Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Paula_Benetti.pdf: 644141 bytes, checksum: e2c78c5398d2325c106315317d8f7a82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-07 / The aim of this study is to estimate the thermal compatibility of ceramics, contributing to fill in for an important gap in the standard for all-ceramic systems. The objectives of this study are: 1) to determine the shear bond strength (σc) of core-veneer ceramic systems and to evaluate the mode of failure; 2) to estimate the wetting behavior of veneer on core ceramics, using the contact angle measurement (θ); 3) to correlate the values for σc, θ, and CTE of the ceramics. Glass-infiltrated alumina (IA - In-Ceram Alumina) and zirconia (IZ - In-Ceram Zirconia) core ceramics, and Vita VM7, VM9 and VM13 veneer ceramics were combined into 6 groups. The baseline surface roughness (Ra) of core ceramic disk specimens (12 mm X 1,2 mm) was measured A cylinder of veneer ceramic (2 mm X 2 mm) was applied at the center of the core ceramic specimens, sintered and tested for σc to failure in a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0,5 mm/min. For the θ evaluation, a cylinder of veneer ceramic (1 mm height x 2 mm diameter) was applied on core ceramic.Specimens images were taken before and after the firing procedure and the θ was measured using the AutoCAD 2006 program. The mean values of σc (MPa) and θ (º) for the compatible ceramic groups (A7 and Z7) were: 19,4 A e 48,9 c; 23,5 A e 56,0 b; for the groups with poor compatibility (A9 and V9) were: 0,9 C e 54,9 bc; 9,5 B e 59,8 b; and for the incompatible ceramic groups (A13 and Z13) were 0 D e 70 a; 0 D e 67,1 a. Different letters means statistical differences between groups (p≤0,001). Correlation analyses showed that as the difference between the ceramics CTE increases, the θ increases and the σc decreases / Esse estudo tem a finalidade de estimar o grau de compatibilidade térmica das cerâmicas, contribuindo para supressão de uma lacuna importante nas normas de avaliação de sistemas cerâmicos. Os objetivos desse estudo são: 1) determinar a resistência de união ao cisalhamento (σc) entre combinações de cerâmicas de IE e de cobertura e avaliar o modo de fratura; 2) estimar o grau de molhamento superficial das cerâmicas de IE pelas de cobertura, utilizando a medida do ângulo de contato superficial (θ); 3) correlacionar os resultados do θ, da σc e os valores do CET das cerâmicas. Cerâmicas infiltradas por vidro a base de alumina (IA- In-Ceram Alumina) e reforçada por zircônia (IZ- In-Ceram Zircônia), e as cerâmicas feldspáticas de cobertura Vita VM7, VM9 e VM13 foram combinadas em 6 grupos. A rugosidade superficial (Ra) de discos (12 mm X 1,2 mm) das cerâmicas de IE foi aferida para certificação da padronização dos CP.Para o teste de σc um cilindro de cerâmica de cobertura (2 mm X 2 mm) foi aplicado no centro da superfície superior do disco de IE e posteriormente acoplado à máquina de ensaios universal e submetido ao teste com velocidade de carga de 0,5 mm/min. Para avaliação do θ, um cilindro de cerâmica de cobertura (1 mm de altura x 2 mm diâmetro) foi aplicado sobre a IE. Imagens de cada CP foram realizadas antes e depois da sinterização para a medida do θ no programa AutoCAD 2006. A média dos resultados da σc (MPa) e do θ (º) para os grupos compatíveis (A7 e Z7) foram: 19,4 A e 48,9 c; 23,5 A e 56,0 b; para os grupos pouco compatíveis (A9 e Z9) foram: 0,9 C e 54,9 bc; 9,5 B e 59,8 b; e para os grupos incompatíveis (A13 e Z13) foram 0 D e 70 a; 0 D e 67,1 a. Letras distintas significam diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos (p≤0,001). A análise de correlação mostrou que à medida que a diferença entre os CET das cerâmicas aumenta, o θ aumenta e a σc diminui

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Les actions conjointes en faveur d’une meilleure isolation du bâti et de l’expansion des énergies renouvelables dans l’habitat jouent un rôle de premier plan dans la politique de réduction des gaz à effet de serre et la recherche d’une plus grande efficacité énergétique. La présente thèse vise à développer un système de stockage de chaleur par voie thermochimique dédié au chauffage solaire d’une maison individuelle. A cet effet, un matériau de stockage spécifique à été mis au point, à base de zéolithe et de sulfate de magnésium. Le principe, reposant sur un phénomène mixte d’adsorption physique de vapeur d’eau et de réaction chimique d’hydratation, est à caractère inter-saisonnier : en été, la chaleur issue de capteurs solaires thermiques à air est stockée par le matériau, qui se déshydrate selon une réaction endothermique ; en hiver, l’exothermicité de la réaction inverse est exploitée afin de chauffer l’habitat. Après un état de l’art des technologies de stockage thermique, un protocole de préparation de ce matériau composite innovant est établi. Des travaux de caractérisation sont alors entrepris à l’échelle micro et macroscopique. A partir de ces données expérimentales macroscopiques, le système de stockage est dimensionné en fonction des besoins en chaleur pour le chauffage d’une maison individuelle de type Bâtiment Basse Consommation. A l’issue de cette étude, un modèle de réacteur de stockage thermique est élaboré, afin d’interpréter les transferts couplés de matière et de chaleur intervenant dans le lit de matériau et d’optimiser le réacteur de stockage en conséquence. La validité du modèle est ensuite testée et discutée à la lumière des résultats expérimentaux. / The combined efforts promoting an improved insulation and a growth of renewable energies use in buildings play a key role in the road towards greenhouse gas reduction and better energy efficiency. This thesis purpose is to develop a chemicalbased thermal energy storage system devoted to solar space heating of single-family houses. A specific heat storage material has thus been created, made of zeolite and magnesium sulphate. The storage principle, based on a hybrid phenomenon between water vapour physical adsorption and chemical hydration reaction, is seasonal : during the summer, the material stores heat obtained from evacuated tube solar collectors using an endothermic dehydration reaction ; the stored heat is released by rehydration of the material during the winter to produce hot air dedicated to space heating. After a state of the art regarding thermal energy storage technologies, a preparation method is set up. Then, characterization studies of this innovative composite material have been performed, at both micro- and macroscopic scales. Thanks to the macroscopic experimental data, the system size is estimated to meet the space heating energy demand of a low energy single-family house. Afterwards, a thermochemical storage model is developed to understand the coupled heat and mass transfer occurring in the composite sorbent bed, and consequently optimize the reactor design. The model relevancy is finally discussed with respect to experimental results.

This thesis deals with computer modeling of temperature hysteresis during phase change, namely complete and partial phase change. There is performed a review of methods for modeling temperature hysteresis based on the enthalpy method and the effective heat capacity method. In the case of complete phase change, there are several methods that use the effective heat capacity method, as well as the heat source method, which, on the contrary, is a certain analogy of the enthalpy method. The following are works dealing with modelling of partial phase change, the most interesting of which is due to the validation method of static hysteresis and the method designed by Bony and Citherlet. The second part of this thesis deals with the hysteresis behavior of the material with phase change, which is organic paraffin RT 27. The input data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry was converted to the dependence of the enthalpy on temperature. These curves was represented by piecewise linear function. In the case of partial phase transformations, a modeling method based on the methods proposed by Bonym and Citherlet was designed. An one-dimensional model enabling thermal simulation of the material was implemented in the MATLAB software environment. The results obtained with this simulation are finally compared with a model that does not consider thermal hysteresis.

Main purpose of this thesis is to explain the issue of waste heat from broader point of view. It´s substantial part therefore deals with various available methods of waste heat utilization and their analysis. Large part of the thesis is devoted to description and usage of heat exchangers, heat pumps and thermal energy storage. The main theme of the thesis is the use of waste heat from industrial laundry room. It also introduces the process of the professional maintenance service along with its specifications and parameters of waste streams from washing machines. Main goal of the practical part of the thesis is to design equipment which could be used to store waste heat from washing machines. This equipment is designed to be used for specific process in NETME Centre laboratory. In conclusion, thesis addresses the propposed equipment from the energetical and economical point of view.

Cette thèse a été réalisée initialement dans le cadre du projet Stockage Thermique Appliqué à l’extension de Production d’énergie Solaire thermodynamique (STARS) soutenu par l'Agence De l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME).L’objectif du projet est de développer une solution de stockage thermique adaptée à la technologie Fresnel à génération directe de vapeur avec une zone de stockage de chaleur latente. Dans une unité de stockage latent, le nitrate de sodium (NaNO3) a été choisi comme matériau à changement de phase (MCP) et l’acier faiblement allié a été envisagé comme matériau de structure du conteneur et de l’échangeur thermique. La contribution de la thèse se positionne au niveau de l’étude de la corrosion et de la durabilité des matériaux de structure (conteneur et échangeur) en contact avec le MCP. L’objectif est de déterminer une loi de vitesse de corrosion qui permettrait de dimensionner les parois de l’échangeur et de développer des protocoles utilisant les techniques électrochimiques afin de suivre in-situ l’état de la corrosion au sein de l’unité de stockage. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit portent sur l’étude expérimentale de la corrosion de l’acier dans le nitrate de sodium fondu à 340°C en fonction des paramètres expérimentaux tels que la présence d’impuretés (oxydes, chlorures), l’atmosphère gazeuse et le cyclage thermique. L’étude par mesures gravimétriques met en évidence la formation d’une couche de corrosion protectrice en surface de l’acier et la production de nitrite de sodium (NaNO2) par la réaction de corrosion. Cette couche constituée principalement de Fe2O3 (insoluble dans NaNO3 fondu) a été caractérisée par différentes méthodes d’analyse de surface (DRX, XPS). L’évolution de l’épaisseur de la couche de corrosion obtenue par cette technique montre une cinétique de corrosion logarithmique dans NaNO3 pur et une cinétique linéaire en présence d’une teneur importante en impuretés chlorures (10 mol%). L’étude électrochimique a apporté des indications sur le comportement du fer (et de l’acier) dans NaNO3 fondu. En combinant ces données avec les observations expérimentales issues des essais de corrosion nous avons pu proposer un mécanisme réactionnel pour la corrosion de l’acier en milieu nitrate fondu. L’étude par spectroscopie d’impédance électrochimique a permis de valider le mécanisme réactionnel proposé. A l’aide de ce mécanisme, les paramètres cinétiques puis la valeur du courant de corrosion ont été déduits par simulation des diagrammes d’impédance. L’analyse de la variation du courant de corrosion en fonction du temps permet de calculer l’épaisseur de la couche de corrosion et de la comparer à celle obtenue par gravimétrie. Un bon accord entre les valeurs obtenues par différentes techniques a été observé.Au cours de ce travail, nous avons également montré la possibilité d’utiliser les techniques électrochimiques pour l’instrumentalisation des installations industrielles afin de suivre in-situ l’évolution de la composition du MCP et l’état d’avancement de la corrosion de l’acier.Enfin, ce travail a montré que l’acier faiblement allié est adapté pour être utilisé dans une unité de stockage latent avec le nitrate de sodium comme matériau à changement de phase. / This thesis was originally performed as part of the STARS project (Stockage Thermique Appliqué à l’extension de Production d’énergie Solaire thermodynamique) which was supported by ADEME (l'Agence De l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie). The objective is to develop a thermal storage system using latent heat from a phase change material (PCM) in order to match with Fresnel technology using direct steam generation. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) has been selected as PCM and low-alloy steel has been considered as candidate material to build the container and the heat exchanger of a latent heat storage system. The contribution of this thesis is to provide better understanding of the corrosion of the candidate material in contact with the PCM. This thesis aims to determine a corrosion rate law which helps design the thickness of the heat exchanger’s wall and to develop protocols using electrochemical technics to follow in-situ corrosion process in the latent heat storage system. The work presented in this manuscript focuses on experimental study of corrosion of low-alloy steel in molten NaNO3 (340°C) in function of different parameters: presence of impurities (oxides, chlorides), atmosphere and thermal cycling. Gravimetric measurements reveal the formation of a protective corrosion layer on the steel’s surface and the production of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) by corrosion reaction. The corrosion layer consisting mainly of Fe2O3 (insoluble in molten NaNO3) was characterized by surface analytical methods (XRD, XPS). Variation of the thickness of corrosion layer obtained by gravimetric methods shows logarithmic kinetics in pure NaNO3 and linear kinetics in the presence of 10mol% of impurity chlorides. Electrochemical study has provided indications on the iron (and steel) behavior in molten NaNO3. By combining results of this study with experimental observations from gravimetric study, we were able to propose a corrosion mechanism of the steel in molten NaNO3. This mechanism was then validated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study. Kinetics parameters and value of corrosion current were deduced by the simulation of impedance diagrams using the proposed mechanism. The thickness of corrosion layer was calculated by analyzing the variation of the corrosion current with time. These values present a good agreement with values obtained by gravimetric study.In this work, we also show the possibility of using electrochemical measurements at industrial scale to follow in-situ the evolution of the PCM's composition and the corrosion state. Finally, this work has shown that low-alloy steel is suitable for using in a latent heat storage system with NaNO3 as phase change material.

Worldwide there is an increasing demand of natural resources. In future, non renewable resources get substituted by renewable resources in the energetic sector as well as in the material sector. That implies a stronger usage of renewable resources especially - wood. In 2009 there was a usage of 77 million cubic meters of wood for material applications and a quantity of 55 million cubic meters for energetic applications in Germany alone. Furthermore, there is an increasing demand on wood for energetic purposes. In 2007 this problematic development led to the first supply bottlenecks. To meet the increasing demands of the future, Short Rotation Coppices (SRC) can help to improve the wood provision. An SRC is a planting of fast growing coppice on agricultural areas, which is managed more intensively than usual forestry practices for a quicker production of wooden biomass. With a comparative LCA of conventional wood and wood from SRC the present study evaluates if wood from SRC is reasonable to cover the increasing demand of wood for material and energetic purposes in an environmental friendly way. A comprehensive literature research regarding LCAs of wood and wooden products shows that there are no previous studies comparing the two types of wood. Hence, the present study examines a particleboard production as the material scenario and the combustion of woodchips in a firing system as the energetic scenario to compare the ecological advantages and disadvantages of wood from SRC and conventional wood. The LCA is implemented with the Gabi software designed by PE International. Data is obtained from previous LCA studies evaluating the production of wood, the particleboard production and the combustion of wood. Additionally, data from the Ecoinvent database is used. Functional units are the production of 1m3 particleboard and the production of 1 MJ of thermal energy. The LCIA is implemented with the “Ecoindicator” as endpoint- and “CML 2001” as midpoint approach to cover broad range of environmental issues. Moreover a sensitivity analyses shows the impact of decisive variables on the results of “Ecoindicator” and “CML 2001”. Results reveal that outcomes of the LCIA are dependent of the assessment method and the processed part of trees from conventional forestry. The present study shows, that with an efficient land use, wood from SRC can help to cover the increasing demand of wood for material and energetic purposes in a sustainable way. However, an immediate usage of wood for energetic purposes has to be seen critical. Instead, a cascaded and sustainable utilization of wood is recommendable to counteract climate change and to improve the efficient use of the renew-able resource - “wood”.

Detta examensarbete utreder lönsamheten i en systemlösning för termiskt akviferenergilager tillsammans med ny VVS-teknisk lösning i fastigheterna kv Hästskon 9 och 12 vid en föreslagen framtida helrenovering. Dessutom utreds förutsättningar för miljöklassning i energi- och miljöcertifieringssystemet Miljöbyggnad avseende energianvändning, dagsljuskomfort, solvärmelast och termisk komfort för om- och tillbyggnadsförslaget med målsättning på nivå GULD. Genom att utnyttja akviferen under fastigheterna kvarteret Hästskon 9 och 12 idag kan man åstadkomma mycket låg energianvändning med en säsongsenergiverkningsgrad via kylmaskiner för värme- och kylaförsörjning på 5,6. En LCC-kalkyl visar att det finns en energikostnadsbesparing för fastighetsägaren Vasakronan omkring 3,65 MSEK per år jämfört med dagens situation om den beskrivna akviferlösningen används. Det ger en återbetalningstid om cirka 4,5 år på investeringen som måste göras. Energiklassning i Miljöbyggnadssystemet för befintliga fastigheter är troligtvis möjlig utan andra åtgärder än akviferlagersystemet, men då med BRONS eller möjligtvis SILVER nivå. Vid ett framtida om- och tillbyggnadsförslag får fastighetsägaren cirka 13 000 m² ytterligare uthyrbar lokalyta för handelslokaler och kontor. Trots detta kan energianvändningen minska ännu mer tack vare en säsongsenergiverkningsgrad via kylmaskiner för värme- och kylaförsörjning på 7,0 då SEB:s datakylanläggning kvarstår med värmeåtervinning på fastigheternas värmesystem, värme- och kylsystem byggs om för låg värmebärartemperatur och hög köldbärartemperatur, luftbehandlingssystem optimeras för låg fläktelenergi och hög värmeåtervinningsgrad, glaslösningar väljs med hänsyn till begränsad solinstrålning och byggnadens klimatskärm tilläggsisoleras i viss omfattning. Energikostnadsbesparingen ökar då ytterligare framåt 4,8 MSEK per år jämfört med dagens situation. Även om SEB:s datakylanläggning faller bort vid en ombyggnad finns ändå möjligheten att självständigt försörja fastigheten med egenproducerad värme via ytterligare en värmepump, vilket avlägsnar beroendet av SEB IT:s datahall för värmeproduktion och ändå ger en energikostnadsbesparing på 4,25 MSEK per år jämfört med dagens situation. Vid en sådan lösning blir den specifika energianvändningen enligt BBR 2012:s definition endast cirka 30 kWh/m² Atemp, år. Denna siffra är mycket lägre än nybyggnadskraven i BBR 2012 och i klass med nyproducerade byggnader med borrhålsenergilager. Utifrån analysen av Miljöbyggnadssystemets indikatorer för energianvändning, solvärmelast, dagsljuskomfort och termisk komfort bedöms det möjligt att klassa kvarteret Hästskon 12 och 9 vid om- och tillbyggnad i klass GULD med vissa förändringar av om- och tillbyggnadsförslaget. För att uppnå klass GULD med hänsyn till dagsljuskomfort och solvärmelast krävs särskild anpassning av glasning på S-huset, M-husets fasad mot Malmskillnadsgatan, samt en stor ljusgård i H-huset för att släppa in tillräckligt mycket dagsljus samtidigt som man åstadkommer effektiv solavskärmning. / This thesis investigates the viability of a system solution for aquifer thermal energy storage along with new HVAC technical solutions in real estates Hästskon 9 and 12 at a proposed future renovation. It also explores opportunities for certification in the Swedish energy and environmental certification system Miljöbyggnad (Environmental Building) regarding energy consumption, daylight comfort, solar heat load and thermal comfort for the renovation and extension proposal of Hästskon 12 with the goal of the GOLD level. By exploiting the aquifer in the properties Hästskon 9 and 12 today, very low energy consumption is achievable with seasonal energy efficiency via chillers for heating and cooling supply of 5.6. The LCC analysis shows that there are energy cost savings for property owner Vasakronan of about 3.65 million SEK per year compared to the current situation, if the described aquifer thermal energy storage solution is used. This gives a payback time of approximately 4.5 years in the investment to be made. Certification in the Miljöbyggnad system for existing buildings is probably possible with the aquifer thermal energy storage, but with BRONZE or possibly SILVER level. In the future refurbishment and extension proposal, the property owner adds about 13 000 m² of additional rentable commercial premises and offices. Nevertheless, the energy use of the properties decreases further owing to a seasonal energy efficiency via chillers for heating and cooling supply of 7.0 when the data centre refrigeration equipment for tenant SEB persists with heat recovery on the properties' heating systems, heating and cooling systems are adapted for low heat carrier temperature and high brine water temperature, ventilation systems are designed for low fan electricity demand and high heat recovery rate, glass solutions chosen are based on limited solar radiation and the building envelope is additionally insulated to some extent. Energy cost savings are furthered to 4.8 million SEK per year compared to the current situation. Even if the data centre refrigeration equipment for tenant SEB is closed down in a future refurbishment scenario, there is possibility to independently supply the property with its own heat produced by an additional heat pump, which removes the dependence of tenant SEB's data centre for heat supply and yet provides an energy saving of 4.25 million SEK per year compared the current situation. Such a solution will result in specific energy with the BBR 2012 (Swedish building regulations) definition of only about 30 kWh / m² Atemp, year. This figure is much lower than new construction requirements of BBR 2012 and on par with virgin buildings with borehole energy storage system. Based on the analysis of the Miljöbyggnad system indicators for energy, solar thermal load, daylight comfort and thermal comfort it is possible to certify Hästskon 12 and 9 in a future refurbishment and extension at GOLD level with some changes in the refurbishment proposal. In order to achieve GOLD level with respect to daylight comfort and solar heat load, special adaptation of the glazing on the S building, M building's facade facing Malmskillnadsgatan, and a large atrium in the H-building is required to let in enough natural light while still providing effective solar shading.

This research work is focused on a conceptual combination of membrane-based energy recovery ventilator (ERV) and phase change material (PCM) to provide energy savings in building heating, ventilation & air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. An ERV can recover thermal energy and moisture between the outside fresh air (OFA) entering into the building and the exhaust air (EA) leaving from the building thus reducing the energy consumption of the HVAC system for cooling and heating the spaces inside the building. The membranes were stacked parallel to each other forming adjacent channels in a counter-flow arrangement for OFA and EA streams. Heat and moisture is diffused through the membrane core. Flat-plate encapsulated PCM is arranged in OFA duct upstream/downstream of the ERV thereby allowing for further reduction in temperature by virtue of free cooling. Paraffin-based PCMs with a melting point of 24°C and 31°C is used in two different configurations where the PCM is added either before or after the ERV. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and heat and mass transfer modeling is employed using COMSOL Multiphysics v5.3 to perform the heat and mass transfer analysis for the membrane-based ERV and flat-plate PCMs. An 8-story office building was considered to perform building energy simulation using eQUEST v3.65 from Department of Energy (DOE). Based on the heat and mass transfer analysis, it is found that the sensible effectiveness (heat recovery) stood in the range of 65%-97% while the latent effectiveness (moisture recovery) stood at 55%-80%. Also, the highest annual energy savings achieved were 72,700 kWh in electricity consumption and 358.45 MBtu in gas consumption.

Small and medium-scale companies are trying to minimise their carbon footprint and improve their cash flow, renewable installations are increasing all over the Europe and are expected to do so in following years. However, their dependency on the weather cause pressure on matching the production with demand. An option how to challenge this problem is by using energy storage. The aim of this project is to determine techno-economic benefits of Stirling engine and high temperature thermal energy storage for installation in energy user system and identify key factors that affect the operation of such system. In order to determine these factors simulations in Matlab were conducted. The Matlab linear programming tool Optisolve using dual-simplex algorithm was used. The sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the energy system behaviour. Economic evaluation was done calculating discounted savings. From the results, it can be seen the significant benefit of SE-HT-TES installation is the increased self-consumption of the electricity from PV installation. While the self-consumption in cases when there was no energy storage implemented was around 67 % and in one case as low as 50 % with the SE-HT-TES the value has increased up to 100 %. Energy cost savings are 4.7 % of the cost for the original data set and go up to 6.2 % when simulation with load shift was executed. Simulations have also shown that energy customer with predictable energy demand pattern can achieve higher savings with the very same system. It was also confirmed that for users whose private renewable production does not match load potential savings are 30 % higher compared to the system where energy load peak is matching the PV production peak. Simulations also shown that the customers located in areas with higher electricity price volatility can benefit from such system greatly.