Artists creating images of demonic possession during the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation communicated theological messages by accentuating the most famous and dramatic exorcisms. This project proposes an interpretive structure, called cultural theatrics, for analyzing these works. Brian Levack’s theory of cultural performance provides the framework from which cultural theatrics develops. Levack’s cultural performance includes the demoniac and the exorcist as participants in religious dramas who act in a way that their religious communities expected them to act. However, this thesis proposes that images of possession and exorcism (rather than the historical events of alleged possession and exorcism themselves) are more appropriate subject matter for studying the theatricality of possession because artists held the interpretative leverage of conveying theological messages through depictions of exorcisms. This research shows how the artist, patron, and learned advisor mobilize cultural theatrics in images of demonic possession.

[pt] Partindo da concepção hoje bastante disseminada de que a tradução é uma atividade especialmente favorável à criação e à crítica, esta tese propõe a tradução de três dos dramatículos de Samuel Beckett, peças escritas originalmente em inglês e traduzidas em seguida para o francês pelo próprio autor: Not I / Pas Moi (1973/1975), Footfalls / Pas (1976/1977) e Rockaby/Berceuse (1981/1982). O projeto tradutório mobiliza as duas versões de cada texto, de uma forma que se quer sensível à riqueza das interferências mútuas entre as soluções de cada língua. Busca, nesse sentido, alguma sintonia com a práxis de criação bilíngue do autor irlandês, método que é, como se sabe, vital para a realização de seu celebrado imperativo poético – cavar um buraco atrás do outro (na linguagem), manifesto na Carta Alemã (1937). Nas traduções para o português brasileiro, a poética da tradução do próprio Beckett é pensada em interseção privilegiada com as reflexões que o crítico e tradutor Haroldo de Campos fez gravitar em torno do conceito de transcriação. A tese reúne uma trilogia que, surgindo depois de Happy Days (1960), traz a voz feminina para o protagonismo: as três peças traduzidas apresentam a questão da instabilidade identitária dessas vozes em monólogos complexos. No âmbito das traduções propostas e dos ensaios críticos e notas que a elas acrescento, busco discutir essa e outras questões conexas na escrita beckettiana: a indeterminação do Eu, sempre oscilante, móvel; a produção de fantasmas, espelhamentos e ecos; e a hibridização de gênero, que agrega a tensão entre a teatralização da narrativa e as soluções líricas. A trilogia de vozes femininas marca a fase final da obra do autor e nunca foi traduzida em conjunto, em especial enfrentando-se o aspecto bilingue dos textos. / [en] Starting from the widely disseminated conception that translation is an activity especially favorable to creation and criticism, this thesis proposes the translation of three of Samuel Beckett s dramatículos, plays written originally in English and then translated into French by the author himself: Not I / Pas Moi (1973/1975), Footfalls / Pas (1976/1977) and Rockaby / Berceuse (1981/1982). The translation project works upon the two versions of each text, in a way that is sensitive to the richness of the mutual interference between the solutions of each language. The project demands, in this sense, some harmony with the Irish author s bilingual creation praxis, a method which is, as we know, vital for the realization of his celebrated poetic imperative - to dig one hole after another (in language), German Letter (1937). In these translations into Brazilian Portuguese, the poetics of Beckett s own translation is thought of in privileged intersection with the reflections that the critic and translator Haroldo de Campos made to gravitate around the concept of transcreation. The thesis assembles together a trilogy that, after Happy Days (1960), brings the question of female voice to protagonism: the three translated pieces present the question of identity instability of these voices in complex monologues. In the scope of the proposed translations and of the critical essays and notes that I add to them, I try to discuss this and other related questions in the Beckettian writing; the indeterminacy of the Self, always oscillating, mobile; the production of ghosts, mirrors and echoes; and the hybridization of genre, which agregates the tension between narrative theatricalization and lyrical solutions. The trilogy of female voices marks the final phase of the author s work and has never been translated together, especially in light of the bilingual aspect.

La tension politique qui se développait en Colombie depuis les années 40 contre les idéologies conservatrices et les libéraux officieux et dissidents après les élections de 1946, a déclenché un sentiment de mécontentement qui a éclaté le 9 avril 1948 avec l’assassinat de Jorge Eliecer Gaitan, dirigeant libéral à Bogota. Cet événement, connu sous le nom El Bogotazo, provoqua des manifestations violentes, des meurtres, des agressions, de l’harcèlement, de la terreur et des troubles dans tout le pays. Comme conséquence, au cours des années suivantes, les guérillas libérales se sont organisées et pendant une décennie ont laissé plus de 200.000 morts dans le pays et ont provoqué des milliers de migrations rurales vers les grandes villes. Plus tard, certains dirigeants ont formé les guérillas communistes, après l'assassinat de plusieurs ex commandants démobilisés, qui perpétuaient le conflit armé dans le pays, dont certains survivent aujourd'hui. Les FARC, Forces Armées Révolutionnaires de Colombie-Armée Populaire, les plus anciennes du monde, puissantes et nombreuses en Colombie, sont actuellement en pourparlers de paix avec le gouvernement national à La Havane, Cuba. Ces pourparlers de paix sont dans leurs phases finales. L'ELN, l’Armée de Libération Nationale, le deuxième groupe de guérilla en importance et du nombre de combattants en Colombie, est en approchements préliminaires, tendant à entamer des pourparlers de paix avec le gouvernement. Ce conflit a produit un nombre immense de victimes (¡Basta ya!: 2013) et dans ce contexte, les dramaturges et activistes Patricia Ariza et Nohora Ayala proposent un projet artistique qui interroge les actions violentes du pays à partir de la perspective de la femme dans les conflits armés. Leurs productions s’inscrivent dans la création collective du Teatro La Candelaria, où la recherche s’infitre dans l’art de la scène, en déconstruisant la réalité socio-politique et en faisant parler les témoignages. Ainsi, ce travail se prendre sur six œuvres qui explorent les liminalités politico-corporelles qui se déconstruisent dans la mise en scène en tenant compte des réseaux complexes qui sont tissés à partir des femmes et les multiples Antigones créés dans le contexte historique du pays. En outre, l’analyse examine la notion de la corporalité à partir des corps non-absents (victimes de disparition forcée) qui montrent la déterritorialisation des corps dépossédés. Le premier chapitre de la thèse traitée propose une approche théorique centrée sur les concepts de la représentation, du théâtre, de la performance et de la théâtralité politique. Le chapitre mobilise également les notions de corps sans organes et corps dépossédés pour éclairer la coupure épistémologique entre le corps matériel et le corps des disparus dépossédés. Le deuxième chapitre analyse trois œuvres de Patricia Ariza: Antigone (2006), Mujeres en la Plaza (2009) et Somma Mnémosyne (2013), lesquelles montrent un exercice d’artivisme et d'engagement politique par rapport à l'histoire moderne de la Colombie. Le troisième chapitre présente trois œuvres de Nohora Ayala: Fémina ludens (1995), Piel (2010) et Rosas secas (2012) , où l’exploration du corps met en évidence les traces de la mémoire historique du pays. Finalement, le dernier chapitre propose un questionnement face à la réception du spectateur et la théâtralité du pays. / The political tension that developed in Colombia since the 40s, between conservative ideologies and, the divergency in the official liberal party and dissident liberal party, brought out a feeling of disagreement that collapsed when Jorge Eliecer Gaitan, leader of dissident party, was killed in Bogota on 9 April 1948. This event, well known as The Bogotazo, unchained violent protests, murders, assaults, harassment, terror and unrest throughout the country. As a result, in the subsequent years the liberal guerrillas were formed and over a decade the conflict ensued in more than 200,000 murders in the country and thousands of rural migrants in the cities. Later, some leaders formed the communist guerrillas who perpetuated the armed conflict in the country, some of them are known today as FARC, the oldest group of guerillas in the world and the most powerful in Colombia, and ELN. Actually, the FARC are in the final negotiation for peace in Havana, Cuba. This violent historical context has produced a staggering statistics of victims (Basta ya!, 2013), in which the artists and activist dramatists, Patricia Ariza and Nohora Ayala propose a new aesthetic that questions the violent actions of the country from women’s perspective. Their theatrical productions are part of the Collective Creation in the Teatro La Candelaria, where the research is faced with the aesthetics of the scene and confronted with the deconstruction of reality counted, telling or testimonials. This dissertation examines six plays by Ariza and Ayala whose political and bodily liminalities deconstruct dominant ideas of history, while illuminating the complex networks surrounding the women and the Antigones produced by the country. I explore the materiality of non-absent bodies (victims of forced disappearance) which exposes the deterritorialization of dispossessed bodies. The first chapter of the thesis discerns recent theoretical approaches to the concepts of representation, theater, performance and political theatricality which I have found pertinent for my examination of the work by Ariza and Ayala. At the same time, I elaborate on the notions of the body without organs and of dispossessed bodies in order to shed light on the epistemological break between the material present body and dispossessed bodies of the disappeared. In the second chapter, I analyze three plays by Patricia Ariza: Antigone (2006), Mujeres en la Plaza (2009) and Somma Mnemosyne (2013), which evince an exercise in artivism and engagement with the political history of Colombia. The third chapter presents three plays of Nohora Ayala: Fémina Ludens (1995), Piel (2010) and Rosas Secas (2012), where the body is part of a radical practice of questioning colombian historical memory. Finally, the concluding chapter examines the role of political and corporeal theatricality in engaging spectators’ critical participation in the work of Ariza and Ayala.

Cette recherche porte sur le langage cinématographique (ou mode de représentation) adopté par Mizoguchi en contraste avec le style classique hollywoodien. Notre hypothèse est que le refus de Mizoguchi de recourir au découpage classique et au gros-plan procurerait au spectateur une expérience de perception qui tendrait à se rapprocher de celle vécue par un spectateur de théâtre ou le témoin d’une action se déroulant dans notre monde physique. Mizoguchi a débuté son métier au début des années 1920. Le cinéma japonais venait tout juste de prendre la voie d’un art nouveau en quittant son statut de simple captation de spectacles théâtraux. L’industrie cinématographique japonaise était alors en incubation marquée par diverses influences occidentales. Nous nous pencherons plus particulièrement sur les questions stylistiques à partir du moment où le cinéma japonais s’engageait dans le parlant en imitant le style classique hollywoodien. Ce cinéma dominant devenait une norme que Mizoguchi décida de ne pas suivre pour préférer un style caractérisé par des plans-séquences. Ce style plus « neutre » et «objectif » allait être encensé par Bazin après la guerre au moment où ce dernier découvrit notamment Welles et Wyler. À partir de plusieurs extraits filmiques, nous analysons le plan-séquence mizoguchien comme substitution à une série de plans rapprochés qui se serait imposé normalement avec le style classique hollywoodien. Et ce, afin de discuter des enjeux de réalisme et de théâtralité soulevés par Bazin. / This research focuses on the film language (or mode of representation) chosen by Mizoguchi in contrast to the Hollywood classical style. Our hypothesis is that Mizoguchi’s refusal to resort to traditional cutting and close-up would give the viewer an experience of perception that would tend to be get closer to the one experienced by a stage audience or viewers witnessing an action taking place in our physical world. Mizoguchi made his entry into the profession in the early 20s. At that time, Japanese cinema just recently became a new art by leaving its status of a mere capture of theatrical performances. The Japanese film industry was being incubated with various Western influences. We will focus specifically on stylistic issues from the moment the Japanese cinema engages in talkies by imitating the Hollywood classical style. This dominant style became a standard practice which Mizoguchi decided not to follow to prefer sequence-shots. The long takes style was to be later praised by Bazin for its neutrality and objectivity when he discovered Welles and Wyler after the Second World War. Through analysis of film excerpts, we compare Mizoguchi’s sequence-shots with cutting that would usually take place with the Hollywood classical style. This is to discuss the issues of realism and theatrics raised by Bazin.

Cette recherche porte sur le langage cinématographique (ou mode de représentation) adopté par Mizoguchi en contraste avec le style classique hollywoodien. Notre hypothèse est que le refus de Mizoguchi de recourir au découpage classique et au gros-plan procurerait au spectateur une expérience de perception qui tendrait à se rapprocher de celle vécue par un spectateur de théâtre ou le témoin d’une action se déroulant dans notre monde physique. Mizoguchi a débuté son métier au début des années 1920. Le cinéma japonais venait tout juste de prendre la voie d’un art nouveau en quittant son statut de simple captation de spectacles théâtraux. L’industrie cinématographique japonaise était alors en incubation marquée par diverses influences occidentales. Nous nous pencherons plus particulièrement sur les questions stylistiques à partir du moment où le cinéma japonais s’engageait dans le parlant en imitant le style classique hollywoodien. Ce cinéma dominant devenait une norme que Mizoguchi décida de ne pas suivre pour préférer un style caractérisé par des plans-séquences. Ce style plus « neutre » et «objectif » allait être encensé par Bazin après la guerre au moment où ce dernier découvrit notamment Welles et Wyler. À partir de plusieurs extraits filmiques, nous analysons le plan-séquence mizoguchien comme substitution à une série de plans rapprochés qui se serait imposé normalement avec le style classique hollywoodien. Et ce, afin de discuter des enjeux de réalisme et de théâtralité soulevés par Bazin. / This research focuses on the film language (or mode of representation) chosen by Mizoguchi in contrast to the Hollywood classical style. Our hypothesis is that Mizoguchi’s refusal to resort to traditional cutting and close-up would give the viewer an experience of perception that would tend to be get closer to the one experienced by a stage audience or viewers witnessing an action taking place in our physical world. Mizoguchi made his entry into the profession in the early 20s. At that time, Japanese cinema just recently became a new art by leaving its status of a mere capture of theatrical performances. The Japanese film industry was being incubated with various Western influences. We will focus specifically on stylistic issues from the moment the Japanese cinema engages in talkies by imitating the Hollywood classical style. This dominant style became a standard practice which Mizoguchi decided not to follow to prefer sequence-shots. The long takes style was to be later praised by Bazin for its neutrality and objectivity when he discovered Welles and Wyler after the Second World War. Through analysis of film excerpts, we compare Mizoguchi’s sequence-shots with cutting that would usually take place with the Hollywood classical style. This is to discuss the issues of realism and theatrics raised by Bazin.

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This dissertation introduces contemporary circus as a type of dramatic art. The work thus provides a basic framework for the analysis of contemporary circus and suggests a terminology for the designation of its specific traits. This terminology is derived first and foremost from the Czech theatre studies environment. The theoretical delineation of contemporary circus stems from selected theses from Otakar Zich's The Aesthetics of Dramatic Art and Erika Fischer-Lichte's The Transformative Power of Performance: A New Aesthetics. Contemporary circus, which is depicted as belonging to several discourses - historical, aesthetic, cultural policy and pedagogical, is described from a formal as well as content-focused point of view in order to best point out how the circus element changes and takes on meaning in relation to its theatrical counterpart. The thesis is subdivided into five parts. The introduction outlines the key theme, goals and methodology as well as terminology and theories which provide the work with a suitable point of departure. The Contemporary and Traditional Circus chapter describes the history and development of traditional as well as contemporary circus in selected countries (France, Canada, USA, Scandinavia) which are considered significant within the context of circus arts...