My dissertation concerns especially the last phase of the Jewish settlement in Český Krumlov. That means from the establishment of the Jewish Community in this town in 1893 till the German occupation in 1938. It briefly outlines the destiny of the Jewish inhabitants during the Second Republic and the Nazi genocide of the Jews. My heed is also given to the prominent personalities of the local Jewish community and to their economic and cultural contribution. The text also dissertates the extant monuments of the Jewish culture - the synagogue and the Jewish cemetery {--} their contemporary condition and possible ways of the future cultural utilization of the synagogue. The dissertation is based on written sources, interviews with witnesses and evaluation of the Jewish monuments by autopsy.

<p>This study will critically evaluate the dominant framework through which the Johannine <em>aposynagōgos</em> passages (John 9:22, 12:42, 16:2) are read. This dominant framework, which understands these passages as allegorically encoding the history of a putative Johannine community some forty to fifty years after Jesus’ lifetime, will be judged exegetically and historically implausible. An alternative reading of the passages will be developed, grounded in a philosophy of history derived from the critical realist epistemology developed by Bernard Lonergan and introduced into New Testament studies by Ben F. Meyer. It will be argued that these passages are historically plausible and that the Gospel author intended factuality and was plausibly knowledgeable on the matter. Consequently, it will be argued that a positive judgment of historicity can be assigned to these passages.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Through photographs and drawings it can be shown that architectural materials and details of synagogues follow the general history of architecture, as is exemplified in the synagogues of Europe from medieval through contemporary times. The synagogues of thirteenth century Eastern Europe have the ribbed vaulted roof structure typical of period churches. The bimah of a venetian synagogue of the middle seventeenth century has features typical of Italian renaissance architecture. The Rococo ark from another synagogue in Venice but built in the eighteenth century shows that in a given location, synagogue design followed the path of architecture as a whole. In Amsterdam in 1925, a reform synagogue might have been virtually indistinguishable from its Christian counterpart except for the presence of the bimah. In the same city, a synagogue built by a more traditional congregation in 1936 shows the definite influence of the Modernist philosophy. Finally, the design of a synagogue interior by Louis Kahn shows the same concern for light and the formal articulation of space that he brought to his churches and secular structures. / Master of Architecture

EN The subject of this thesis is The Great synagogue in Pilsen. The main task of this work is to collect all information about the synagogue in the context of historic events from the time prior to its construction till the present days. The aim of this thesis was to connect this information in most possible complex way to provide a comprehensive description of not only the history and use of the synagogue as the building itself, but also the fate of the Jewish community and its relationship with Pilsen residents at the time of dramatic historical events, which this building and the Jews were forced to survive during these days.

The architectural study deals with the design of a new synagogue in Trutnov, on the site of the former burnt down synagogue from 1885. The synagogue from 1938 was set on fire by the Nazis during the so-called Crystal night from 9 to 10 November in 1938. Besides the synagogue, the proposal deals with the entire Jewish complex, namely a kosher restaurant with facilities, an administrative part for the Jewish community, a mikveh connected to a sauna. The task was to solve the location of buildings complicated area of ground, which is not easily accessible, and also to play with the idea of preserving the original location of the synagogue. The result is the design of a new community center. Its purpose is to return the existence of the Jewish population back to Trutnov, where the Jewish population has not existed for a long time. The design consists of two objects. One of them is a separate synagogue where prayers, celebrations and other events take place. An important part is also the kosher restaurant, which provides the specifics of catering, as well as a mikveh used for a cleansing ritual with a sauna relaxation area. The next function is the seat of the Jewish community.

Annotation: This diploma thesis is focused on the synagogue buildings in the seven districts of the Pilsen region according to their architectural styles. Individual chapters describe the Jewish settlements in Europe and current Czech Republic territory in the historical context, the types of synagogues built in our country, their architecture, interiors, and the fate of synagogues of the Pilsen region. Information sources include available literature, regional writings, especially from the collection published by Hugo Gold, and publications about Jewish sites, especially from Jiří Fiedler, Blanka Rozkošná and Pavel Frýda's contributions on the website "Defunct municipalities". Information on the history of Jewish settlement in particular are based on the book "The Jews of medieval Western Christian world", the author of the book by Robert Chazan and "History of the Jews in Bohemia and Moravia", author Tomáš Pěkný.

O cenário judaico paulistano é o pano de fundo sobre o qual formulei algumas interpretações gerais a respeito da função social da Comunidade Shalom. A sinagoga: espaço de culto ou de construção de identidade ? Esse trabalho vem, mais do que responder a essa questão, esclarecer qual o novo papel da sinagoga e do rabino dentro do contexto judaico atual. Partindo do estudo de caso da Comunidade Shalom em São Paulo, mostro como a sinagoga transforma-se para cumprir uma nova função nesse contexto. Assim a sinagoga aparece ora como espaço onde o fenômeno do renascer da religião se manifesta, ora como local de formação da identidade judaica onde é possível vivenciar, experimentar e expressar o judaísmo como religião, de uma maneira alternativa pois trata-se do universo judaico não-ortodoxo. / Le scénario judaïque de São Paulo est une toile de fond sur laquelle jai fait des interpretations générales à propos de la fonction sociale de la Comunidade Shalom /Comunauté Shalom. La synagogue: um espace de culte ou de formation didentité? Ce travail vient non seulement répondre à cette question, mais aussi et surtout, nous dire quel est le nouveau rôle de la synagogue et du rabin dans le contexte judaïque actuel. Partant dune étude de cas de la comunauté juive de São Paulo, je montre comment lespace où le phénomène de renouveau de la religion se manifeste comme un lieu de formation de lidentité judaïque et où il est possible de experimenter, de pratiquer et dexprimer le judaïsme en tant que religion, dune manière alternative car il sagit de lunivers judaïque non-orthodoxe. La construction de lidentité judaïque sest faite de manières différentes à différents moments de lhistoire du judaïsme, soit-elle dans le ghetto ou dans le foyer; et aujourdhui dans les écoles et/ou au sein des synagogues. Ne pouvant être réduite simplement aux aspects religieux, nationalistes et culturels, lidentité judaïque est actuellent, la relation entre ces trois éléments. Ma proposition est de montrer comment et pourquoi la synagogue, jusquà la modernité, étant um lieu détude et de culte, est-elle devenue aujourdhui un lieu de formation de lidentité judaïque.

O assentamento selêucida de Dura Europos constitui um apropriado campo de análise do processo de transformação cultural em antigas áreas coloniais. O sítio, fundado no entreposto entre as maiores civilizações orientais e ocidentais, é um assentamento multicultural que expressa a coexistência de judeus com várias populações. Esta tese analisa como o grupo de judeus desta cidade usou a cultura material do local a fim de preservar sua identidade e ao mesmo tempo dialogar com outros povos. A transformação resultante desta interação é vista na arte e na arquitetura de duas sinagogas por eles construídas que constituem um dos mais antigos testemunhos da arte judaica produzida por aqueles que viveram na Diáspora. / The Seleucid Settlement of Dura Europos constitutes an appropriate setting to analyze the process of cultural transformation in ancient colonial areas. The site, founded at the crossroad between major Eastern and Western civilizations, is a multicultural settlement that expresses the coexistence of Jews with various populations. This dissertation analyses how the Jewish group of this city used the local material culture to preserve their identity and at the same time did dialogue with other people. The transformation resulted out of this interaction is seen in the art and architecture of the two Synagogues that they built there and which constitutes one of the most ancient testimony of the Jewish art produced by those who lived in the Diaspora.

Nos estudos sobre as cidades islâmicas, poucos são os que tratam dos edifícios que pertencem a outros grupos confessionais que não o dos muçulmanos, no sentido de analisá-los como agentes na evolução da configuração urbana das cidades que estiveram sob governo islâmico. Os estudos existentes sobre esses edifícios seguem sempre uma orientação em analisá-los dentro de seus próprios elementos, ou seja, um edifício cristão ou judaico dentro do seu próprio contexto que é o de servir a sua própria comunidade confessional. A tese mostra que a sinagoga é um elemento que também constrói e participa da dinâmica da cidade, e seu estudo auxilia tanto na compreensão da urbe árabe-islâmica, como também no entendimento da dinâmica da sociedade entre os séculos X-XIII. Ao analisar a Sinagoga de Ben Ezrá localizada no Cairo portanto no contexto da cidade islâmica e não apenas sob seus aspectos estéticos ou estilísticos, busca entender como o edifício dialoga com a cidade no sentido da construção de suas territorialidades. E também, no sentido inverso: como a cidade e um tipo de linguagem islâmica dialogam com o edifício judaico. A grande extensão geográfica conquistada pelo Islã produziu uma multiplicidade de formas e empréstimos e, ao mesmo tempo, devido à facilidade de ir e vir das pessoas e as novas conquistas, forjou-se uma certa unificação na linguagem. As trocas e as assimilações não só foram e são inevitáveis, como fazem parte das relações e convívio entre os grupos em qualquer momento. A Sinagoga de Ben Ezrá foi desde a sua fundação, um elemento organizador do espaço urbano ao seu redor, organizador da distribuição dos habitantes ligados à comunidade judaica, não apenas da comunidade rabínica da palestina mas das outras comunidades judaicas babilônica e caraíta, entre os séculos X ao XIII. E desempenhou um papel de articulador de multiterritorialidades. Esta análise vem ampliar o conhecimento acerca desse edifício, e principalmente, das relações entre as comunidades judaica, islâmica e cristã entre a conquista fatímida do Egito (969 E.C.) e o fim da dinastia aiúbida (1254 E.C.) / In studies of Islamic cities, there are few that deal with buildings that belong to other faith groups other than Muslims, in the sense of analyzing them as agents in the evolution of the urban configuration of the cities that were under Islamic government. The existing studies about these buildings always follows the line of analyzing them inside their own elements, in other words, a Christian or Jewish building within their own context, which is to serve its own confessional community. The thesis shows that the synagogue is an element that also builds and participates in the dynamics of the city, and its study helps both in the comprehension of the Arab-Islamic metropolis, but also in understanding the dynamics of society between the X-XIII centuries. By analyzing the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Cairo, located just in the context of the Islamic city, not only in its aesthetics or stylistic aspects, aims to understand how the building dialogues with the city in the sense of the construction of its territorialities. And also, in reverse: how the city and a kind of Islamic language dialogue with the Jewish building. The big geographic extension conquered by the Islam produced a multiplicity of forms and loans and, at the same time, due to the facility of coming and going of the people and the new conquests forged a certain unification in the language. The exchanges and the assimilations not only were and are inevitable, as they are part of the relations and living together among the groups at any time. The Ben Ezrá Synagogue was since its foundation, an organizing element of the urban space around, organizer of the distribution of the inhabitants linked to the jewish community not only the rabbinic of Palestine but for others jewish communities babylonic and Karaite, between the X-XIII centuries. And it played a role of articulator of multiterritorialities. This analysis comes to enlarge the knowledge about this building, and mainly, of the relations among the communities Judaic, Islamic and Christian - between the Fatimid conquest of the Egypt (969 e.C.) and the end of the Ayyubid dynasty (1254 E.C)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-08-14 / Instituto Presbiteriano Mackenzie / The problematics of research emanates from the relationship between the current state of abandoned Synagogue Tiferet Israel and the Jewish Diaspora of Nilópolis culminating in the extinction of the community that at its peak reached total approximately three hundred Jewish families. From a technical standpoint, there was data collection through literature, documentary, interviews, life stories and, notably, participant observation. Drew up a historical line of the immigration flow of Jews originate from Eastern Europe, focusing on Poland, the country of origin of most who settled in Nilópolis and comparing the motives that caused the Jewish diasporas of Poland and of Nilópolis, we can understand a contextual paradox, in that pursuit and poverty, in this freedom and prosperity. Finally, it was concluded, that the Jewish ethnicity, which seemed deserted, before the picture of the defunct community and abandoned synagogue, still alive in the city by jewish cemetery. / A problematização da pesquisa emana da relação entre o atual estado de abandono da Sinagoga Tiferet Israel e a diáspora dos judeus de Nilópolis que culminou na extinção da comunidade que em seu auge chegou a somar cerca de trezentas famílias judaicas. Do ponto de vista técnico, fez-se levantamento de dados através de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, entrevistas, estórias de vida e, notadamente, observação participante. Traçou-se uma linha histórica do fluxo imigratório de judeus oriundos do Leste Europeu, focando a Polônia, país de origem da maioria dos que se fixaram em Nilópolis e, comparando os motivos que acarretaram as diásporas judaicas da Polônia e a de Nilópolis, percebe-se um paradoxo contextual, naquela perseguição e pobreza, nesta liberdade e prosperidade. Concluiu-se por fim, que a etnicidade judaica, a qual parecia erma, diante do quadro da extinta comunidade e da sinagoga abandonada, ainda marca presença na cidade através do Cemitério Comunal Israelita.