Este trabalho trata de conceitos relacionados à qualidade da Energia Elétrica (EE) e, neste contexto, apresenta a proposta de técnicas para a compressão da representação de transitórios rápidos e da análise tempo-frequência de distúrbios elétricos em geral. A qualidade da Energia Elétrica é medida pelo coeficiente de desvios que os sinais de tensão e corrente apresentam em relação ao sinal senoidal ideal. Tais desvios são denominados de distúrbios, podendo ser classificados como quase estacionários (e.g. distorção de harmônicas) e eventos (e.g. transitórios rápidos). No contexto de EE, os transitórios rápidos possuem pequena duração (i.e. na ordem dos microssegundos), são detectados por altas taxas de amostragem (i.e. na ordem dos MHz) e possuem difícil parametrização. Portanto, as representações das formas de onda geralmente são armazenadas para auxiliar a avaliação subjetiva dos transitórios e dos parâmetros de interesse. Consequentemente, a compressão destas formas de onda torna-se de extrema importância para armazenar dados adquiridos por longos períodos de tempo, e estes modos de compressão são tratados nesta dissertação. Em virtude das altas taxas de amostragem utilizadas, uma técnica baseada em Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA – Principal Component Analysis) é proposta para esta representação mais compacta de transitórios. Resultados mostram que o desempenho em compressão versus qualidade de reconstrução é semelhante ao de trabalhos relacionados com a vantagem de atender aos requisitos de altas taxas de amostragem. A análise tempo-frequência é um mecanismo que auxilia na classificação e caracterização dos distúrbios elétricos. Neste trabalho, a Transformada de Hilbert-Huang é estudada e uma proposta de melhoria na Decomposição Empírica de Modos (EMD – Empirical Mode Decomposition) é apresentada. Nossos resultados mostram que a técnica proposta economiza o custo computacional se comparada com o estado da arte. Em virtude disso, a técnica proposta apresenta uma taxa de redução no tempo médio de execução de 99,76 % em relação à técnica do estado da arte. Além disso, uma verificação acerca do desempenho em eficiência de compressão versus qualidade de reconstrução de trabalhos anteriores é também desenvolvida nesta dissertação. Foi utilizada uma sistemática de avaliação experimental com base em amostras de sinais AC, de forma a avaliar as taxas de compressão atingidas pelas técnicas estudadas, como a Transformada Wavelet Discreta. Resultados mostram que a Transformada Wavelet falha para compressão de todo e qualquer tipo de distúrbio elétrico quando analisado o compromisso entre acuidade de reconstrução versus eficiência de compressão. / This work deals with concepts related to the AC Power Quality theoretical framework and, in this scope, proposes techniques for the representation of fast transient data compression and for the power line disturbances time-frequency analysis. The AC power quality is measured by the differences between actual and ideal sinusoidal voltage/current signals. These differences are known as electrical disturbances, which can be classified as quasi-stationary (e.g. harmonic distortion) or events (e.g. surge or fast transients) disturbances. In the AC Power Quality scope, the fast transients have short duration (i.e. typically on the order of microseconds), are detected by high sampling rates (i.e. typically on the order of MHz), and are hard to characterize and parameterize. Hence, the resultant representation of the waveforms is in general stored to help in the subjective evaluation of these fast transients and their parameters of interest. As a consequence the compression turns out to be of main concern, in order to store this information acquired over long periods of time (like weeks or months). In this work, a compression technique is proposed taking into account the high sampling rates. The proposed technique makes use of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for such compact representation of fast transients. The Compression efficiency versus reconstruction accuracy results show a similar performance for the proposed technique when compared to the related works. On the other hand, the proposed technique can handle the large amount of data provided by the high sampling rates. The time-frequency analysis helps in the classification and characterization of AC power quality disturbances. In this work, the Hilbert-Huang Transform is studied and a modification is proposed in order to improve the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) performance. Our results show that the proposed modification can save computational cost when compared to the state-of-the-art. Therefore, the average execution time is reduced to 99.76 % in comparison with the state-of-the-art technique. Besides that, this work also revisits previous techniques based on the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) in order to verify the trade-off between reconstruction accuracy versus compression efficiency under a more systematic experimental evaluation setup, considering samples of real AC signals. Results show that DWT fails as a general-purpose technique in AC Power Quality scope.

Este trabalho trata de conceitos relacionados à qualidade da Energia Elétrica (EE) e, neste contexto, apresenta a proposta de técnicas para a compressão da representação de transitórios rápidos e da análise tempo-frequência de distúrbios elétricos em geral. A qualidade da Energia Elétrica é medida pelo coeficiente de desvios que os sinais de tensão e corrente apresentam em relação ao sinal senoidal ideal. Tais desvios são denominados de distúrbios, podendo ser classificados como quase estacionários (e.g. distorção de harmônicas) e eventos (e.g. transitórios rápidos). No contexto de EE, os transitórios rápidos possuem pequena duração (i.e. na ordem dos microssegundos), são detectados por altas taxas de amostragem (i.e. na ordem dos MHz) e possuem difícil parametrização. Portanto, as representações das formas de onda geralmente são armazenadas para auxiliar a avaliação subjetiva dos transitórios e dos parâmetros de interesse. Consequentemente, a compressão destas formas de onda torna-se de extrema importância para armazenar dados adquiridos por longos períodos de tempo, e estes modos de compressão são tratados nesta dissertação. Em virtude das altas taxas de amostragem utilizadas, uma técnica baseada em Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA – Principal Component Analysis) é proposta para esta representação mais compacta de transitórios. Resultados mostram que o desempenho em compressão versus qualidade de reconstrução é semelhante ao de trabalhos relacionados com a vantagem de atender aos requisitos de altas taxas de amostragem. A análise tempo-frequência é um mecanismo que auxilia na classificação e caracterização dos distúrbios elétricos. Neste trabalho, a Transformada de Hilbert-Huang é estudada e uma proposta de melhoria na Decomposição Empírica de Modos (EMD – Empirical Mode Decomposition) é apresentada. Nossos resultados mostram que a técnica proposta economiza o custo computacional se comparada com o estado da arte. Em virtude disso, a técnica proposta apresenta uma taxa de redução no tempo médio de execução de 99,76 % em relação à técnica do estado da arte. Além disso, uma verificação acerca do desempenho em eficiência de compressão versus qualidade de reconstrução de trabalhos anteriores é também desenvolvida nesta dissertação. Foi utilizada uma sistemática de avaliação experimental com base em amostras de sinais AC, de forma a avaliar as taxas de compressão atingidas pelas técnicas estudadas, como a Transformada Wavelet Discreta. Resultados mostram que a Transformada Wavelet falha para compressão de todo e qualquer tipo de distúrbio elétrico quando analisado o compromisso entre acuidade de reconstrução versus eficiência de compressão. / This work deals with concepts related to the AC Power Quality theoretical framework and, in this scope, proposes techniques for the representation of fast transient data compression and for the power line disturbances time-frequency analysis. The AC power quality is measured by the differences between actual and ideal sinusoidal voltage/current signals. These differences are known as electrical disturbances, which can be classified as quasi-stationary (e.g. harmonic distortion) or events (e.g. surge or fast transients) disturbances. In the AC Power Quality scope, the fast transients have short duration (i.e. typically on the order of microseconds), are detected by high sampling rates (i.e. typically on the order of MHz), and are hard to characterize and parameterize. Hence, the resultant representation of the waveforms is in general stored to help in the subjective evaluation of these fast transients and their parameters of interest. As a consequence the compression turns out to be of main concern, in order to store this information acquired over long periods of time (like weeks or months). In this work, a compression technique is proposed taking into account the high sampling rates. The proposed technique makes use of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for such compact representation of fast transients. The Compression efficiency versus reconstruction accuracy results show a similar performance for the proposed technique when compared to the related works. On the other hand, the proposed technique can handle the large amount of data provided by the high sampling rates. The time-frequency analysis helps in the classification and characterization of AC power quality disturbances. In this work, the Hilbert-Huang Transform is studied and a modification is proposed in order to improve the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) performance. Our results show that the proposed modification can save computational cost when compared to the state-of-the-art. Therefore, the average execution time is reduced to 99.76 % in comparison with the state-of-the-art technique. Besides that, this work also revisits previous techniques based on the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) in order to verify the trade-off between reconstruction accuracy versus compression efficiency under a more systematic experimental evaluation setup, considering samples of real AC signals. Results show that DWT fails as a general-purpose technique in AC Power Quality scope.

abstract: Structural integrity is an important characteristic of performance for critical components used in applications such as aeronautics, materials, construction and transportation. When appraising the structural integrity of these components, evaluation methods must be accurate. In addition to possessing capability to perform damage detection, the ability to monitor the level of damage over time can provide extremely useful information in assessing the operational worthiness of a structure and in determining whether the structure should be repaired or removed from service. In this work, a sequential Bayesian approach with active sensing is employed for monitoring crack growth within fatigue-loaded materials. The monitoring approach is based on predicting crack damage state dynamics and modeling crack length observations. Since fatigue loading of a structural component can change while in service, an interacting multiple model technique is employed to estimate probabilities of different loading modes and incorporate this information in the crack length estimation problem. For the observation model, features are obtained from regions of high signal energy in the time-frequency plane and modeled for each crack length damage condition. Although this observation model approach exhibits high classification accuracy, the resolution characteristics can change depending upon the extent of the damage. Therefore, several different transmission waveforms and receiver sensors are considered to create multiple modes for making observations of crack damage. Resolution characteristics of the different observation modes are assessed using a predicted mean squared error criterion and observations are obtained using the predicted, optimal observation modes based on these characteristics. Calculation of the predicted mean square error metric can be computationally intensive, especially if performed in real time, and an approximation method is proposed. With this approach, the real time computational burden is decreased significantly and the number of possible observation modes can be increased. Using sensor measurements from real experiments, the overall sequential Bayesian estimation approach, with the adaptive capability of varying the state dynamics and observation modes, is demonstrated for tracking crack damage. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2013

Este trabalho trata de conceitos relacionados à qualidade da Energia Elétrica (EE) e, neste contexto, apresenta a proposta de técnicas para a compressão da representação de transitórios rápidos e da análise tempo-frequência de distúrbios elétricos em geral. A qualidade da Energia Elétrica é medida pelo coeficiente de desvios que os sinais de tensão e corrente apresentam em relação ao sinal senoidal ideal. Tais desvios são denominados de distúrbios, podendo ser classificados como quase estacionários (e.g. distorção de harmônicas) e eventos (e.g. transitórios rápidos). No contexto de EE, os transitórios rápidos possuem pequena duração (i.e. na ordem dos microssegundos), são detectados por altas taxas de amostragem (i.e. na ordem dos MHz) e possuem difícil parametrização. Portanto, as representações das formas de onda geralmente são armazenadas para auxiliar a avaliação subjetiva dos transitórios e dos parâmetros de interesse. Consequentemente, a compressão destas formas de onda torna-se de extrema importância para armazenar dados adquiridos por longos períodos de tempo, e estes modos de compressão são tratados nesta dissertação. Em virtude das altas taxas de amostragem utilizadas, uma técnica baseada em Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA – Principal Component Analysis) é proposta para esta representação mais compacta de transitórios. Resultados mostram que o desempenho em compressão versus qualidade de reconstrução é semelhante ao de trabalhos relacionados com a vantagem de atender aos requisitos de altas taxas de amostragem. A análise tempo-frequência é um mecanismo que auxilia na classificação e caracterização dos distúrbios elétricos. Neste trabalho, a Transformada de Hilbert-Huang é estudada e uma proposta de melhoria na Decomposição Empírica de Modos (EMD – Empirical Mode Decomposition) é apresentada. Nossos resultados mostram que a técnica proposta economiza o custo computacional se comparada com o estado da arte. Em virtude disso, a técnica proposta apresenta uma taxa de redução no tempo médio de execução de 99,76 % em relação à técnica do estado da arte. Além disso, uma verificação acerca do desempenho em eficiência de compressão versus qualidade de reconstrução de trabalhos anteriores é também desenvolvida nesta dissertação. Foi utilizada uma sistemática de avaliação experimental com base em amostras de sinais AC, de forma a avaliar as taxas de compressão atingidas pelas técnicas estudadas, como a Transformada Wavelet Discreta. Resultados mostram que a Transformada Wavelet falha para compressão de todo e qualquer tipo de distúrbio elétrico quando analisado o compromisso entre acuidade de reconstrução versus eficiência de compressão. / This work deals with concepts related to the AC Power Quality theoretical framework and, in this scope, proposes techniques for the representation of fast transient data compression and for the power line disturbances time-frequency analysis. The AC power quality is measured by the differences between actual and ideal sinusoidal voltage/current signals. These differences are known as electrical disturbances, which can be classified as quasi-stationary (e.g. harmonic distortion) or events (e.g. surge or fast transients) disturbances. In the AC Power Quality scope, the fast transients have short duration (i.e. typically on the order of microseconds), are detected by high sampling rates (i.e. typically on the order of MHz), and are hard to characterize and parameterize. Hence, the resultant representation of the waveforms is in general stored to help in the subjective evaluation of these fast transients and their parameters of interest. As a consequence the compression turns out to be of main concern, in order to store this information acquired over long periods of time (like weeks or months). In this work, a compression technique is proposed taking into account the high sampling rates. The proposed technique makes use of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for such compact representation of fast transients. The Compression efficiency versus reconstruction accuracy results show a similar performance for the proposed technique when compared to the related works. On the other hand, the proposed technique can handle the large amount of data provided by the high sampling rates. The time-frequency analysis helps in the classification and characterization of AC power quality disturbances. In this work, the Hilbert-Huang Transform is studied and a modification is proposed in order to improve the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) performance. Our results show that the proposed modification can save computational cost when compared to the state-of-the-art. Therefore, the average execution time is reduced to 99.76 % in comparison with the state-of-the-art technique. Besides that, this work also revisits previous techniques based on the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) in order to verify the trade-off between reconstruction accuracy versus compression efficiency under a more systematic experimental evaluation setup, considering samples of real AC signals. Results show that DWT fails as a general-purpose technique in AC Power Quality scope.

Um dos atributos fundamentais associados aos escoamentos multifásicos é a existência de estruturas características segundo as quais as diferentes fases do líquido escoam. O surgimento de uma dessas estruturas, conhecidas como configurações ou regimes de escoamento, é determinado pelas vazões e propriedades físicas dos componentes, além de parâmetros geométricos como diâmetro e inclinação do conduto. O desenvolvimento de metodologias de caracterização de regimes, bem como a caracterização e o diagnóstico da transição destes regimes de escoamento são de fundamental importância. Este trabalho utiliza a análise tempo-frequência da transformada de Gabor para caracterizar os regimes de escoamento horizontais gás-líquido intermitentes. Mais especificamente, o principal objetivo está em investigar a existência de sub-regimes dentro do regime intermitente, para tanto recorremos à covariância tempo-frequência da transformada de Gabor, que é capaz de detectar transições através da não-estacionaridade associada com as correspondentes transições. Testes experimentais foram conduzidos no circuito TALC em CEA-Grenoble e uma extensiva base de dados foi obtida, cobrindo diversos tipos de escoamento intermitente. Uma sonda de condutividade elétrica, consistindo de dois anéis de eletrodos montados junto à tubulação, produziu sinais dos quais a covariância tempo-frequência foi calculada através da correspondente transformada de Gabor. / One of the main features associated to multiphase flows is the existence of characteristic dynamic structures according to which the different phases of a mixture of immiscible fluids can flow. The manifestation of one of these structures, known a flow pattern or regime, is determined by the flow rates as well as by physical and geometrical properties of the fluids and piping. The development of flow pattern characterization and diagnostic methods, and the associated transitions in between, is of crucial importance for an efficient engineering of such phenomena. Time-frequency analysis based on the Gabor transform is used in this work to characterize horizontal air-water intermittent flow regimes. More specifically, our main objective is to reveal the existence of sub-regimes inside the intermittent regimes region with the help of the corresponding time-frequency covariance based on the Gabor transform, which is capable of detecting transitions by assessing the unstationarity associated with the corresponding transitions. Experimental tests were conducted at the TALC facility at CEA-Grenoble and an extensive database was obtained, covering several types of intermittent flow. A conductivity probe, consisting in two ring electrodes flush mounted to the pipe, delivered signals from which the time-frequency covariance were calculated from the corresponding Gabor transform.

In mobile communications, using multiple transmit and receive antennas has shown considerable improvement over single antenna systems. The performance increase can be characterized by more reliable throughput obtained through diversity and the higher achievable data rate through spatial multiplexing. The combination of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless technology with the IEEE 802.16e-2005 (WiMAX) standard has been recognized as one of the most promising technologies with the advent of next generation broadband wireless communications. The dissertation introduces a performance evaluation of modern multi-antenna coding techniques on a MIMO-WiMAX platform developed to be capable of simulating space-selective, time-selective and frequency-selective fading conditions, which are known as triply-selective fading conditions. A new concatenated space-time-frequency low-density parity check (LDPC) code is proposed for high performance MIMO systems, where it is shown that the newly defined coding technique outperforms a more conventional approach by concatenating space-time blocks with LDPC codes. The analysis of the coding techniques in realistic mobile environments, as well as the proposed STFC-LDPC code, can form a set of newly defined codes, complementing the current coding schemes defined in the WiMAX standard. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

As the failure of a bearing could cause cascading breakdowns of the mechanical system and then lead to costly repairs and production delays, bearing condition monitoring has received much attention for decades. One of the primary methods for this purpose is based on the analysis of vibration signal measured by accelerometers because such data are information-rich. The vibration signal collected from a defective bearing is, however, a mixture of several signal components including the fault-generated impulses, interferences from other machine components, and background noise, where fault-induced impulses are further modulated by various low frequency signal contents. The compounded effects of interferences, background noise and the combined modulation effects make it difficult to detect bearing faults. This is further complicated by the nonstationary nature of vibration signals due to speed variations in some cases, such as the bearings in a wind turbine. As such, the main challenges in the vibration-based bearing monitoring are how to address the modulation, noise, interference, and nonstationarity matters. Over the past few decades, considerable research activities have been carried out to deal with the first three issues. Recently, the nonstationarity matter has also attracted strong interests from both industry and academic community. Nevertheless, the existing techniques still have problems (deficiencies) as listed below: (1) The existing enveloping methods for bearing fault feature extraction are often adversely affected by multiple interferences. To eliminate the effect of interferences, the prefiltering is required, which is often parameter-dependent and knowledge-demanding. The selection of proper filter parameters is challenging and even more so in a time-varying environment. (2) Even though filters are properly designed, they are of little use in handling in-band noise and interferences which are also barriers for bearing fault detection, particularly for incipient bearing faults with weak signatures. (3) Conventional approaches for bearing fault detection under constant speed are no longer applicable to the variable speed case because such speed fluctuations may cause “smearing” of the discrete frequencies in the frequency representation. Most current methods for rotating machinery condition monitoring under time-varying speed require signal resampling based on the shaft rotating frequency. For the bearing case, the shaft rotating frequency is, however, often unavailable as it is coupled with the instantaneous fault characteristic frequency (IFCF) by a fault characteristic coefficient (FCC) which cannot be determined without knowing the fault type. Additionally, the effectiveness of resampling-based methods is largely dependent on the accuracy of resampling procedure which, even if reliable, can complicate the entire fault detection process substantially. (4) Time-frequency analysis (TFA) has proved to be a powerful tool in analyzing nonstationary signal and moreover does not require resampling for bearing fault identification. However, the diffusion of time-frequency representation (TFR) along time and frequency axes caused by lack of energy concentration would handicap the application of the TFA. In fact, the reported TFA applications in bearing fault diagnosis are still very limited. To address the first two aforementioned problems, i.e., (1) and (2), for constant speed cases, two morphology-based methods are proposed to extract bearing fault feature without prefiltering. Another two methods are developed to specifically handle the remaining problems for the bearing fault detection under time-varying speed conditions. These methods are itemized as follows: (1) An efficient enveloping method based on signal Fractal Dimension (FD) for bearing fault feature extraction without prefiltering, (2) A signal decomposition technique based on oscillatory behaviors for noise reduction and interferences removal (including in-band ones), (3) A prefiltering-free and resampling-free approach for bearing fault diagnosis under variable speed condition via the joint application of FD-based envelope demodulation and generalized demodulation (GD), and (4) A combined dual-demodulation transform (DDT) and synchrosqueezing approach for TFR energy concentration level enhancement and bearing fault identification. With respect to constant speed cases, the FD-based enveloping method, where a short time Fractal dimension (STFD) transform is proposed, can suppress interferences and highlight the fault-induced impulsive signature by transforming the vibration signal into a STFD representation. Its effectiveness, however, deteriorates with the increased complexity of the interference frequencies, particularly for multiple interferences with high frequencies. As such, the second method, which isolates fault-induced transients from interferences and noise via oscillatory behavior analysis, is then developed to complement the FD-based enveloping approach. Both methods are independent of frequency information and free from prefiltering, hence eliminating the tedious process for filter parameter specification. The in-band vibration interferences can also be suppressed mainly by the second approach. For the nonstationary cases, a prefiltering-free and resampling-free strategy is developed via the joint application of STFD and GD, from which a resampling-free order spectrum can be derived. This order spectrum can effectively reveal not only the existence of a fault but also its location. However, the success of this method relies largely on an effective enveloping technique. To address this matter and at the same time to exploit the advantages of TFA in nonstationary signal analysis, a TFA technique, involving dual demodulations and an iterative process, is developed and innovatively applied to bearing fault identification. The proposed methods have been validated using both simulation and experimental data collected in our lab. The test results have shown that the first two methods can effectively extract fault signatures, remove the interferences (including in-band ones) without prefiltering, and detect fault types from vibration signals for constant speed cases. The last two have shown to be effective in detecting faults and discern fault types from vibration data collected under variable speed conditions without resampling and prefiltering.

This thesis is related to the field of Sound Source Separation (SSS). It addresses the development and evaluation of these techniques for their application in the resynthesis of high-realism sound scenes by means of Wave Field Synthesis (WFS). Because the vast majority of audio recordings are preserved in twochannel stereo format, special up-converters are required to use advanced spatial audio reproduction formats, such as WFS. This is due to the fact that WFS needs the original source signals to be available, in order to accurately synthesize the acoustic field inside an extended listening area. Thus, an object-based mixing is required. Source separation problems in digital signal processing are those in which several signals have been mixed together and the objective is to find out what the original signals were. Therefore, SSS algorithms can be applied to existing two-channel mixtures to extract the different objects that compose the stereo scene. Unfortunately, most stereo mixtures are underdetermined, i.e., there are more sound sources than audio channels. This condition makes the SSS problem especially difficult and stronger assumptions have to be taken, often related to the sparsity of the sources under some signal transformation. This thesis is focused on the application of SSS techniques to the spatial sound reproduction field. As a result, its contributions can be categorized within these two areas. First, two underdetermined SSS methods are proposed to deal efficiently with the separation of stereo sound mixtures. These techniques are based on a multi-level thresholding segmentation approach, which enables to perform a fast and unsupervised separation of sound sources in the time-frequency domain. Although both techniques rely on the same clustering type, the features considered by each of them are related to different localization cues that enable to perform separation of either instantaneous or real mixtures.Additionally, two post-processing techniques aimed at improving the isolation of the separated sources are proposed. The performance achieved by several SSS methods in the resynthesis of WFS sound scenes is afterwards evaluated by means of listening tests, paying special attention to the change observed in the perceived spatial attributes. Although the estimated sources are distorted versions of the original ones, the masking effects involved in their spatial remixing make artifacts less perceptible, which improves the overall assessed quality. Finally, some novel developments related to the application of time-frequency processing to source localization and enhanced sound reproduction are presented. / Cobos Serrano, M. (2009). Application of sound source separation methods to advanced spatial audio systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8969 / Palancia

The task of detecting and separating multiple radio-frequency signals in a wideband scenario has attracted much interest recently, especially from the cognitive radio community. Many successful approaches in this field have been based on machine learning and computer vision methods using the wideband signal spectrogram as an input feature. YOLO and R-CNN are deep learning-based object detection algorithms that have been used to obtain state-of-the-art results on several computer vision benchmark tests. In this work, YOLOv2 and Faster R-CNN are implemented, trained and tested, to solve the signal separation task. Previous signal separation research does not consider representations other than the spectrogram. Here, specific focus is placed on investigating different time-frequency representations based on the short-time Fourier transform. Results are presented in terms of traditional object detection metrics, with Faster R-CNN and YOLOv2 achieving mean average precision scores of up to 89.3% and 88.8% respectively. / Dissertation (MEng (Computer Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Saab Grintek Defence / University of Pretoria / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng (Computer Engineering) / Unrestricted

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