Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-28T08:57:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Emanuel Luiz Pereira da Silva.pdf: 4383267 bytes, checksum: 316e7173c002963dc4fd09f2ed1b2eb1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-28T08:57:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emanuel Luiz Pereira da Silva.pdf: 4383267 bytes, checksum: 316e7173c002963dc4fd09f2ed1b2eb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This thesis deals with the territorial expressions of the social question of indigenous people called the Potiguaras belonging to the Environmental Protection Area of the Mamanguape city on the north coast of Paraiba. It aims, from territoriality, analyze the dynamics of the relationships that shape the social and environmental protection arising from artisanal fisheries in the village Tramataia. It starts from the following assumption: the existence of overlapping territorial scales imposed on Potiguaras indigenous people expressed in the productive dynamics of artisanal fisheries, either by economic agents, whether by public officials who interact and conflict in contention for and experiences of territory. The route mapped out for this study, led us to an ethnoecologic and ethnobiological approach that sought transversely in other areas of knowledge, analysis of existing territorial overlaps; of territorial-dispossession, repossession processes of indigenous lands; elucidation of collective experiences within the research as uptake of mediation and analysis of the contradictions inherent in social processes of labor incorporation in artisanal fisheries by commercial logic of carcinoculture. This process made it possible to elucidate thatcthe artisanal fisheries will continue to be an attractive economic activity, both for survival status of indigenous peoples as the maintenance of this protected territory. However, the developed experiments point to the need to strengthen this territory belonging to indigenous people (since its inception), to a renewed environmental management or "modernized" where supervision is exercised as similar environmental audit practice. It allows us to say that the livings of artisanal fisheries in the APA of Mamanguape city suffer conflicting interference due to existing connections with the productive dynamics of contemporary capitalism, expressed in that territory by carcinoculture. However, the first Conference of Indigenous Policy in Paraiba has great potential to set up as a driving force for social transformation. In this space, in this begining of century, it affirms as openness to the dialogue and persuasion between civil society and public officials. It is expected that a new participatory cycle can expand its corporate face and at the same time promote a more immediate connection between the consultation of indigenous society and the effectiveness of the decisions in the implementation of public policies / Essa tese trata das expressões territoriais da questão social dos povos indígenas potiguaras pertencentes à área de Proteção Ambiental do Mamanguape no Litoral Norte da Paraíba. Visa, a partir das territorialidades, analisar a dinâmica das relações que configuram a proteção social e socioambiental advindas da pesca artesanal vivenciadas na aldeia Tramataia. Parte-se do seguinte pressuposto: a existência de sobreposições das escalas territoriais impostas aos povos indígenas potiguaras expressas na dinâmica produtiva da pesca artesanal, seja pelos agentes econômicos, seja pelos agentes públicos que interagem e conflitam na disputa pelo e no território de vivencia. O percurso traçado para esse estudo, nos conduziu a uma abordagem etnoecológica e etnobiológica que buscou de modo transversal em outras áreas do conhecimento, análise das sobreposições territoriais existentes; dos processos de territorialização-desterritorialização-reterritorialização das terras indígenas; elucidação das experiências coletivas vividas no território da pesquisa, como captação das mediações e análise das contradições inerentes aos processos sociais de incorporação do trabalho na pesca artesanal pela lógica mercantil da carcinocultura. Esse processo possibilitou elucidar que a pesca artesanal continuará sendo uma atividade econômica atrativa, tanto pela condição de sobrevivência dos povos indígenas como pela manutenção desse território protegido. Todavia, as experiências desenvolvidas, apontam para a necessidade de fortalecimento desse território pertencente aos povos indígenas (desde a sua origem), para uma gestão ambiental renovada ou ―modernizada‖, onde a fiscalização seja exercida como prática similar à auditoria ambiental. O que nos permite afirmar que as vivencias da pesca artesanal na APA do Mamanguape sofrem interferências conflitantes devido às conexões existentes com a dinâmica produtiva do capitalismo contemporâneo, expresso naquele território pela carcinocultura. Contudo, a primeira Conferência da Politica Indigenista na Paraíba tem grande potencial para se configurar como impulsionadora de transformação social. Esse espaço, neste início de século se afirma como ambiente de abertura ao diálogo e ao convencimento entre sociedade civil e agentes públicos. Espera-se que um novo ciclo participativo possa ampliar sua face societária e, ao mesmo tempo, promova uma conexão mais imediata entre a consulta à sociedade indigenista e a efetividade das decisões na execução de políticas públicas

O comportamento animal associado a características morfológicas fornece evidências para um melhor entendimento de como o comportamento sexual tem evoluído, e como os organismos podem maximizar seu sucesso reprodutivo. Fatores como tamanho, reservas de energia e outros caracteres sexuais como a coloração são essenciais para o melhor desempenho em relação a outros indivíduos da mesma espécie. Estes podem transmitir informação da qualidade do macho para outros machos co-específicos como também para às fêmeas. Esta qualidade, guarda relação com a condição física (reservas de energia) que possuem, e é necessária para ter sucesso na reprodução. Sendo a reprodução uma das mais custosas em términos energéticos em comparação a outras atividades, é de se esperar que os animais invistam a maioria das reservas no comportamento reprodutivo, o qual influencia no tipo de estratégia que eles adotam e à duração em tempo das interações relacionadas a reprodução, entre outras. Portanto indivíduos com características melhor desenvolvidas ou com boa condição física, terão uma vantagem na reprodução que os outros indivíduos da comunidade. Zenithoptera lanei é uma espécie neotropical presente no Brasil, da qual se tem poucos estudos sobre sua ecologia comportamental, sendo uns dos mais importante o realizado por Guillermo-Ferreira no 2015, para descrever as estruturas que conformam esta pruinosidade e sua função na comunicação intraespecífica. Neste estudo, descrevemos o comportamento sexual de Z. lanei (Libellulidae), com a hipótese que nesta espécie apresentam machos territoriais, e que a coloração de suas asas, o tamanho corporal e a reserva de energia (gordura) devem desempenham um papel importante na condição territorial. Assim, os machos com maior quantidade de energia e maior tamanho deveriam ganhar disputas, defender territórios e, portanto, manter a condição territorial. Além, avaliamos também se essa condição de territorialidade poderia influenciar o tempo de duração das cópulas e a oviposição pelas fêmeas. Os resultados mostraram que machos são territoriais, e esta territorialidade está relacionada com a condição física e tamanho. Sendo que, machos com maior tamanho corporal e maior quantidade de reservas de energia ganharam mais disputas e mantiveram um território. Apesar dos machos serem territoriais, não houve diferença entre a duração do tempo das interações reprodutivas para machos vencedores em comparação aos machos perdedores, indicando que o tempo de duração das interações reprodutivas não são influenciadas pela condição de territorialidade do macho. / Animal behavior associated with morphological characteristics supplies evidence for a better understanding of how sexual behavior has evolved, and how organisms can maximize their reproductive success. Factors such as size, fat reserves and other sexual characters such as coloration are essential to individual better performance in relation to conspecifics. These factors? Can bring information of the male quality to other conspecifics and females. This quality keeps relation with the physical condition (energy reserves) that they have which is required to succeed in breeding, as reproduction is one of the most expensive activity in energy cost in relation to other activities. The reproductive behavior is related to the individual fat reserves that influences, among other factors, in the condition that they adopt and to the duration in time of the related interactions to reproduction. Therefore, individuals with more developed characteristics or with better physical conditions will have an advantage in the reproduction comparing with other individuals of the community. The dragonfly Zenithoptera lanei is a Neotropical species present in Brazil, only studied so far by Guillermo-Ferreira in 2015, when structures that conform this pruinosity and his function in the intraspecific communication were described. In this study, describe the sexual behavior of Z. lanei (Libellulidae). Was hypothesized that in this species males present territorial behavior, and that the coloration of wings, body size and the energy reserves (fat) may play an important role in territorial condition and reproductive success. Thus, males with higher quantity of energy and larger size should win more disputes, defend territories and, therefore, maintain the territorial condition. In addition, was also assessed whether this condition of territoriality may influence the duration of the copulation and oviposition by females. The results showed that males are territorial, and its territoriality keeps relation with size and the physical condition. In other words, males with larger body and higher energy reserves have won more disputes and maintained a territory. Although males were territorial, there was no difference between the duration of reproductive interactions, winning males and losers, thus indicating that the reproductive interactions are not influenced by the condition of territoriality of the male.

Les places publiques d’Oran sont des espaces d’identification et de symbolique de la ville coloniale. Elles se donnent à voir par leurs caractéristiques physiques et esthétiques propres mais aussi par leur participation à la vie urbaine. Cependant, la croissance de la ville a contribué à la redistribution des pratiques de sociabilité dans l’espace urbain. La recherche sur les places publiques d’Oran se doit donc de contribuer à une réflexion plus large sur la fabrique des espaces publics urbains et de s’inscrire dans l’actualité de la recherche urbaine sur le monde arabe et méditerranéen. Dans cette perspective se posent trois questions fondamentales. Celle des héritages d’un urbanisme issu de la culture européenne « exporté » vers la rive sud de la Méditerranée. Celle de la conception et de la gestion actuelles des espaces publics par les pouvoirs locaux, les opérateurs techniques, et les divers acteurs. Et celle enfin des usages contemporains de ces espaces par les usagers-habitants. Les usages des places et des lieux urbains à Oran sont réels, parfois même surprenants. Ils sont étroitement liés à leur position dans la ville, à leur configuration formelle et visuelle, et à la qualité de leur aménagement. Ils sont aussi inhérents à la place qu’ils occupent dans l’imaginaire collectif. Ces aspects essentiels à la fabrique des espaces publics ne sont pas, cependant, pris en compte dans les pratiques urbanistiques contemporaines. Le problème de la reconnaissance de l’espace public en tant qu’espace autorisant le vivre ensemble dans la grande ville, structurant l’espace urbain et accessible à tous, reste fondamentalement posé à Oran. / Oran public squares are identification and symbolic spaces of the colonial city. They are given to see by their physical and aesthetic characteristics but also by their participation in urban life. However, the growth of the city contributes to the redistribution of sociability in urban space. Research on public squares of Oran therefore has thus to contribute to a broader thought on making urban public spaces and to be part of the current urban research on the Arab and Mediterranean World. In this issue, three fundamental questions arose. That of legacies of town planning coming from European culture "exported" to the southern bank of the Mediterranean Sea. That of the current design and management of public spaces by local authorities, technical operators and various actors. And finally that of contemporary uses of these spaces by local users. Social practices of squares and urban places in Oran are real, sometimes surprising. They are closely related to their position in the city, their urban and visual form, and the quality of their installations. They are also inherent in the position they have in the collective imaginary. These important aspects in making public spaces, however, are not regarded in contemporary urban practices. The problem of the recognition of the public space as public realm, organizing the urban space and accessible to all, is fundamentally questioned in Oran.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:31:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilberto Spier.pdf: 3525348 bytes, checksum: 6d75c9dd6d2965b66e26319878f8a560 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-07 / Brazilian agriculture has been going, in the last decades, through deep transformations conducted by a process of modernization, idealized aiming at integrating, systematically, industry and agricultural activities, through modern technologies. The main argument to implement modern technology was to reduce the famine in the planet. Therefore, thousands of Brazilian peasants were affected by such transformations. Some of them changed their way and were assimilated; others, were sent away from the rural area, while others still resist to the agricultural modernization process. The main verified changes were: the physical energy was being substituted by mechanic energy, where motorized equipment were present; in the genetic field, the seeds and hybrid races substituted the common or creole ones and, in chemistry, the intensive use of synthetic fertilizers and poisons altered the relation between the farmer and the environment. In Vicente Dutra- RS, small municipality, situated at northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul State, started having agricultural modernization around 1960. Among the main consequences it could be highlighted the rural deterritorialization, where hundreds of families were deterritorialized from the field activity, the great majority moving to cities searching for a place to live and work, decreasing, consequently, the local community in absolute number. Although many transformations occurred, many peasants continue to develop an agriculture of resistance to the agricultural modern process and they keep important links to field agriculture. In the field can be noticed significant changes, such as: alterations to traditional alimentation; solidarity gave room to individuality; soil was degraded, increasing the cost of production; streams and rivers were poisoned, and the commercial land dominated the landscape. The rural territory of Vicente Dutra-RS shows, in its great part, the faces of agricultural modernization. Even though, it is possible to identify some forms of reaction to the thought of agricultural modernization, such as: the growing of traditional subsistence; cooperativism, and initiatives of transformation of production to direct sale to the final consumer. Therefore, the agricultural modernization installed in Vicente Dutra-RS is partial, and the peasants keep, even with certain difficulty, their traditional uses and customs. / A agricultura brasileira tem passado, nas últimas décadas, por profundas transformações conduzidas por um processo de modernização, idealizado no sentido de integrar, sistematicamente, as atividades agrícolas e a indústria, através de modernas tecnologias. O principal argumento para a implantação da modernização agrícola era minorar a fome no planeta. Assim, milhares de camponeses brasileiros foram afetados por tais transformações, muitos mudaram de rumo e foram assimilados, outros foram desterritorializados do campo, enquanto outros resistem ao processo de modernização da agricultura. As principais mudanças verificadas foram: a energia física foi sendo substituída pela energia mecânica, onde entraram os equipamentos motorizados; na área da genética, as sementes e raças híbridas substituíram as comuns ou crioulas e, na química, o uso intensivo de adubos sintéticos e venenos alterou a relação do agricultor com o ambiente. Em Vicente Dutra-RS, pequeno município, situado na região noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, foi na década de 1960 que teve início a modernização agrícola. Dentre as principais consequências dá para destacar a desterritorialização rural, pela qual centenas de famílias foram desterritorializadas da atividade camponesa, a maioria se deslocou para as cidades em busca de lugar para viver e trabalhar, o que faz diminuir a população local em números absolutos. Apesar de muitas transformações, muitos camponeses continuam desenvolvendo uma agricultura de resistência ao processo de modernização agrícola e mantêm importantes laços com o que se pode chamar de agricultura camponesa. As mudanças foram significativas no campo, como: alteração nas tradições alimentares; a solidariedade que cedeu lugar ao individualismo; os solos degradaram-se, aumentando o custo de produção; os riachos e rios foram assoreados e envenenados, e as lavouras comerciais passaram a dominar a paisagem. A territorialidade rural de Vicente Dutra-RS passou a apresentar, na sua maior parte, a feição da modernização agrícola. Mesmo assim, é possível identificar algumas formas de reação ao pensamento único da modernização da agricultura, como: cultivos tradicionais de subsistência; associativismo e iniciativas de transformação da produção para venda direta ao consumidor final. Desta forma, a modernização agrícola instalada em Vicente Dutra-RS é parcial e o campesinato mantém, mesmo com certas dificuldades, seus costumes e usos tradicionais.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Parte 1.pdf: 690727 bytes, checksum: 04d8300beebfa3fcca484f8b3296af09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-10 / From a study about APOP Organic Producers Association of Pérola do Oeste, Paraná state, we identify difficulties that family agriculture based on organic technology faces to expand it self in the Territory Southwest of Paraná. We rescue information for understanding the territorial dynamics emphasizing, since 1950, when APOP´s family members came to county and bought their farms. The study examines the views of family farming organizations (Cresol System, System Coopafi, Sisclaf, Cooperiguaçu, Assesoar), private initiatives (Gebana, Gralha Azul) and government (Emater). We identified local experiences of organic agriculture for municipalities to demonstrate the territorialization that occurs in the Southwest of Paraná. The potential expansion of organic agriculture is defended by all respondents, in spite of differences of how to do it. The concordances are about activities that have greater potential to expand, were mentioned in horticulture and organic milk. The arguments for these activities emphasize that the organic model does not generate more work than the conventional model. The directors of the studied organizations suggest that family farms invest in food production for the population of the Territory. / A partir de um estudo de caso da APOP Associação de Produtores Orgânicos de Pérola do Oeste/PR, identificamos dificuldades que a agricultura familiar com base tecnológica orgânica enfrenta para expandir-se no Território Sudoeste do Paraná. Resgatamos informações para entendimento da dinâmica territorial enfatizando, a partir de 1950, quando as familias dos associados à APOP chegaram ao município e adquiriram suas propriedades agrícolas. O estudo contempla a opinião das organizações da agricultura familiar (Sistema Cresol, Sistema Coopafi, Sisclaf, Cooperiguaçu, Assesoar), iniciativa privada (Gebana, Gralha Azul) e governo (Emater). Identificamos experiências locais da agricultura orgânica por municípios para demonstrar a territorialização que ocorre no Sudoeste do Paraná. O potencial de expansão da agricultura orgânica é defendido por todos os entrevistados, ainda que, com divergências de como fazê-lo. As concordâncias estão em torno das atividades que tem maior potencial de se expandir, sendo citadas a horticultura e o leite orgânico. As argumentações defendem que para estas atividades o modelo orgânico não gera mais trabalho que o modelo convencional. As organizações entrevistadas propõem à agricultura familiar investir na produção de alimentos para a população do Território.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilberto Spier.pdf: 3525348 bytes, checksum: 6d75c9dd6d2965b66e26319878f8a560 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-07 / Brazilian agriculture has been going, in the last decades, through deep transformations conducted by a process of modernization, idealized aiming at integrating, systematically, industry and agricultural activities, through modern technologies. The main argument to implement modern technology was to reduce the famine in the planet. Therefore, thousands of Brazilian peasants were affected by such transformations. Some of them changed their way and were assimilated; others, were sent away from the rural area, while others still resist to the agricultural modernization process. The main verified changes were: the physical energy was being substituted by mechanic energy, where motorized equipment were present; in the genetic field, the seeds and hybrid races substituted the common or creole ones and, in chemistry, the intensive use of synthetic fertilizers and poisons altered the relation between the farmer and the environment. In Vicente Dutra- RS, small municipality, situated at northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul State, started having agricultural modernization around 1960. Among the main consequences it could be highlighted the rural deterritorialization, where hundreds of families were deterritorialized from the field activity, the great majority moving to cities searching for a place to live and work, decreasing, consequently, the local community in absolute number. Although many transformations occurred, many peasants continue to develop an agriculture of resistance to the agricultural modern process and they keep important links to field agriculture. In the field can be noticed significant changes, such as: alterations to traditional alimentation; solidarity gave room to individuality; soil was degraded, increasing the cost of production; streams and rivers were poisoned, and the commercial land dominated the landscape. The rural territory of Vicente Dutra-RS shows, in its great part, the faces of agricultural modernization. Even though, it is possible to identify some forms of reaction to the thought of agricultural modernization, such as: the growing of traditional subsistence; cooperativism, and initiatives of transformation of production to direct sale to the final consumer. Therefore, the agricultural modernization installed in Vicente Dutra-RS is partial, and the peasants keep, even with certain difficulty, their traditional uses and customs. / A agricultura brasileira tem passado, nas últimas décadas, por profundas transformações conduzidas por um processo de modernização, idealizado no sentido de integrar, sistematicamente, as atividades agrícolas e a indústria, através de modernas tecnologias. O principal argumento para a implantação da modernização agrícola era minorar a fome no planeta. Assim, milhares de camponeses brasileiros foram afetados por tais transformações, muitos mudaram de rumo e foram assimilados, outros foram desterritorializados do campo, enquanto outros resistem ao processo de modernização da agricultura. As principais mudanças verificadas foram: a energia física foi sendo substituída pela energia mecânica, onde entraram os equipamentos motorizados; na área da genética, as sementes e raças híbridas substituíram as comuns ou crioulas e, na química, o uso intensivo de adubos sintéticos e venenos alterou a relação do agricultor com o ambiente. Em Vicente Dutra-RS, pequeno município, situado na região noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, foi na década de 1960 que teve início a modernização agrícola. Dentre as principais consequências dá para destacar a desterritorialização rural, pela qual centenas de famílias foram desterritorializadas da atividade camponesa, a maioria se deslocou para as cidades em busca de lugar para viver e trabalhar, o que faz diminuir a população local em números absolutos. Apesar de muitas transformações, muitos camponeses continuam desenvolvendo uma agricultura de resistência ao processo de modernização agrícola e mantêm importantes laços com o que se pode chamar de agricultura camponesa. As mudanças foram significativas no campo, como: alteração nas tradições alimentares; a solidariedade que cedeu lugar ao individualismo; os solos degradaram-se, aumentando o custo de produção; os riachos e rios foram assoreados e envenenados, e as lavouras comerciais passaram a dominar a paisagem. A territorialidade rural de Vicente Dutra-RS passou a apresentar, na sua maior parte, a feição da modernização agrícola. Mesmo assim, é possível identificar algumas formas de reação ao pensamento único da modernização da agricultura, como: cultivos tradicionais de subsistência; associativismo e iniciativas de transformação da produção para venda direta ao consumidor final. Desta forma, a modernização agrícola instalada em Vicente Dutra-RS é parcial e o campesinato mantém, mesmo com certas dificuldades, seus costumes e usos tradicionais.

Competition over mating opportunities is a conspicuous characteristic of animal behaviour. In many butterfly species the males establish territories in places advantageous for encountering females. This thesis addresses questions about how territoriality has evolved and is maintained in butterflies. The studies have been conducted using the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria, as a model species. Males of P. aegeria are found in sunspots on the forest floor (paper I-V), on the lookout for females visiting the sunspots. However, males are only found in sunspots above a certain size (paper III). This behavior is maintained by a mating success advantage, where using large sunspots instead of small sunspots as perching areas generates a higher reproductive output (paper I). The mating success asymmetry is not explained by female choice or by a female preference for large sunspots per se (paper I, V), but rather the large sunspot facilitates visual performance of perching males and improves flight pursuit and interception of females (paper III). Winners of territorial contests gain sole ownership of large sunspot territories, while losers search for a new suitable sunspot territory (paper I, II & IV) or use smaller, suboptimal sunspots as perching sites (paper II). Territorial contests between P. aegeria males are not settled due to an obvious morphological/physiological asymmetry (paper I). Rather, variation in resource value and motivational asymmetries are important for settling contests (paper IV). A majority of male-female interactions (paper V) and matings (paper I) are initiated by a perching male detecting and intercepting a flying female. Furthermore, females can affect their chances of being detected by a perching male by behaving more conspicuously (paper V). This thesis highlights the role of female behaviour, variation in resource value and motivation asymmetries to understand the evolution of territoriality in butterflies.

Attraverso lo studio della disciplina giuridica dell’ente parrocchia nella sua evoluzione storica, dapprima sono stati enucleati i principi sottesi alla legislazione di riferimento, canonica statuale e concordataria, e, poi, sono state analizzate le loro diverse concretizzazioni a livello normativo. Si tratta del principio gerarchico, di quello comunitario e di partecipazione, del principio di sussidiarietà, del principio di collaborazione e del principio territoriale, analizzati nei rapporti istituzionali tra la parrocchia e la diocesi, nei rapporti interni alla comunità parrocchiale, nelle relazioni tra istituzioni ecclesiastiche ed istituzioni civili. Si è evidenziato come l’ufficio ecclesiale del parroco, pur ancora gerarchicamente subordinato all’Ordinario diocesano, non sia più di natura vicariale; come ci sia stata una crescente valorizzazione del principio di partecipazione e dei profili di corresponsabilità di tutti i fedeli nell’edificazione della Chiesa, come Stato e Chiesa, abbandonando la reciproca diffidenza, abbia rinnovato l’impegno alla fattiva collaborazione per il benessere sociale, con un’adeguata attenzione da parte di entrambi alle esigenze del territorio. / Through the study of the rules I have specified the most important principles of the parish, territorial subdivision of the diocese recognized by the State. I have analysed the relation between the parish priest and the bishop, the relation between parish priest, who has the responsibility and the canonical authority over the parish, and the local community, the relation between the parish and the civil institutions to promote the social welfare.

The aim of thesis is to evaluate criticisms directed to high-rise buildings which have firstly used for residential purposes with modernism in terms of their hindering social contact, and to explain in what kind of spaces the residents of high-rise building sustain their social and environmental contacts. This form was aimed to be used as the building type of high-rise, low density urban form in CIAM meeting for decreasing health problems created by industrialization on individuals. In contrast, Team 10 criticized high-rise residential buildings by propounding disposal of street and not gathering people by using green areas. They propounded the urban element which is low-rise spreading in horizontal as the form of increment of social connection. In this study, principally diversified existence of social and environmental communication space are advocated in every urban environment depending on distinctive spatial organizations. Matrix study was made depending on height, density and coverage as three inputs of residential types, and the idea defended was tried to be proven. Communication spaces in high-rise residential buildings were analyzed in urban design and architecture scales. For this purpose, urban design scaled study was analyzed in the frame of territoriality which is related to the main topic of the thesis as residential area, and public and private space continuity types came into prominence. Architecture spaces constituting social and environmental contiguity spaces in high-rise residences were discussed in the frame of contemporary buildings and utopias. The explanation of diversified connection spaces in high-rise residential blocks will be hold.

<p>The goal of this dissertation is to inquire into how states balance economic motivations and security concerns when pursuing sovereignty at borders. More precisely, the dissertation examines tradeoffs between interdependence sovereignty -control over transborder flows--and Westphalian sovereignty defined as exclusion of external actors from states' authoritative space. Focusing on control over cross-border human mobility as the issue area, I put forward the <italic>securitized interdependence framework</italic> as a theory that encompasses economic and security logics of policy-making. Because migration control rests at the nexus of economic/material and geopolitical/military dimensions of state security, it provides an ideal testing ground for observing the interaction of economic and security motives. The theoretical framework draws on the literature on complex interdependence and the logic of the trading state to postulate empirically verifiable propositions on migration control policies. </p><p>The central claim of the dissertation is that human mobility is conditionally securitized and that security logics are modulated by material/economic incentives. Facing informational asymmetries vis-à-vis transnational terrorists, states rely on migration and border control strategies to screen and deter non-state threats to security. However, economic interdependence--trade and capital ties--mitigates fears over transnational terrorism by reconfiguring state preferences, bolstering the relative salience of material concerns in policy-making, tempering perceptions of threat, and creating vested interests at the domestic level. </p><p>To test the theory I have collected and compiled data on i)visa restrictions for pairs of 207 X 207 directed dyads ii)visa rejection rates for European Union and/or Schengen member countries for the period 2003-2007, and iii)asylum recognition rates for 20 select OECD recipient states for the period 1980-2007. I then use this data to test the implications of the theory by distinguishing between economic/voluntary and political/involuntary migration. Additionally, I tease out the distinct effects of two different types of security concerns over transnational terrorism: a reputational effect that considers origin country citizens' involvement in terrorism incidents worldwide and a targeted/directed impact through which states take into account past experience as targets of terrorism. To illustrate the effect of economic interdependence, I analyze trade and capital flows separately and illustrate that both types of commercial ties facilitate liberalization of controls over human mobility through direct and indirect mechanisms. </p><p>I employ a variety of statistical techniques to study the effect of economic and security concerns including several cross-sectional time series techniques, structural break and recursive residual tests for temporal change, and maximum likelihood. Furthermore, I complement my quantitative empirical analysis with an in-depth process tracing approach that traces the evolution of Turkey's migration policies in the context of Turkey's post-1980 economic liberalization. The qualitative analysis makes use of primary and secondary resources obtained from archival field work in Ankara and Istanbul, Turkey.</p><p>The dissertation demonstrates that the impact of security concerns over transnational terrorism is contingent on the type of migration policy under consideration. In particular, policies of control over involuntary/political migration are guided by humanitarian and normative motives, limiting the effect of security concerns. Furthermore, the securitization of visa policies is strongest if recipient states are directly targeted by incidents of transnational terrorism perpetrated by origin country nationals. While states take into account incidents of global terrorism ---attacks against other country nationals or territories by origin country citizens-- this channel of impact is more modest. Additionally, empirical results show that economic interdependence effectively undercuts the effect of global terrorism, driving migration control policies towards liberalization. In sum, the dissertation demonstrates that ways in which states assert interdependence sovereignty exhibit temporal and cross-sectional variation as well as functional differentiation across types of border and migration control policies.</p> / Dissertation