSB for the groundwater storage in short term, able to supply the regional demand in periods of scarcity. With the forecast of 30% uptake of the water volume recovered in EEcSB estimated to supply the population of the municipalities of Manduri, Cerqueira Cesar and Águas de Santa Barbara for approximately three months. With the collected environmental data allowed, the design of a HCM was formulated from the dynamics estimates of groundwater. The results are important supporting groundwater management with strategic information for sustainable use of aquifers. / FAPESP: 2015/05171-3

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-13T12:17:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcos.pdf: 3623935 bytes, checksum: 359ea3032e822602e6894ce6cd8f4ef3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research main objective is to study the recent dynamics in the usage and coverage of the land in The Área de Proteção Ambiental da Margem Direita do Rio Negro; Setor Paduari - Solimões (Negro River Right Bank Environmental Protection Area; Sector Paduari - Solimões), with the use of remote sensing techniques and geographical information systems GIS. To achieve this, an updated cartographic base has been structured containing biophysical aspects of the area, followed by a multi-temporal mapping of all changes occurred to the land‟s usage and coverage during the years of 2005 and 2011, using images from the Landsat-5 satellite. Finally, all the aspects in the land‟s usage that go against the environmental legislation were identified. The area analyzed is a conservation unit for sustainable use, located in the interfluve of Rivers Negro and Solimões, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Its perimeter crosses part of the Iranduba, Manacapuru and Novo Airão cities, all belonging to the metropolitan area of Manaus. Maps were generated for each of the following topics: soil, geology, geomorphology, hypsometry, declivity, hydrography, drainage network, vegetation, deforestation and areas of permanent preservation. The soil class Yellow Podzolic Latosol is predominant in 79.22% of the area. The geological set named Formação Alter do Chão corresponds to 78.51% of the surface. The morphostructural unit Dissected Highlands of the Negro and Uatumã Rivers, dominates geomorphologically with 88.37%. 69.07% is the percentage of ground layers situated between 50 and 80 m of altitude. The relief is predominantly flat and mildly hilly in 81.27% of the surface. The total extension of river channels was calculated in 5,769.28 km that corresponds to a drainage density of 1.27 km/km². The dense ombrophilous forest represents 80.6% of the surface. The accumulated deforestation until 2005 was of 431.06 km² corresponding to 9.25% of the extension of environmental protection area. In the following 6 years the deforestation continued to grow on a yearly average of 3.04%. In 2011 the total deforestation has reached 515.83 km² that represents a growth of 19.66% of the deforested area in the period. The areas of permanent preservation, mainly riparian forests and springs, occupy 11.72% of the area and, of this total, 15.72% have a greater human impact and are considered to have a conflicted usage. The area shows a worrying and accelerated process of human impact influenced mainly by the red ceramics industries and roads. A better application of public policies, that helps arrange and discipline the land‟s occupation and usage, together with a change in the energy matrix adopted nowadays by the local ceramic industry can help to slow down the process of human impacts to forests in the future. / Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a dinâmica recente do processo de uso e cobertura da terra na Área de Proteção Ambiental da Margem Direita do Rio Negro, Setor Paduari - Solimões, com o uso de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e Sistema de Informações Geográficas SIG. Para isso, foi estruturada uma base cartográfica atualizada com os aspectos biofísicos da área, seguido de mapeamento multitemporal das alterações ocorridas no uso e cobertura da terra entre os anos de 2005 a 2011 utilizando-se de imagens do satélite Landsat-5 e, por fim, foram identificados os conflitos de uso da terra frente a legislação ambiental. A área estudada trata-se de uma unidade de conservação estadual de uso sustentável, localizada no interflúvio dos rios Negro e Solimões, no estado do Amazonas. Seu perímetro alcança parte dos municípios de Iranduba, Manacapuru e Novo Airão, todos pertencentes a região metropolitana de Manaus. Foram gerados mapas com os temas: solos, geologia, geomorfologia, hipsometria, declividade, hidrografia, rede de drenagem, vegetação, desflorestamento e áreas de preservação permanentes. A classe de solos Latossolo Amarelo predomina em 79,22% da área. O conjunto geológico Formação Alter do Chão corresponde a 78,51% da superfície. A unidade morfoestrutural Planalto Dissecado dos rios Negro e Uatumã predomina geomorfologicamente com 88,37%. É de 69,07% o percentual de estratos do terreno situados entre 50 a 80 m de altitude. O relevo predominante vai de plano a suavemente ondulado em 81,27% da superfície. A extensão total dos canais fluviais calculada foi de 5.769,28 km que corresponde a uma densidade de drenagem de 1,27 km/km². As florestas ombrófilas densas recobrem 80,6% da superfície. O desflorestamento acumulado até o ano de 2005 foi de 431,06 km², correspondente a 9,25% da extensão da A.P.A.. Nos seis anos seguintes o desflorestamento avançou em média 3,04% ao ano, chegando ao ano de 2011 com total de 515,83 km² que representa um crescimento de 19,66% da área desflorestada no período. As áreas de preservação permanente, basicamente matas ciliares e nascentes, ocupam 11,72% da área desse total, 15,72% estão antropizadas e consideradas com uso conflituoso. A área apresenta um preocupante e acelerado processo de antropização influenciado principalmente pelo pólo oleiro e rodovias. Intensificar políticas públicas capazes de ordenar e disciplinar a ocupação e uso da terra aliada à mudança da matriz energética atualmente empregada nas indústrias de cerâmicas que operam localmente pode ajudar a desacelerar o avanço do processo antrópico sobre as áreas de floresta no futuro.

Healthcare in South Africa is polarised between western and traditional African systems of therapy. The latter is consulted by the majority of the population and therefore plays an integral role in the delivery of healthcare to South Africans. Traditional medicines are primarily plant products with long storage lives, among which the dominance of bark is typical of southern African traditional healthcare systems. Expansion of the traditional healthcare sector during the twentieth century, in response to rising consumer demands, stimulated a lucrative trade in medicinal plants that is centred in KwaZulu-Natal. Since herbal medicines are sourced almost exclusively from indigenous vegetation, harvesting pressures exerted on the indigenous flora to meet demands for traditional medicines have rendered such resources non-sustainable. Although trees comprise a small fraction of South African medicinal plant species, bark from them constitutes a substantial proportion of the plant products used medicinally. Trees are among the most threatened medicinal plants in South African due to their limited abundance, the ecological sensitivity of the vegetation in which they occur, and destructive methods of commercial bark harvesting that frequently take place within protected areas. In KwaZulu-Natal, bark is harvested primarily from forests that occupy an extent of only 0.1 % in the province. Conservation of economically valuable tree species is particularly problematic since data necessary for the establishment of sustainable usage systems are absent or inaccessible. Alternatives to in situ conservation for renewable bark resources include propagation, multi-use timber systems and reintroduction of locally extinct species. To facilitate appropriate management of bark resources, there is a need for specialist publications and consolidated data with which sustainable usage levels may be determined. The importance of bark in South African traditional healthcare is poorly reflected by the ethno botanical literature. In this study, 180 bark species used in traditional healthcare in KwaZulu-Natal were inventoried from thorough literature surveys, but this number is anticipated to be a conservative reflection of actual statistics. Where trade data were recorded in the literature, they indicated intensive exploitation of bark resources in KwaZulu-Natal and throughout South Africa, but conservation and management data were lacking for 72 % of the species inventoried. A number of problems were encountered in the literature, of which vague information and the documentation of local vernacular nomenclature were the most troublesome. Despite the importance of traditional medicine, the country's political history led to the prevailing situation, where the traditional healthcare sector is largely unregulated. Coupled with increasingly limited availability of medicinal plants, the quality and appropriate use of traditional medicines is negatively affected by growing numbers of inadequately trained practitioners, herbalist retailers and plant gatherers. Possibilities of misidentification or purposeful adulteration of medicinal bark products therefore lead to concerns for patient safety, since dried bark is difficult or impossible to identify. Whilst bark characters are useful for field identifications, many useful diagnostic characters are lost through desiccation, and anatomy and morphology of bark are variable. Additionally, medicinal bark products used in KwaZulu-Natal, and their identification, are largely undocumented. This study focussed on eight bark species used medicinally in the province, elected by an esteemed traditional medical practitioner as having problematic identity. Monograph-type characterisation profiles were drawn up for reference specimens collected from various localities, and their medicinal bark products traded under vernacular names recorded in the literature. In the absence of standardised traditional medicines, there is a need for reliable and affordable methods for their authentication. Phytochemical bark characters identified by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) have proved useful in chemotaxonomic studies, and the technique is widely used for herbal drug authentication. TLC was tested here for authentication of medicinal bark products from the aforementioned study species. Three reference samples of each species were collected, and TLC-generated fingerprints compared. At the intraspecific level, TLC was useful in confirming the relationship of ethanol and hexane bark extracts, but was less meaningful in distinguishing between fingerprints of different species. Three medicinal bark products of each study species were purchased and fingerprints compared to a reference. The technique proved useful in confirming the identity of several medicinal bark products. Authentication of medicinal bark products may be useful in toxicology cases and in the accurate documentation of their trade. This research identified a complexity of issues surrounding the use of bark in traditional healthcare in KwaZulu-Natal, and indeed South Africa. A multi-faceted approach is required to secure their sustainability. Critical, however, to factors such as effective conservation and regulation of the traditional healthcare sector, is recognition of the importance, and documentation, of traditional bark medicines. The integrity of traditional healthcare, and the future of the South African flora, hinge upon the sustainable use of medicinal products such as bark. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

Em geral, a relação entre fatores ambientais e a saúde é de natureza sistêmica, envolvendo várias áreas do conhecimento. Um dos desafios dentro dessa questão são as abordagens integradas de avaliação em saúde ambiental, que reúnem dimensões técnico-operacionais, socioeconômicas e políticas, ultrapassando as avaliações que consideram apenas questões de exposição e efeito. O objetivo da presente tese foi avaliar, com base em abordagem de avaliação integrada em saúde ambiental, o impacto à saúde decorrente da implantação de intervenções em saneamento, em populações de comunidades localizadas em unidades de conservação de uso sustentável na região do Médio Juruá, no estado do Amazonas. O processo de avaliação foi amparado na abordagem metodológica Avaliação Integrada de Impacto em Saúde Ambiental (AIISA) e utilizou como principal instrumento conceitual o modelo de organização de indicadores Força Motriz-Pressão-Situação-Exposição-Efeitos-Ações (FPSEEA), aplicado em dois estágios bem definidos: i) Estágio Antes: período anterior à implantação das intervenções em saneamento nas comunidades estudadas e ii) Estágio Depois: período de pelo menos seis meses após a finalização da implantação e funcionamento das intervenções. Os resultados obtidos no componente de efeito a partir da comparação entre os dois estágios, que refletem os efeitos diretos na saúde, apontaram uma redução média de 65% da morbidade por diarreia, 22% da morbidade por parasitoses intestinais e aumento da qualidade de vida da população, representado por uma redução média de 63% de insatisfação com a comunidade e aumento de 100% da percepção da relação entre o aumento da qualidade de vida e o saneamento. Esses resultados indicam que houve impactos positivos à saúde da população decorrentes das intervenções em saneamento. O modelo FPSEEA utilizado trouxe informações que permitiram uma análise ampliada e em cadeia dos impactos da variação de cenários para exprimir esses efeitos positivos na saúde. Assim, foi possível realizar uma avaliação integrada do impacto de ações em saneamento na redução de doenças e no aumento da qualidade de vida das populações estudadas. Nesse processo avaliativo foi possível detectar de maneira consistente, dentro do contexto da área de estudo, que além dos efeitos na saúde, aspectos importantes na cadeia causal contribuíram de forma integrada para a expressão desse efeito. Em relação ao modelo FPSEEA aplicado no contexto da tese, concluímos que os pressupostos utilizados em sua concepção permitem que ajustes sejam feitos no modelo de acordo com o contexto para o qual o seu uso foi proposto, sendo possível validar e ajustar os elementos e indicadores do modelo proposto para o seu uso em outras propostas de avaliações integradas com enfoque nos impactos à saúde decorrentes de ações em saneamento. Dessa maneira, reforçamos que, mesmo diante da escala local dos resultados, o processo de avaliação contribuiu para auxiliar o planejamento de ações no campo do saneamento, viabilizando novos modelos de intervenções, redefinição de prioridades e redirecionamento de ações relacionadas ao saneamento e saúde, buscando a redução da pobreza, universalização do acesso ao saneamento e garantia dos direitos essenciais do cidadão com equidade no meio rural brasileiro. / In general , the relationship between environmental factors and health is systemic in nature , involving various fields of knowledge . One of the challenges of this issue involves integrated environmental health impact assessment approaches, which combine technical and operational, socio-economic and political dimensions, surpassing aproaches that consider only unicausualities of exposure and effect . The aim of this thesis was to evaluate , based on an integrated environmental health impact assessment , the health impact resulting from the implementation of water supply and sanitation interventions in populations of communities located in sustainable use forest reserves in the Middle Juruá river in state of Amazonas . The evaluation process was supported in methodological approach Integrated Environmental Health Impact Assessment (IEHIA) and used as the main conceptual framework a model for organizing indicators Driving Force - Pressure - Situation - Exposure - Effect - Action (DPSEEA) , applied in two well defined stages : i ) Before Stage : prior to the implementation of interventions in water supply and sanitation in the studied communities and ii ) After Stage : period of at least six months after implementaion and operation of the interventions . The results regarting the Effect component from the comparison between the two stages, which reflects directly the effect on health, , showed an average reduction of 65% in morbidity from diarrhea , 22 % of morbidity from intestinal parasites and an increased quality of life , represented by a mean reduction of 63 % of dissatisfaction with the community and 100% increase in the perception of the relationship between the increase in quality of life and sanitation. These results indicate that there were positive health impacts due to due the implemented interventions. The model DPSEEA used in this study brought information which enabeled the development of a broad and integrated analysis of the impacts of the variation in cenarios to express these positive health effects. Thus, it was possible to perform an integrated assessment of the impact of waster supply and sanitation interventions to reduce disease and increase the quality of life of the studied population. This evaluation process enabeled the cosistent detection, within the context of the study area, that in addition to the health effects , important aspects of the causal chain contributed in a integrated way to the expression of this effect . Regarding the DPSEEA model applied in the context of the thesis, we conclude that the assumptions used in its design allow adjustments to be made in accordance to the context for which the model is supposed to be used. This enables the validation and ajustment of the elements and indicators of the proposed model to allow its use in other Integrated Environmental Health Impact Assessment proposals which focus on health impacts of water supply and sanitation interventions. Thus, we reinforce that even with the local scale carcateristicas of our results, the evaluation process contributed to assist the planning of actions in the field of water supply and sanitation , enabling new models of interventions , redefining priorities and redirecting actions related to water supply and sanitation to increase health, reduce poverty, and ensure essential rights to citizens of rural areas of Brazil with equity.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-01-24T17:36:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Amanda Amorim Maciel.pdf: 6591169 bytes, checksum: 6b2b10cc4d7eabb2d99b7da296fcfbc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-24T17:36:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amanda Amorim Maciel.pdf: 6591169 bytes, checksum: 6b2b10cc4d7eabb2d99b7da296fcfbc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-19 / This research aims to study a Conservation Unit Bororé-Colônia Environmental Protection Area and its housing conflicts, from the perspective of the sustainable development of that community in the face of environmental preservation. Located in the extreme south of São Paulo ¿ SP, the academic research intends to reach a possible solution to land issues and draw attention to the absent or ineffective public policies of the region. Housing rights and city administration refute ecotourism activities and traditional populations, threatening access to environmental resources. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar a Unidade de Conservação Área de Proteção Ambiental Bororé-Colônia e seus conflitos de habitação, sob a perspectiva do desenvolvimento sustentável daquela comunidade em face da preservação ambiental. Localizada no extremo-sul de São Paulo ¿ SP, a investigação acadêmica pretende alcançar possível solução para as lides fundiárias e chamar atenção para as políticas públicas ausentes ou ineficazes da região. O direito de moradia e a administração da cidade refutam as atividades de ecoturismo e das populações tradicionais, ameaçando o acesso aos recursos ambientais.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) significantly enhanced the scope and potential effectiveness of the international legal regime for the conservation of biological diversity world wide together with the sustainable use of its components. It goes beyond the conservation of biological conservation per se and comprehends such diverse issues as sustainable use of biological resources, access to genetic resources, the sharing of benefits derived from the use of genetic material and technology, including biotechnology. The CBD has three objectives, which are the conservation of biological diversity, secondly the sustainable use of its components and thirdly the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources. The third objective includes the sharing of benefits by means of appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over such resources and technologies as well as appropriate funding. As part of the process of achieving these goals, the CBD establishes a new international framework for access to genetic resources and the sharing of benefits from their use. In addition to its conservation measures, the CBD is also an economic treaty in the sense that it develops and regulates the ongoing exchange of genetic resources and, in particular, the emerging trade in biotechnology. During the negotiations of the CBD the concept of the trade in biotechnology dominated much of the discussions surrounding the Convention. This was the cause of deep differences between the technologically rich north and the biodiversity rich south. It was and still is apparent that developed countries, or corporate companies in these countries, exploit natural recourses only found in developing countries, without sharing the resulting proceeds. It is shown that uneven distribution of natural, technological and economic resources occur in relationships between the northern hemisphere and its southern counterpart. It is a well-known fact that the northern hemisphere is financially and technologically superior to its southern counterpart. Intellectual property rights ("IPR"), with specific reference to patent law, enables developed countries andlor companies in those countries to exploit this economic discrepancy. Developed countries accordingly acquire biological recourses and exploit them with resulting benefits thereby circumventing the sharing of such benefits through IPR systems. Benefits are thereby withheld from developing countries that provide such genetic recourses. The author will mainly focus on the question that arises as to how the CBD addresses benefit sharing in the light of the differences between the northern developed- and southern developing countries. South Africa will be studied as an example of a developing country that incorporated the provisions of the CBD in its national legislation as it promulgated the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (BDA), which embodies the guidelines and principles for bioprospecting and benefit sharing, captured in the CBD and the Cartagena Protocol. The provisions contained in the BDA will be used as a practical example of the application of the CBD in the municipal law of developing countries. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) significantly enhanced the scope and potential effectiveness of the international legal regime for the conservation of biological diversity world wide together with the sustainable use of its components. It goes beyond the conservation of biological conservation per se and comprehends such diverse issues as sustainable use of biological resources, access to genetic resources, the sharing of benefits derived from the use of genetic material and technology, including biotechnology. The CBD has three objectives, which are the conservation of biological diversity, secondly the sustainable use of its components and thirdly the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources. The third objective includes the sharing of benefits by means of appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over such resources and technologies as well as appropriate funding. As part of the process of achieving these goals, the CBD establishes a new international framework for access to genetic resources and the sharing of benefits from their use. In addition to its conservation measures, the CBD is also an economic treaty in the sense that it develops and regulates the ongoing exchange of genetic resources and, in particular, the emerging trade in biotechnology. During the negotiations of the CBD the concept of the trade in biotechnology dominated much of the discussions surrounding the Convention. This was the cause of deep differences between the technologically rich north and the biodiversity rich south. It was and still is apparent that developed countries, or corporate companies in these countries, exploit natural recourses only found in developing countries, without sharing the resulting proceeds. It is shown that uneven distribution of natural, technological and economic resources occur in relationships between the northern hemisphere and its southern counterpart. It is a well-known fact that the northern hemisphere is financially and technologically superior to its southern counterpart. Intellectual property rights ("IPR"), with specific reference to patent law, enables developed countries andlor companies in those countries to exploit this economic discrepancy. Developed countries accordingly acquire biological recourses and exploit them with resulting benefits thereby circumventing the sharing of such benefits through IPR systems. Benefits are thereby withheld from developing countries that provide such genetic recourses. The author will mainly focus on the question that arises as to how the CBD addresses benefit sharing in the light of the differences between the northern developed- and southern developing countries. South Africa will be studied as an example of a developing country that incorporated the provisions of the CBD in its national legislation as it promulgated the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (BDA), which embodies the guidelines and principles for bioprospecting and benefit sharing, captured in the CBD and the Cartagena Protocol. The provisions contained in the BDA will be used as a practical example of the application of the CBD in the municipal law of developing countries. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.