The thesis examines the ability of animals to construct a home base. The home base is a point in space where animals rear, groom, and circle and is a primary element in organized spatial behaviour (Eilam and Golani 1989). Once animals establish a home base, they make outward trips and stops, and after a series of trips and stops they return again to the home base. The home base behaviour of animals acts as a platform for asking questions about the cognitive organization of an environment. The thesis describes five main findings. Control and hippocampectomized animals use (1) proximal and (2) distal cues to form a home base and organize their behaviour. (3) Control and olfactory bulbectomized animals form home bases in the dark where as hippocampectomized animals are impaired suggesting self-movement but not olfactory cues play a role in home base behaviour. A final set of experiments demonstrated that control and hippocampectomized animals learn the position of (4) proximal and (5) distal cues so that in the cue's absence, animals still form a home base at that position. The demonstration that a central feature of exploratory behaviour, establishing a home base, is preserved in hippocampectomized rats in relation to proximal, distal, and conditioned visual cues - reveals that exploratory behaviour remains organized after hippocampal lesions. The inability of hippocampectomized rats to form a virtual home base in the absence of visual cues is discussed in relation to the idea that the hippocampus contributes to inertial behaviour that may be dependent upon self-movement cues. / xv, 232 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.

Studiet har haft til formål at undersøge, hvorledes to fagprofessioners rolleopfattelse påvirker deres arbejde og indbyrdes relation inden for klinisk anæstesi. Der er valgt et kvalitativt afsæt med et salutogenetisk perspektiv med hovedvægt på at skabe et billede af forventningerne til den gode fagprofessionelle og det gode samarbejde. Samtidig afdækkes forskellige potentielle konfliktfelter. Rolleopfattelsen fremstår som et handlingsideal, der har fælles træk uafhængigt af professionsbaggrund. Der synes at være god overensstemmelsen mellem professionernes forventninger til rolle og mandat. Dette kan danne basis for et godt samarbejde, men samtidig skabe grobund for konflikter. Der afdækkes en anerkendelse af værdien af begge fagprofessioners spidskompetencer i mødet med patienten. Typen af samspil mellem professionerne er afhængig af opgavernes karakter samt deltagernes personlighed og erfaringer. Overføring af opgaver til den anden profession kan opfattes som en provokation mod professionernes integritet. Hierarki og revirbeskyttelse synes at kunne give anledning til en vis rigiditet i arbejdets organisering. Viden og færdigheder udveksles på tværs af professionerne. Dette islæt af empowerment synes at resultere i en unik kollegialitet og binding. Ingen af de fagprofessionelle ønsker at arbejde i en monofaglig kontekst. Men den udtalte overlapning kan give anledning til mellemmenneskelige udfordringer i forhold til både at give hinanden rum samtidig med, at man kræver plads til egne kompetencer og værdier. / The study has had the purpose of examining how the self-perception of two professions affects their work and mutual relation in the area of clinical anaesthesia. A qualitative starting point with a salutogenetic perspective has been chosen with emphasis on creating a clear picture of expectations about what is good professionally and what is good teamwork. Concurrently, different potential areas of conflict are uncovered. The perception of roles appears as an ideal about how to act, which has common features independently of professional background. There appears to be good accordance between the different professions and their expectations of roles and mandate. This can create a basis for good co-operation, but at the same be a cause of conflict. Acknowledgement of the value of both professions’ core competences in dealing with patients is uncovered. The type of teamwork between the professions is dependent on the character of the assignment as well as the participants’ personality and experience. Transferral of assignments to the other profession can be seen as provocation against the integrity of both professions. Hierarchy and turf-protection appears to give rise to certain rigidity in the organisation of the work. Knowledge and skills are exchanged across the professions. This strain of empowerment seems to result in a unique collegiate spirit and binding. Neither of the two professions want to work in a mono professional context. But the pronounced overlap can give rise to inter-human challenges in connection to giving each other space while also demanding room for one’s own competencies and values. / <p>ISBN 978-9185721-40-5</p>

Territorial disputes between Japan and South Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima) and Japan, Taiwan, and China (the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands) are characteristic of post-war East Asian diplomacy. This thesis explores these ongoing territorial disputes, problematizing Realist arguments by which these disputes are analyzed as matters of territorial or resource nationalism, or as the result of legal complications or security concerns. Instead, it is argued that we should look to ideologies of nationalism to understand seemingly extreme emotional reactions over these 'rocks' which threaten to destabilize Northeast Asia. These islands are treated as 'sublime' symbols of the nation and irredentist arguments which support the Japanese, Korean, and Chinese positions read history through a lens of essentialized notions of 'a people' or 'a nation', and in the process help define both.

Territorial disputes between Japan and South Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima) and Japan, Taiwan, and China (the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands) are characteristic of post-war East Asian diplomacy. This thesis explores these ongoing territorial disputes, problematizing Realist arguments by which these disputes are analyzed as matters of territorial or resource nationalism, or as the result of legal complications or security concerns. Instead, it is argued that we should look to ideologies of nationalism to understand seemingly extreme emotional reactions over these 'rocks' which threaten to destabilize Northeast Asia. These islands are treated as 'sublime' symbols of the nation and irredentist arguments which support the Japanese, Korean, and Chinese positions read history through a lens of essentialized notions of 'a people' or 'a nation', and in the process help define both.

This thesis analyses the traditional notion of jurisdiction in the light of Internet based activities which are inherently decentralised and ubiquitous. It is clear that the unique nature of the Internet has undermined the very foundation of the traditional notion of jurisdiction and the territorially based concepts of law and their application. Which court should hear disputes arising out of Internet activities? On what grounds may a court assert or decline the jurisdiction? These are perplexing questions currently facing courts worldwide because of the trans-national nature of the Internet by which people can transcend borders readily and rapidly. One simple and straightforward factor confronting lawmakers is that while most laws have a territorial nexus, the Internet defies the notion of territoriality. Traditionally, judicial jurisdiction has been exercised on a number of bases, such as where the defendant resides, whether the defendant is present within the forum and whether the defendant has property in the forum or not. These elements have been made largely irrelevant by the Internet. The Internet does not respect traditional boundaries and territories and it can even enable people to cross borders without any physical mobility. For instance, people are able to interact and even do business without revealing their identity. In the absence of any definite international law on Internet jurisdiction, how have the courts responded to this challenge? This thesis has examined the recent case law in Australia, United States of America and France. In examining the case authorities, the only conclusion that can be reached is that current court approaches are unworkable. This thesis has also examined some international proposals on the matter and found them to be deficient. Now, the dilemma before us is this: on the one hand, the present court approaches on Internet jurisdiction are unworkable. On the other hand, there is no clear international guidance to govern the jurisdictional issue. I believe this book makes a small contribution towards this perplexing question by proposing a new transnational principle which could be achieved through a "trans-national judicial dialogue". Trans-national judicial dialogue can play a significant role in the creation, recognition, and enforcement of global norms. There are a number of benefits to be gained if this approach is adopted in Internet jurisdiction cases. Ideally, trans-national judicial dialogue would reduce the conflicts among courts and foster a consensual approach, thus providing a stable and predictable paradigm for the crucial issue of jurisdiction. Moreover, the parties involved in a case would be prevented from forum shopping in search of a forum with a greater likelihood of a favourable decision. Also, courts would not be able to decline jurisdiction merely because of foreign elements involved. This may be the most appropriate global approach which is urgently required to address an increasingly global problem.

Cette thèse de géographie porte sur la mobilité internationale des artistes. Mes travaux ont consisté à étudier les pratiques et les discours des artistes rhônalpins, plus spécifiquement dans le domaine du spectacle vivant, au regard des politiques culturelles et de leurs dispositifs. J’ai questionné ces pratiques (déplacements, construction de projets, création, diffusion) dans leur relation à l’espace et aux territoires, non par le prisme de l’ancrage mais par celui d’une mobilité internationale qui paraissait tout autant normale que valorisée aux yeux des artistes. Sur un plan théorique, ces pratiques ont été interrogées à travers la notion de nomadisme, abondamment mobilisée tant par les analystes que par les artistes eux-mêmes. La thèse consiste à déconstruire la conception de la mobilité des artistes comme une pratique nomade en proposant une analyse en termes de spatialités et de territorialités, laquelle décline plusieurs modalités de relations à la distance, au mouvement, aux institutions et à l’altérité. De 2012 à 2014, j’ai bâti et appliqué un protocole méthodologique impliquant tout d’abord la construction d’un terrain mobile afin de capter et comprendre au mieux le mouvement dans l’espace. Cette méthodologie a consisté à articuler un point de vue fixe (étude des politiques culturelles à plusieurs niveaux, des données issues du dispositif de la Région et des discours d’opérateurs culturels) et un point de vu mobile (entretien avec des artistes mobiles à l’international et observation de projets d’artistes à Montréal, Ouagadougou et Barcelone). Cette thèse dessine une géographie de la mondialisation culturelle par les voyages des artistes. Découlant des déplacements, elle reflète les affinités des artistes mais aussi les espaces de projection des territoires dont ils sont issus ainsi que des dynamiques de développement des marchés du spectacle vivant. Cette géographie relativise le poids du cadre européen et met en lumière un jeu de territorialités qui articule les ici (composés des relations institutionnelles aux différents niveaux de territoires dans lesquels les artistes s’inscrivent) et les ailleurs (composés des différentes destinations et de leur poids symbolique, humain et matériel investi puis véhiculé artistiquement). Loin d’un nomadisme généralisé et généralisant, l’étude des territorialités mobiles des artistes est révélatrice d’un rôle politique et symbolique des territoires dans la mondialisation culturelle. / This dissertation deals with the international mobility of artists, especially about performing arts in relation with cultural policies. The object of my study is artistic practices (displacements, projects, creation, distribution) in connection with space and territories. This is not tackled from the angle of anchorage but from that of mobility, expressed by artists as a normal and valorised activity. These practices have been questioned through the prism of nomadism - a notion that has been massively used by mobility analysts as well as by mobility actors themselves and criticized in the context of the new mobilities paradigm. In accordance with this paradigm, the dissertation discusses this romantic reading of mobility by analysing artistic mobility in terms of spatialities and territories, in relation with distance, movement, institutions or otherness. From 2012 to 2014, I applied mobile methods by building a mobile field in order to focus on and understand spatial movement. This methodology articulates a static point of view (study of cultural policies, of data from institutions and of cultural operators’ speeches) and a mobile one (interviews with artists on the move, observations abroad). This dissertation draws a geography of cultural globalization based on artists’ travels. It shows places visited by French artists in the context of economic trends and geopolitical logics. This geography balances the weight of the European Union as a political framework for cultural policies and artistic cooperation. It also lays emphasis on the relation with territories articulating places here (a multi-level institutional relationship) and places elsewhere (a multi-located way of creating). Far from the generalising idea of nomadism, this territorial study by artistic mobility reveals a political and symbolic action of territories in cultural globalization.

O objeto desta tese é o próprio trabalho antropológico e etnográfico quando imerso em situações de perícia. Os contextos de perícia antropológica evidenciam um complexo quadro social, repleto de agentes e nuances que nem sempre são contemplados no texto do laudo ou do relatório técnico. Discutir as vicissitudes do trabalho de campo e da etnografia nestas situações produz um alargamento conceitual tanto da maneira como interpretamos os trabalhos técnicos, como também do próprio universo da antropologia social. Procuro problematizar a minha participação – na condição de antropólogoperito – na produção de relatórios técnicos de reconhecimento territorial de comunidades quilombolas no Brasil. Procuro evidenciar como a variabilidade de contextos etnográficos apresentados desafia qualquer tentativa de operação dedutiva simples tendo como referência a categoria quilombo. Parto de premissa acerca da existência de um diálogo criativo entre os casos empíricos, operações classificatórias oficiais e as categorias antropológicas. Tendo como base situações e “cenas” de meu trabalho de campo em comunidades quilombolas do Rio Grande do Sul e do Sergipe, demonstro a existência de camadas do reconhecimento social, da criatividade da memória coletiva, e de elementos das territorialidades, nem sempre visíveis ou apreensíveis no âmbito da operação do relatório técnico. O aparato legal que rege a questão quilombola (artigo 68 do Ato das Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias da Constituição Federal e suas derivações infraconstitucionais) funciona como enquadramento fundamental de produção identitária destes grupos sociais, não se apresentando, contudo, como o único. Neste sentido, existem diferentes enquadramentos que dialogam com as historicidades dos grupos e que produzem uma dinâmica classificatória de natureza complexa. / The main purpose of this thesis is to study the anthropological and ethnographic work when applied to the context of technical anthropological reports. On discussing the complexity of fieldwork and ethnography on these situations, I seek to offer a broader view of the ways we interpret the technical reports, as well as the social anthropology field itself. This work has as background the innovations brought by the article 68 of the Federal Constitution - and its infraconstitutional derivations – in what concerns quilombolas territorial rights. It intends to problematize my participation – in the condition of expert anthropologist - in the production of technical reports of territorial acknowledgement of quilombolas communities in Brazil. I seek to highlight how the variability of the etnographic contexts presented defy any attempt of simple deductive operation using as reference the quilombola category. I start from the premise about the existence of a creative dialogue between empirical cases, official classificatory operations and the anthropological categories. Using as base the situations and “scenes” from my field work with quilombolas communities of the Rio Grande do Sul and Sergipe, I demonstrate the existence of layers of social recognition, of creativity of the collective memory, and of elements of territorialities, not always visible and apprehensible within the scope of the operation of the technical report. The legal apparatus that dictates the quilombolas’ question works as a fundamental framework of the identitary production of these social groups, not being present, however, as a sole feature. In this sense, there are different frameworks that dialogue with the historicities of the groups and that produce a classificatory dynamics of complex nature.

A partir da abertura comercial brasileira em 1990, verifica-se a ascensão de processos comerciais dinâmicos trazidos pela globalização. Assim, o fenômeno da multiterritorialidade surge como alternativa a estudos como o da internacionalização de empresas. Para atuar neste sentido, as organizações deparam-se com espaços físicos e simbólicos, de onde emergem os elementos de mesma ordem. Porém, poucos são os estudos acerca do fenômeno multiterritorial, tampouco sobre os elementos físicos e simbólicos. Além disso, tendo em vista que o estudo trata de uma trajetória histórica verificada através da análise de path dependence, estes elementos estarão presentes nas ações referentes a uma parceria entre organizações, as quais serão observadas através da ótica de seus respectivos stakeholders. A revisão teórica, portanto, focou-se na relação existente entre path dependence, e o desdobramento de um processo de projeção histórica sobre a multiterritorialidade, bem como acerca dos elementos físicos e simbólicos que a cercam. Deste modo, a teoria dos stakeholders veio auxiliar na categorização dos diferentes tipos de grupos ou indivíduos envolvidos, podendo afetar ou ser afetados, pelas organizações. Foi elaborado um estudo de caso diante da parceria de uma empresa multinacional à jusante da cadeia coureiro-calçadista, com uma empresa agente de exportação de calçados, da cidade brasileira de Novo Hamburgo, localizada no polo regional calçadista do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Os dados primários foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com stakeholders das duas empresas. Os principais dados secundários das empresas foram, respectivamente, na empresa multinacional, o website, o código de conduta na produção de calçados e apresentações documentais sobre a mesma, ao passo em que na empresa agente, o conteúdo pertinente foi alcançado através de publicações próprias e documentos oficiais, como o manual de qualidade empresarial. Os resultados apontam que a estrutura de análise da presente pesquisa foi um mecanismo válido para a identificação, observação e, estudo dos elementos físicos e simbólicos na trajetória multiterritorial da parceria internacional. Evidenciam também, os elementos que receberam mais atenção dos entrevistados, são eles: mudanças de sistemas, mudanças de processos, mudanças de práticas, mudanças de estilos de gestão, padronização, adesão a mudanças, interesses econômicos, abertura de mercados, declínio de mercado, impactos econômicos, impactos sociais e redução de operações. Estes elementos regem o fenômeno multiterritorial. Além disso, um resultado relevante encontrado na pesquisa foi a predominância de elementos de origem simbólica, o que deve ser ressaltado diante de pesquisas que não consideram tais elementos com tamanha importância na comparação com elementos materiais ou físicos. Na análise entre stakeholders do Brasil e EUA, os elementos físicos tiveram razoável importância e os simbólicos, muita importância, para ambos os países. Já na análise entre diferentes categorias de stakeholders, foi dada razoável importância aos elementos físicos por todos eles e, muita importância para os simbólicos por stakeholders e stakekeepers; contudo, para os stakewatchers, os elementos simbólicos são apenas importantes. Assim, a presente pesquisa poderá servir como alternativa para estudos que envolvam parcerias organizacionais e mudança territorial. Percebe-se a oportunidade obtida para o desenvolvimento exploratório acerca de elementos simbólicos que permeiam esses temas. Portanto, pode-se analisar ainda mais a percepção de stakeholders com relação a estes elementos simbólicos. / Since the opening of the brazilian international trade in 1990, there is the rise of dynamic business processes introduced by globalization. Thus, the phenomenon of multi-territoriality is an alternative to studies such as the internationalization of companies. To act in this way, organizations are faced with physical and symbolic spaces, from which emerge the elements of the same order. However, there are few studies about the multi-territory phenomenon, nor on the physical and symbolic elements. Moreover, considering that the study is reflected in a historical trajectory verified by path dependence analysis, these elements will make part of actions related to a partnership between organizations, which will be seen through the perspective of their respective stakeholders. The theoretical review, therefore, focused on the relationship between path dependence, and the development of a historical projection process about multi-territoriality, and about the physical and symbolic elements that surround it. Thus, the theory of stakeholders came assist in categorizing the different types of groups or individuals involved, which may affect or be affected by organizations. A case study was prepared for analyzing the partnership of a multinational in downstream of the leather footwear chain, with a business agent for export of shoes, located in the brazilian city of Novo Hamburgo, in the regional shoes cluster of Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with stakeholders of both companies. The main secondary data of the companies were, respectively, in the multinational company, the website, the code of conduct in the production of footwear, and the documentary presentations, while that in the agent company, the content has been achieved through its own publications and official documents, such as the corporate quality manual. The results indicate that the structure of analysis of this research was a valid mechanism for identification, observation and study of physical and symbolic elements in the multi-territory trajectory of international partnership. Also highlight the elements that received the most attention from respondents, they are: changes of systems, changes of processes, changes of practices, changes of management styles, standardization, adherence to changes, economic interests, opening markets, declining of market, economic impacts, social impacts and reduction of operations. These elements guide the multi-territorial phenomenon. Moreover, a relevant result found in the research was the predominance of symbolic origin’s elements, what should be emphasized since there are researches that do not consider such elements with this importance in comparison with material or physical elements. Analyzing stakeholders from Brazil and USA, the physical elements were considered reasonably important, and the symbolic very important, for both countries. In the analysis among different categories of stakeholders, has been given reasonable importance to the physical elements by all of them, and the symbolic elements were considered very important by stakeholders and stakekeepers; although, for stakewatchers, the symbolic elements are merely important. Thus, this research may serve as an alternative to studies involving organizational partnerships and territorial change. This can be seen as the opportunity for exploratory development on the symbolic elements that permeate these themes. Therefore, the perception of stakeholders can be even more analyzed, regarding these symbolic elements.

O crescimento das periferias em Porto Alegre é uma realidade incontestável. O que talvez ainda seja pouco explorada é a noção da temporalidade envolvida nos processo migratórios das populações para a periferia. Ou seja, as pessoas migram para a periferia de Porto Alegre há pelo menos 40 anos. Nosso trabalho nesta dissertação foi colocar o foco de investigação sobre o tema as motivações que a etnia negra teve para realizar trajetórias de migração para a periferia de Porto Alegre. E também entender suas estratégia de ajustamento ao novo meio, inaugurando ali um novo território. Dentro deste contexto de visão de uma oportunidade de vida, a forma como se deu a ocupação do bairro. Analisamos a questão da paisagem: suas alterações a longo de 40 anos, percebendo na fala dos entrevistados a busca por um ambiente bem estruturado para si e suas famílias. Podendo desta forma deixar um legado para filhos e netos. / The elaboration of the thought and the reflection concerning derives of the Brazilian social space, as well as specifically of the periphery, is a challenge. In the direction of that this universe accumulates of stocks many important slight knowledge for geography human being and the social thought. For example: the daily one, social classrooms, social papers, territoriality and identity. This context is established in a gamma of meanings and starts to represent devoir of the modern man, of form that it has greater social visibility. This we believe must be the paper of cultural geography. To make the readings of this series of questions of the subjectivity of the man in the relative questions to the land, the social space and the place specifically the periphery. The reflection of these slight knowledge brings in itself, the mark of that we live an age of successions of events in the time and history and that all our actions assume an irreversible character. We are actors searching adjustments and readjustments all the moment, in our daily one. Most difficult it is to understand for where we are going. E which the direction of the wars for territories, slaughters for ownerships of farms in the interior of Brazil, if in the end of all the processes, is politicians, social, or economic the structures most rigid are the first ones to up down. Or saying de other thing, the time not stop, therefore, also in the direction of the territories and ownerships, the trend is to have changes. According to Ortiz (1999) The tradition in Social Sciences of the space in its immediate relation co the environment, inside of this line of reasoning, each place, establishment, or agricultural community possess individuality, a quality that it is proper. In this direction the quality that is proper is to desire to belong to some place, to identify itself.

Entendemos o espaço social como condição da relação dialética entre ordem e desvio na modernidade. Em primeiro momento se produz e reproduz vinculado a condição alienada do “homem-partiuclar” (Heller, 1991) e dos atores sociais de Goffmann (1996), que representam uma “Geografia funcional dos papéis sociais”. Em segundo momento, é condição dos conflitos existentes entre o id e o superego de Freud (1974) e da emergência do sujeito de Touraine (1994). Essa relação dialética explica os sujeitos contemporâneos e implica em expressões territoriais que contém tanto elementos de repressão/ordem, assim como táticas desviacionistas (De Certeau, 1994). Procuramos entender as “microterritorializações urbanas” (COSTA, 2005) resultantes dessas relações enfocando a existência de agregados sociais vinculados aos desejos homoeróticos e a condição homossexual na cidade. / We understand the space social as condition of the relation dialectic between order and shunting line in modernity. At first moment if it produces and it reproduces entailed the mentally ill condition of the “man-particular” (Heller, 1991) and of the social actors of Goffmann (1996), that they represent a “functional Geography of the social papers”. In according to moment, it is condition of the existing conflicts between id and superego of Freud (1974) and of the emergency of the citizen of Touraine (1994). This relation dialectic explains the citizens contemporaries and implies in territorial expressions that contain as many elements of repression/order, as well as desviacionistas tactics (De Certeau, 1994). We look for to understand the “urban microterritorializações” (Costa, 2005) resultant of these relations focusing social the aggregate existence tied with the homoerotics desires and the homosexual condition in the city.