Massas de pães são preparadas a partir da mistura de farinha de trigo, água, sal e fermento. Ao entrar em contato com a água e sofrer amassamento mecânico, a farinha de trigo tem a propriedade, quase exclusiva, de produzir uma massa coesa e viscoelástica, por conter proteínas formadoras de glúten. O processo de mistura pela qual passam as massas de pães, seguido de etapas de fermentação é fundamental para o bom desenvolvimento da massa e qualidade final do pão acabado. As análises de textura (back extrusion e extensibilidade) e volume, em massa crua de pão, podem avaliar o desenvolvimento e a qualidade de massas, eficácia de formulações e a eficiência dos ingredientes usados na melhoria do desenvolvimento da massa e do pão acabado. O projeto teve como objetivo elaborar formulações de massas de pães por diferentes processos de fermentação e testá-las através das análises de textura por extensibilidade e back extrusion, e volume sendo esta última sugerida para esse fim. Também foi testada a substituição de parte da farinha de trigo por triticale. As formulações utilizadas incluíram diferentes métodos de preparo de massas, como método direto e indireto, sendo nove formulações propostas. Pelo método direto o fermento seco instantâneo é adicionado diretamente à farinha e em seguida os demais ingredientes da formulação são adicionados, em uma única fase, seguido das etapas de mistura e fermentação. Já para as massas elaboradas de forma indireta, preparou-se uma massa fermentada denominada esponja, que foi feita com parte da farinha e da água e todo fermento seco instantâneo da formulação, deixada fermentar durante uma hora. Em uma segunda fase, a esponja foi adicionada ao restante dos ingredientes, seguido das etapas de mistura e fermentação. Os resultados das análises mostraram as diferenças do comportamento reológico de massas preparadas por diferentes processos fermentativos e a influência dos ingredientes como, o iogurte, adicionado por conter substâncias que são encontradas em pães fermentados naturalmente, resultando no aumento dos parâmetros reológico das massas contendo esse ingrediente. / Dough of bread are prepared from the mixture of flour wheat, water, salt and yeast. By contacting the water and suffer mechanical kneading the flour has property, almost exclusively, to produce a cohesive dough and viscoelasticity, which contain gluten-forming proteins. The mixing process through which runs the dough of bread, followed stages of fermentation is essential for the dough development and final quality of the finished bread. The analysis of texture (back extrusion and extensibility) and the volume dough of raw bread, can measure the development and quality of dough, formulation\'s effectiveness and efficiency of ingredients used in enhancing development of dough and the finished bread. The project had the object to develop formulations of doug for different fermentation processes and test them through the analysis of texture by extensibility and back extrusion, the latter being suggested for this purpose. Also was tested the substitution of part of the flour for triticale. The formulations used included different methods of preparation of dough, as a direct and indirect method, being nine formulations proposed. Through direct method the instant dry yeast is added directly to flour and then other ingredients formulation are added in a single phase, followed by stages of mixing and fermentation. To the dough produced in an indirect way, has been prepared a fermented dough called sponge, which is made with part of the flour and water and all instant dry yeast used in the formulation, and left to ferment for one hour. In a second phase, the sponge was added to the rest of the ingredients, followed the steps of mixing and fermentation. The analysis results showed the differences of rheological behavior of doughs prepared by different fermentation processes and the influence of ingredients as yogurt, added to contain substances that are found in naturally fermented breads, resulting in the increase of rheological parameters of the dough containing this ingredient.

Finally, in the tileable bidirectional texture function (BTF), we present a modular approach to apply the BTF, which is a high dimensional texture with variable lighting and viewing directions, onto object surfaces. The basic building blocks are the BTF tiles. By constructing one set of BTF tiles, a wide variety of objects can be textured seamlessly without resynthesizing the BTF. The proposed approach can nicely decouple the surface appearance from the geometry. With this appearance geometry decoupling, one can build a library of BTF tile sets to instantaneously dress and render various objects under variable lighting and viewing conditions. The core of the proposed method is the seamless synthesis of multi-dimensional BTF tiles. To tackle the enormous data, we perform synthesis in frequency domain. This not just allows the handling of large BTF data during the synthesis, but also facilitates compact storage of the BTF in GPU memory. / For texture aware halftoning, we are tackling the lost texture details in the bitonal images generated with traditional halftoning methods. We present an optimization-based halftoning technique that preserves the texture and tone similarities between the original and the halftone images. By optimizing an objective function consisting of both the texture and the tone metrics, the generated halftone images preserve human visual sensitive details as well as the local tone. It possesses the blue-noise property and does not introduce annoying pattern. Unlike existing edge-enhancement halftoning, the proposed method does not suffer from the inability of edge detector. Our method is experimented with a various kinds of images. From the multiple experiments and the user survey, our method consistently obtains the best scores among all tested methods. / In richness-preserved screening for automated manga production, we propose a framework to generate manga-style backgrounds from real photographs. It frees manga artists from tedious and time-consuming background production. Our method divides the photo-to-manga conversion into two major process, screening and line abstraction. During the screening, our goal is to preserve the visual richness in the original photograph. The key is to exploit the pattern variety in the screening space to best maintaining the original richness in reference image in terms of texture and color. To achieve this, we select screens for different regions in the image according to tone similarity, texture similarity, and chromaticity distinguishability. Multi-dimensional scaling technique is employed for the color-to-pattern mapping. For the line abstraction, we propose a simple and effective line importance model that ranks the lines based on their geometric natures. With the line importance model, users can interactively control the level of details by tunning only a few parameters. A number of results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and convenience of the proposed framework. / Textures appear on most of the object surfaces or scenes around our daily lives. They are something perceptual, as they only appear when certain amount of details are perceived in a suitable scale by our eyes. In computer graphics, they are essential in enriching the perceptual appearance and improving realism in rendering. Although their nature and mechanism on how human vision system perceives and interprets textures are not well understood until now, the demand for better textural quality in rendering and imaging increases continuously. Therefore, texture related researches are becoming popular topics in the graphics community in recent years. This thesis presents several novel texture aware techniques with applications for both 3D graphics and 2D imaging. They are namely texture aware halftoning, richness-preserved screening for automated manga production, and tileable bidirectional texture function (BTF). Although these applications are from different domains in computer graphics, they are sharing a common goal of improving the texture presentation in the final outcome. Major techniques involve a texture preservation technique in halftoning process, automated manga screening method with richness preservation by pattern variety, and an effective texture tile synthesis approach for high dimensional bidirectional textures. / Pang, Wai Man. / Adviser: Heng Pheng Ann. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3609. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-158). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

This thesis presents a new technique to identify a 2D mask showing the extent of particulate aerosol distributions in satellite imagery. This technique uses a supervised texture classication approach, and utilises data from two distinct satellite sources. The vertical feature mask (VFM) product from the CALIPSO lidar, provides an accurate description of the aerosol content of the atmosphere but has a limited footprint and coverage. The CALIPSO VFM is used to provide training data in order to for classiers to be applied to other imagery, namely data from the spinning enhanced visible and infrared imager (SEVIRI) on the MSG satellite. The output from the classication is a 2D mask representing the locations of the particulate aerosol of interest within the SEVIRI image. This approach has been demonstrated on test cases over land and ocean, and shows a good agreement with other techniques for the detection of particulate aerosol. However, the supervised texture approach provides outputs at a higher resolution than the existing methods and the same approach is applicable over land and ocean and therefore shows the advantages compared to the current techniques. Furthermore, the coverage of the approach can be further extended using signature extension and chain classication. Signature extension was applied to one of the test cases to monitor the same geographical region with temporal extension away from the initial supervised classication. The experiments showed that it was possible to extend the coverage for ±90 minutes from the original classication and indicates the possibility of greater extension over larger temporal windows.

"Porous materials have been a focus of researchers for their applications as molecular storage, molecular sensing, catalysis, asymmetric synthesis and host materials. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a promising new class of porous crystalline solids because they exhibit large pore volumes, high surface areas, permanent porosity, high thermal stability, and feature open channels with tunable dimensions and topology. We are currently investigating the design, synthesis, and structures of a new family of MOFs derived from transition metals complexes of 4-(imidazole-1-yl)benzoic acids. Here we present our effort in continuing design and synthesis MOFs composed of 4-(imidazole-1-yl)benzoic acids to expand our knowledge about 4-(imidazole-1-yl)benzoic acid MOF family. A series of ligands are synthesized and Cu MOF-3N, 4, 5 and Cd MOF-3 were synthesized, structure determination found out metal-ligand complex follows our proposal, while Cu MOF-4,5 exhibit porous framework structure via absolute structure determination. Sorption behavior is a key focus in MOF application because the great potential applications MOF bears. Here we carry out a fundamental study about MOF texture and selectivity on MOF-5 and Cd MOF-2. Non-polar polyaromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, polar molecules such as 2-naphthol, ibuprofen were selected to test our hypothesis that sorption is influenced by the degree of tight fitting, and guest-host interaction such as van der waals and hydrogen bonding. By determining Langmuir isotherms of selected guest molecules, we are able to demonstrate our hypothesis that tighter the fit of the guest molecule and the pores, the higher the amount it would sorb. The sorption difference of non-polar and polar molecules suggest hydrogen bonding is not involved in guest sorption and the dominating force of sorption is hydrophobic interaction. Polymorphism is an interesting phenomenon that bears great value in pharmaceutical industry. Here we report the first case for MOF to serve as a heterogeneous surface that induced nucleation of indomethacin. It is also a first report of this polymorph form of indomethacin. PXRD, DSC, TGA, NMR are conducted as our initial investigation effort. This polymorph exhibits exceptionally thermal stability and low solubility, indicating an unusual tight binding between indomethacin and ethanol solvate. "

This work began as an investigation of tufting within fashion design. It is in- teresting because there is a lack of tufting within fashion design, especially of long tufted fringes. How can a technique that is usually used for interior design, for example rugs, be brought successfully into a fashion context? The question how to create longer fringes than usual for tufting emerged after experiments made in various materials. In order for the machine to create long fringes, lighter materials like plastic were tested and also differ- ent ways of using the machine. Since the tufted expression became very organic with the long plastic fringes, tufted try-outs were made in geometric shapes to see what hap- pened at the front of the garment. Would the geometric shape totally disappear? It was decided to take the plastic material further together with more tra- ditional materials for tufting like wool and linen, in order to get the expres- sion of both lengths and materials in the fringes and to investigate how they could be combined in interesting ways on the human body. During the way it was found that the long plastic fringes together with the traditional materials needed a flat contrast, and that is when the plain tuft- ing weave was introduced as an important part of the garment with differ- ent placements of the tufted areas, which give great shape and volume to the garments. There are great possibilities to find new expressions through tufting with long fringes within fashion design, shown in this work. If the technique is developed with fashion in mind, could it be a technique used to replace parts of the fur industry? / Program: Modedesignutbildningen

O vestuário, tem seu mercado predominantemente norteado por tendências e diferenciais agrega- dos ao produto. Na confecção, estas variáveis são aplicadas ao material têxtil, em sua construção, não tanto nas qualidades internas, mas na aparência. Arranjos sistemáticos na superfície têxtil promovem qualidades táteis e visuais. A textura plissada e sua beleza atemporal é objeto deste estudo. A proposição é percorrer o trabalho histórico para o levantamento das técnicas de produção artesanais e semi-industriais. A partir destas, sistematizar seus conceitos, técnicas e materiais que as reproduzam. Assim, prover aos profissionais e artesãos, conhecimento acessível para o uso em seus serviços e produtos. Artesãos que tem cultuado a arte têxtil a gerações, unem-se à indústria para potencializar suas obras. Artesanalmente, os plissados podem ser reproduzidos a partir de simples materiais de costura domésticos. Os tipos de plissados vão desde os clássicos até os mais elaborados; dos geométricos como os do tipo faca, os orgânicos como os do tipo shibori aos sofisticados como as tesselações. A plissarem semi-industrial, feita com a utilização de fôrmas de papelão permite a reprodução a partir de um padrão. Todos os interessados podem fazer a criação de seus próprios padrões e fôrmas de plissagem com os conceitos de design de superfície e os princípios da dobradura. / The clothing has its market predominantly guided by trends and added differentials to the product. In the making, these variables are applied to the textiles in its construction, not so much in inner qualities, but in appearance. Systematic arrangements in the textile surface promote tactile and visual qualities. The pleated texture and its timeless beauty is the subject of this work. The proposition is going through the historical data to survey the handmade and semi-industrial production techniques. From these, systematizing their concepts, techniques and materials to reproduce them. Thus provide professionals and artisans, knowledge accessible for use in your services and products. Artisans who have worshiped the textile art through generations unite in partnership to the industry to enhance their work. Handmade, the pleats can be done with simple household sewing materials. The pleat types range from the classics to the most elaborate; from geometric as knife type and organic as shibori to sophisticated as tessellations. The semi-industrial pleats are made by the use of cardboard molds by which patterns follows chosen standards. Everyone can create an own pattern and pleating molds based on surface design concepts and principles of folding.

With ever increasing advancements in imaging, there is an increasing abundance of images being acquired in the clinical environment. However, this increase in information can be a burden as well as a blessing as it may require significant amounts of time to interpret the information contained in these images. Computer assisted evaluation is one way in which better use could be made of these images. This thesis presents the combination of texture analysis of images acquired during the treatment of cancer with machine learning in order to improve radiotherapy. The first application is to the prediction of radiation induced pneumonitis. In 13- 37% of cases, lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy develop radiation induced lung disease, such as radiation induced pneumonitis. Three dimensional texture analysis, combined with patient-specific clinical parameters, were used to compute unique features. On radiotherapy planning CT data of 57 patients, (14 symptomatic, 43 asymptomatic), a Support Vector Machine (SVM) obtained an area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) of 0.873 with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 92%, 72% and 87% respectively. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that a Decision Tree classifier was capable of a similar level of performance using sub-regions of the lung volume. The second application is related to prostate cancer identification. T2 MRI scans are used in the diagnosis of prostate cancer and in the identification of the primary cancer within the prostate gland. The manual identification of the cancer relies on the assessment of multiple scans and the integration of clinical information by a clinician. This requires considerable experience and time. As MRI becomes more integrated within the radiotherapy work flow and as adaptive radiotherapy (where the treatment plan is modified based on multi-modality image information acquired during or between RT fractions) develops it is timely to develop automatic segmentation techniques for reliably identifying cancerous regions. In this work a number of texture features were coupled with a supervised learning model for the automatic segmentation of the main cancerous focus in the prostate - the focal lesion. A mean AUROC of 0.713 was demonstrated with 10-fold stratified cross validation strategy on an aggregate data set. On a leave one case out basis a mean AUROC of 0.60 was achieved which resulted in a mean DICE coefficient of 0.710. These results showed that is was possible to delineate the focal lesion in the majority (11) of the 14 cases used in the study.

O desenvolvimento de ligas de alumínio de propriedades mecânicas intermediárias possibilitou a extrusão de alumínio a participar de grandes mercados como a construção civil, transportes, automobilística, estruturas, entre outras. O conhecimento do processo de extrusão propicia o aumento de produtividade com melhor desempenho e precisão dimensional do produto acabado. Neste trabalho, procurou-se analisar as características de conformação de perfis sólidos das ligas de alumínio AA6063 e AA6082 com razão de extrusão (RE) variando de 2,0 a 27,8 e tubular com RE de 8,7. A partir da extrusão realizada em uma prensa industrial de 3300 toneladas de força, compararam-se os resultados obtidos da tensão média de escoamento (\"sigma\") em função da temperatura de deformação e do parâmetro de Zener-Hollomon (Z) e este último em função do tamanho de subgrão observado no produto extrudado. Foram obtidos, em condições industriais, para estas ligas os valores da constante \"alpha\" que relaciona a RE com a pressão de fim de extrusão. Foram realizadas observações metalográficas e constatadas regiões de recristalização e de não recristalização diferentes para as ligas estudadas, bem como as relações do parâmetro Z e o tamanho do subgrão do produto sólido e tubular na liga AA6082. Em termos de textura foi possível obter as figuras de pólo e do tipo FDO no perfil extrudado ilustrando a presença de fibras do tipo \"beta\" (característica de produto conformado) e cubo (característica de produto recristalizado/recuperado). Os resultados confirmam valores próximos àqueles encontrados na literatura. / The development of medium strength aluminum alloys enabled aluminum extrusions to take part of the large world markets, associated with the building, transport and automotive industries, amongst several applications. The knowledge of the extrusion process details enables the productivity increase with better performance and higher dimensional accuracy of the finished extrusion product. In the present study the deformation characteristics of solid extrusion profiles in the AA6063 and AA6082 alloys with extrusion ratios (ER) in the range of 2.0 to 27.8 and for solid and tubular of 8.7 sections were studied. Extrusions were carried out in an industrial 3300 ton press. Results are compared in terms of average flow stress as a function of extrusion temperature and of the Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter; the latter one also as a function of the observed subgrain size in the final product. Under industrial conditions, for the studies alloys, the values of the \"alpha\"-constant (which relates the end pressure to the extrusion ratio), has been evaluated. Metallographic observations have been conducted to study the recrystallised and unrecrystallised regions in the studied alloys, as well as the relationship between the Z parameter and the subgrain size of the end extrusion, both for the solid and tubular products, mainly for the AA6082 alloy. In terms of texture components it has been observed that the pole figures and the ODF´s of the extruded product presented the \"beta\" (characteristic of rolled/worked products) and cube (characteristic of recrystallised/recovered products). The results obtained confirmed those reported in the literature.

Xu, Leilei. / Thesis submitted in: October 2007. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-84). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Texture and Dynamic Textures --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Related work --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Outline --- p.7 / Chapter 2 --- Image/Video Processing --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Bayesian Analysis --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Markov Property --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Graph Cut --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Belief Propagation --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5 --- Expectation-Maximization --- p.15 / Chapter 2.6 --- Principle Component Analysis --- p.15 / Chapter 3 --- Linear Dynamic System --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- System Model --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2 --- Degeneracy and Canonical Model Realization --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3 --- Learning of Dynamic Textures --- p.19 / Chapter 3.4 --- Synthesizing Dynamic Textures --- p.21 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.21 / Chapter 4 --- Dynamic Color Texture Synthesis --- p.25 / Chapter 4.1 --- Related Work --- p.25 / Chapter 4.2 --- System Model --- p.26 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Laplacian Pyramid-based DCTS Model --- p.28 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- RBF-based DCTS Model --- p.28 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental Results --- p.32 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.42 / Chapter 5 --- Dynamic Textures using Multi-resolution Analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 5.1 --- System Model --- p.44 / Chapter 5.2 --- Multi-resolution Descriptors --- p.46 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Laplacian Pyramids --- p.47 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Haar Wavelets --- p.48 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Steerable Pyramid --- p.49 / Chapter 5.3 --- Experimental Results --- p.51 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.55 / Chapter 6 --- Motion Transfer --- p.59 / Chapter 6.1 --- Problem formulation --- p.60 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Similarity on Appearance --- p.61 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Similarity on Dynamic Behavior --- p.62 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- The Objective Function --- p.65 / Chapter 6.2 --- Further Work --- p.66 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.67 / Chapter A --- List of Publications --- p.68 / Chapter B --- Degeneracy in LDS Model --- p.70 / Chapter B.l --- Equivalence Class --- p.70 / Chapter B.2 --- The Choice of the Matrix Q --- p.70 / Chapter B.3 --- Swapping the Column of C and A --- p.71 / Chapter C --- Probability Density Functions --- p.74 / Chapter C.1 --- Probability Distribution --- p.74 / Chapter C.2 --- Joint Probability Distributions --- p.75 / Bibliography --- p.78

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