A poluição do ar é um fenômeno decorrente, principalmente, da atividade humana em vários setores, agravada pelo crescimento populacional e econômico, pelas grandes inovações tecnológicas e a rápida industrialização, que tornaram-na uma preocupação crescente, pois seus efeitos são claramente perceptíveis e sentidos por toda a sociedade, sejam crianças, adultos e idosos. Um dos maiores problemas ambientais atualmente é a poluição do ar. Os veícul os automotores são a pri nci pal fonte de pol ui ção atmosf éri ca e de ruído na ci dade de São Paul o como também, de outras regi ões metropol i tanas do país. Uma das al ternati vas que poderá mi ni mi zar este probl ema é a impl antação de um Programa de Carona Sol i dári a. O objetivo deste estudo portanto, foi: a) identificar os motivos que levam ou não as pessoas a participarem de um Programa de Carona Solidária na cidade de São Paulo-SP; b) verificar seus conhecimentos, opiniões e percepções sobre as relações entre a saúde e o meio ambiente; e em particular sobre o uso do automóvel e a poluição ambiental e c) verificar em que medida essas percepções poderão influenciar a decisão em participar de um Programa dessa natureza. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa foi a quali-quantitativa, tendo sido aplicado um questionário voltado para os funcionários de uma Instituição Hospitalar e também foram realizadas entrevistas com profissionais das áreas de saúde e meio ambiente. Conclusão: todos os participantes da pesquisa demonstraram ter preocupação com a qualidade do meio ambiente, pensando nas futuras gerações. No entanto, nas questões práticas como compartilhar o automóvel para participar da Carona Solidária, verificou-se um certo desinteresse. O grupo não está preparado para compartilhar o automóvel principalmente por razões socioculturais. Dar e receber carona de pessoas conhecidas, também é um fator que influencia a adesão ao Programa, para que os entrevistados sintam segurança ao participar. Na opinião dos entrevistados a implementação da Carona Solidária será mais efetiva se for realizada em empresas, escolas, universidades ou outras instituições onde as pessoas já se conhecem. Possuir um carro constiui-se ainda em um valor para uma parcela considerável da população entrevistada. A dificuldade em estabelecer relação entre saúde e ambiente também interfere na adesão dos profissionais mesmo considerando uma iniciativa interessante. Acredita-se que a educação ainda seja o melhor caminho para que ocorram mudanças de atitudes / Air pollution is a phenomenon mainly derived from human activity in several sectors, aggravated by economy and population growth, by the large technological innovations and the rapid industrialization, which made it a growing concern, for its effects are clearly perceptible and felt by the entire society, whether they are children, adults or elderly. One of the major environmental problems is currently air pollution. Automotive vehicles are the main source of atmospheric pollution and noise in the city of São Paulo as well as in the other metropolitan regions of the country. One alternative to possibly minimize this problem is the implementation of a Sympathetic Car Ride Program. The objective of this study was therefore: a) to identify the reasons for people participating or not in a Sympathetic Car Ride Program in São Paulo City-SP; b) to verify their knowledge, opinions and perceptions about the relationship between health and environment; and particularly about the use of the automobile and environmental pollution and c) to verify in to what extent these perceptions would influence their decision to take part in a Program of this nature. The quail-quantitative research methodology was used: a hospital clerk oriented questionnaire was applied to the workers of a health institution and so were interviews with health and environment professionals. Conclusion: all the participants surveyed demonstrated to have preoccupation with the quality of the environment when thinking on future generations. Nonetheless, on practical issues such as sharing the automobile to participate in the Sympathetic Car Ride, a certain lack of interest was verified. The group showed not to be prepared to share the automobile mainly for socio-cultural reasons. To give and to get a ride from known people is also a factor that influences the adhesion to the Program in order that the interviewees feel safe when participating. In the interviewees´ opinion the implementation of the Sympathetic Ride will be more effective if it is carried out in companies, schools, universities or other institutions where people already got to know one another. A considerable part of the interviewed population still places high value on owning a car. The difficulty in establishing a relationship between health and environment also interferes in the adhesion of the professionals even though they consider it to be an interesting initiative. Education is still believed to be the best way in order that attitude change occurs

A poluição do ar é um fenômeno decorrente, principalmente, da atividade humana em vários setores, agravada pelo crescimento populacional e econômico, pelas grandes inovações tecnológicas e a rápida industrialização, que tornaram-na uma preocupação crescente, pois seus efeitos são claramente perceptíveis e sentidos por toda a sociedade, sejam crianças, adultos e idosos. Um dos maiores problemas ambientais atualmente é a poluição do ar. Os veícul os automotores são a pri nci pal fonte de pol ui ção atmosf éri ca e de ruído na ci dade de São Paul o como também, de outras regi ões metropol i tanas do país. Uma das al ternati vas que poderá mi ni mi zar este probl ema é a impl antação de um Programa de Carona Sol i dári a. O objetivo deste estudo portanto, foi: a) identificar os motivos que levam ou não as pessoas a participarem de um Programa de Carona Solidária na cidade de São Paulo-SP; b) verificar seus conhecimentos, opiniões e percepções sobre as relações entre a saúde e o meio ambiente; e em particular sobre o uso do automóvel e a poluição ambiental e c) verificar em que medida essas percepções poderão influenciar a decisão em participar de um Programa dessa natureza. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa foi a quali-quantitativa, tendo sido aplicado um questionário voltado para os funcionários de uma Instituição Hospitalar e também foram realizadas entrevistas com profissionais das áreas de saúde e meio ambiente. Conclusão: todos os participantes da pesquisa demonstraram ter preocupação com a qualidade do meio ambiente, pensando nas futuras gerações. No entanto, nas questões práticas como compartilhar o automóvel para participar da Carona Solidária, verificou-se um certo desinteresse. O grupo não está preparado para compartilhar o automóvel principalmente por razões socioculturais. Dar e receber carona de pessoas conhecidas, também é um fator que influencia a adesão ao Programa, para que os entrevistados sintam segurança ao participar. Na opinião dos entrevistados a implementação da Carona Solidária será mais efetiva se for realizada em empresas, escolas, universidades ou outras instituições onde as pessoas já se conhecem. Possuir um carro constiui-se ainda em um valor para uma parcela considerável da população entrevistada. A dificuldade em estabelecer relação entre saúde e ambiente também interfere na adesão dos profissionais mesmo considerando uma iniciativa interessante. Acredita-se que a educação ainda seja o melhor caminho para que ocorram mudanças de atitudes / Air pollution is a phenomenon mainly derived from human activity in several sectors, aggravated by economy and population growth, by the large technological innovations and the rapid industrialization, which made it a growing concern, for its effects are clearly perceptible and felt by the entire society, whether they are children, adults or elderly. One of the major environmental problems is currently air pollution. Automotive vehicles are the main source of atmospheric pollution and noise in the city of São Paulo as well as in the other metropolitan regions of the country. One alternative to possibly minimize this problem is the implementation of a Sympathetic Car Ride Program. The objective of this study was therefore: a) to identify the reasons for people participating or not in a Sympathetic Car Ride Program in São Paulo City-SP; b) to verify their knowledge, opinions and perceptions about the relationship between health and environment; and particularly about the use of the automobile and environmental pollution and c) to verify in to what extent these perceptions would influence their decision to take part in a Program of this nature. The quail-quantitative research methodology was used: a hospital clerk oriented questionnaire was applied to the workers of a health institution and so were interviews with health and environment professionals. Conclusion: all the participants surveyed demonstrated to have preoccupation with the quality of the environment when thinking on future generations. Nonetheless, on practical issues such as sharing the automobile to participate in the Sympathetic Car Ride, a certain lack of interest was verified. The group showed not to be prepared to share the automobile mainly for socio-cultural reasons. To give and to get a ride from known people is also a factor that influences the adhesion to the Program in order that the interviewees feel safe when participating. In the interviewees´ opinion the implementation of the Sympathetic Ride will be more effective if it is carried out in companies, schools, universities or other institutions where people already got to know one another. A considerable part of the interviewed population still places high value on owning a car. The difficulty in establishing a relationship between health and environment also interferes in the adhesion of the professionals even though they consider it to be an interesting initiative. Education is still believed to be the best way in order that attitude change occurs

University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Law. / There are different notions of justice that support different reasons for compensating people injured in automobile accidents. The' traditional' method of compensating such persons is the tort system, which involves accident victim proving that fault of some other person caused their injury. This system is not a compensation scheme per se, but a means of shifting losses in accordance with community expectations. This system was criticised during the 20th-century for its inequity, expense and delay. Alternative compensation systems developed which supplement or replace tort as a means of access to compensation. These are divided into 'hybrid' systems - add-on, threshold and choice no-fault - and 'pure' no-fault. There are numerous arguments for and against each system and no one scheme has emerged as the system of choice internationally. In Australia, which is a Federation of states and territories, each jurisdiction has a separate scheme. The majority are fault based but with variations in benefit structures. There is also an add-on no-fault system in Tasmania, a threshold no-fault system in Victoria and a pure no-fault scheme covering residents of the Northern Territory. This pattern of diversity could be expected because of reluctance to embrace change when alternatives are not universally viewed as superior. Chapman and Trebilcock argue that the diversity signifies political instability that is not seen in other areas of law such as workplace injuries, products liability and medical malpractice. They hypothesise that because appreciation of facts surrounding automobile accidents and core values within communities across a Federation such as Australia should be similar, the probable reason for diversity is the existence of majority voting cycles and sequence dependent outcomes. A critical analysis of Chapman and Trebilcock's reasoning shows that their basic premise is faulty. An examination of the evidence from the structure of each Australian scheme, and the scheme reviews and debates on points of change during the period from 1970 to date, demonstrates that in relation to Australian automobile accident compensation schemes, Chapman and Trebilcock's theory is probably wrong, and the diversity is a result of rational democratic political processes.

Despite the introduction of road safety measures and media campaigns, crashes are a leading cause of death in Western Australia. While economic costs of crashes are relatively easy to determine, their psychosocial burden remains appreciably under-studied, as are the social, cultural, historical, temporal, and political contexts within which grief experiences are housed. As such, I explored the experience of grief resulting from losing a loved one in a crash in Western Australia and described the influence of contextual factors on those grief experiences.

無 / We derive the MacLaurin series for the moments of the idle time with respect to the parameters in the service time and interarrival time distributions for a GI/G/I queue. The light traffic derivatives are obtained to investigate the quality of a well-known MacLaurin series. The coefficients in these series are expressed in terms of the derivatives of the interarrival time density function evaluated at zero and the moments of the service time distribution, which can be easily calculated through a simple recursive procedure. The result for the idle period is easily taken as input to the calculation of other performance measures of the system, e.g., interdeparture time distributions. Numerical examples are given to illustrate these results.

Zugl.: Dresden, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2007

No description available.

The Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA) is an association of industry representatives, and state, territorial, provincial, and federal government officials in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The CVSA's goal is to improve commercial vehicle safety. The CVSA concentrates its safety focus on three areas; driver, vehicle, and hazardous materials. Since 1981, the CVSA has developed a set of criteria for each of the three areas that define conditions which are so unsafe that a truck and/or driver should not be allowed to operate. These criteria are known as out of service (OOS) criteria. To check the compliance of motor carriers with the CVSA criteria, a series of road side inspections is conducted by state and local governments. If the driver and/or vehicle are found in violation of the CVSA OOS criteria, they are placed "out of service" until the conditions are completely remedied. Due to criteria growth, the CVSA wanted to examine the OOS criteria in the vehicle and hazardous materials areas. This study, focused on the vehicle portion of the OOS criteria, attempted to correlate commercial vehicle defects to commercial vehicle accidents. For a major portion of this project, actual accident reports from six states of the United States were evaluated. The states and reports were selected via a stratified two stage cluster sampling system. The results were used to form estimates of the proportion and number of commercial vehicle accidents in the United States with a mechanical defect as a contributing factor. In addition to the accident report sampling, other sources were used to establish a correlation between vehicle defects and commercial vehicle accidents. They include literature, national databases, and post-crash inspections. Results from this study show that approximately 4.6% of all commercial vehicle accidents have a mechanical defect as a factor contributing to the accident. Of these, brakes (1.66%), tires (0.45%), couplings (0.38%), load securement (0.37%), and wheels (0.33%) accounted for the majority. A comparison was also made between the OSU study results and the information gathered from other sources. A cost factor was also used to rank the accidents. The sampled accidents accrued $22.7 million in damage to people and property. The underlying assumption is vehicle defects that are strongly represented in accidents and accident damage estimates should have a strong representation in the out-of-service criteria. / Graduation date: 1997

In this paper we characterize the "price of anarchy", i.e., the inefficiency between user and system optimal solutions, when costs are non-separable, asymmetric and nonlinear, generalizing earlier work that has addressed "price of anarchy" under separable costs. The generalization models traffice equilibria, competitive multi-period pricing and competitive supply chains. The bounds established in the paper are tight and explicitly account for the degeee of asymmetry and nonlinearity of the cost function. We introduce and alternate proof method for providing bounds that uses ideas from semidenfinite optimization. Finally, in the context of nulti-period pricing our analysis establishes that user and system optimal soulutions coincide.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-126). Also available online via the University of Tennessee ETD website (http://web.utk.edu/~thesis/etd.shtml).