In the past decade interpreting studies has gradually adopted a sociological perspective, taking into account social and cultural factors that affect interpreters actual behaviour in different settings. However, there have been few studies of interpreters practices as forms of social interaction, especially of the ways in which they become professionals and operate as social agents. Drawing upon Pierre Bourdieus theory of practice, this thesis aims to offer a contribution to the history of interpreting by examining the professional training and practices of Chinese interpreters during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1931-1945). On the basis of Bourdieus concept of field, this thesis reconstructs three competing fields dominated by three political and military powers: the Chinese Kuomingtang (KMT) government, the Chinese Communist Party, and the Japanese forces. By investigating interpreters training, employment and practices within these three fields, the thesis examines how the interpreting profession was affected by shifts in foreign policy, and how interpreters professional habitus were formed through their training and interaction with other social agents and institutions. It then highlights the interpreters active position-taking in pursuit of individual interests by examining particular interpreters career development through case studies of two interpreters, Xia Wenyun and Yan Jiarui, who served the Japanese forces and the Chinese KMT government, respectively. The study shows that the practices of the interpreters were broader than the scope of language transfer. In order to survive violent conflicts, interpreters often intertwined their interpreting with other political and professional activities. For them, interpreting was not a mere linguistic practice, but a strategy for self-protection, a route to power, or just a chance for a better life. Frequently crossing social, political and military borders, interpreters sometimes played a crucial cushioning role by protecting local residents from loss of life and property during the war.

This thesis sets out to investigate the role of cohesion in the organisation and processing of three text types in English and Arabic. In other words, it attempts to shed some light on the descriptive and explanatory power of cohesion in different text typologies. To this effect, three text types, namely, literary fictional narrative, newspaper editorial and science were analysed to ascertain the intra- and inter-sentential trends in textual cohesion characteristic of each text type in each language. In addition, two small scale experiments which aimed at exploring the facilitatory effect of one cohesive device (i.e. lexical repetition) on the comprehension of three English text types by Arab learners were carried out. The first experiment examined this effect in an English science text; the second covered three English text types, i.e. fictional narrative, culturally-oriented and science. Some interesting and significant results have emerged from the textual analysis and the pilot studies. Most importantly, each text type tends to utilize the cohesive trends that are compatible with its readership, reader knowledge, reading style and pedagogical purpose. Whereas fictional narratives largely cohere through pronominal co-reference, editorials and science texts derive much cohesion from lexical repetition. As for cross-language differences English opts for economy in the use of cohesive devices, while Arabic largely coheres through the redundant effect created by the high frequency of most of those devices. Thus, cohesion is proved to be a variable rather than a homogeneous phenomenon which is dictated by text type among other factors. The results of the experiments suggest that lexical repetition does facilitate the comprehension of English texts by Arab learners. Fictional narratives are found to be easier to process and understand than expository texts. Consequently, cohesion can assist in the processing of text as it can in its creation.

This work focuses on translated political speeches made by Canadas prime minister during times of national crises. Delivered orally in both English and French, this translation-based political discourse is examined in a tripartite manner, offering the reader contextualisation of the corpus researched; description of the translation shifts encountered; and interpretation of the discourse varies greatly depending on the era observed. Since the latter half of the 20th century, for instance, different text types have been assigned to different categories of translators. As for translative shifts revealed in the corpus, they have been categorised as either paratextual or textual divergences. Paratextual differences indicate that the Canadian prime ministers national statements in English and French do not necessarily seek to portray symmetry between what is presented in each language. Each version of a national speech thus retains a relative degree of visual autonomy. In sum, accumulated instances of paratextual divergence suggest an identifiable paratextual strategy, whereby translation contributes to the illusion that there is only one federal language: the readers. The deployment of this paratextual strategy obscures the fact that such federal expression occurs in two official languages. The illusion of monolingualism generates two different world views one for each linguistic community. Similarly, another strategy is discerned in the analysis of translative textual shifts a textual strategy useful in highlighting some of the power struggles inherent in translated federal expression. Textual interpretation of data identifies four federal translation tendencies: legitimisation and characterisation of linguistic communities; dislocation of the speech-event; neutralisation of (linguistic) territory; and valorisation of federalism.

The present work is an empirical investigation into the lq`reference skills' of Pakistani learners and their language needs on semantic, phonetic, lexical and pragmatic levels in the dictionary. The introductory chapter discusses the relatively problematic nature of lexis in comparison with the other aspects in EFL learning and spells out the aim of this study. Chapter two provides an analytical survey of the various types of research undertaken in different contexts of the dictionary and explains the eclectic approach adopted in the present work. Chapter three studies the `reference skills' of this category of learners in the background of highly sophisticated information structure of learners' dictionaries under evaluation and suggests some measures for improvement in this context. Chapter four considers various criteria, eg. pedagogic, linguistic and sociolinguistic for determining the macro-structure of learner's dictionary with a focus on specific Ll speakers. Chapter five is concerned with various aspects of the semantic information provided in the dictionaries matched against the needs of Pakistani learners with regard to both comprehension and production. The type, scale and presentation of grammatical information in the dictionary is analysed in chapter six with the object of discovering their role and utility for the learner. Chapter seven explores the rationale for providing phonological information, the extent to which this guidance is vital and the problems of phonetic symbols employed in the dictionaries. Chapter eight brings into perspective the historical background of English-Urdu bilingual lexicography and evalutes the currently popular bilingual dictionaries among the student community, with the aim of discovering the extent to which they have taken account of the modern tents of lexicography and investigating their validity as a useful reference tool in the learning of English language. The final chapter concludes the findings of individual aspects in a coherent fashion to assess the viability of the original hypothesis that learners' dictionaries if compiled with a specific set of users in mind would be more useful.

This work explores the relevance of semantic and linguistic description to translation, theory and practice. It is aimed towards a practical model of approach to texts to translate. As literary texts [poetry mainly] are the focus of attention, so are stylistic matters. Note, however, that 'style', and, to some extent, the conclusions of the work, are not limited to so-called literary texts. The study of semantic description reveals that most translation problems do not stem from the cognitive (langue-related), but rather from the contextual (parole-related) aspects of meaning. Thus, any linguistic model that fails to account for the latter is bound to fall short. T.G.G. does, whereas Systemics, concerned with both the 'Iangue' and 'parole' (stylistic and sociolinguistic mainly) aspects of meaning, provides a useful framework of approach to texts to translate. Two essential semantic principles for translation are: that meaning is the property of a language (Firth); and the 'relativity of meaning assignments' (Tymoczko). Both imply that meaning can only be assessed, correctly, in the relevant socio-cultural background. Translation is seen as a restricted creation, and the translator's encroach as a three-dimensional critical one. To encompass the most technical to the most literary text, and account for variations in emphasis in any text, translation theory must be based on typology of function (Halliday's ideational, interpersonal and textual, or, Buhler's symbol, signal, symptom, functions). Function (overall and specific) will dictate aims and method, and also provide the critic with criteria to assess translation faithfulness. Translation can never be reduced to purely objective methods, however. Intuitive procedures intervene, in textual interpretation and analysis, in the choice of equivalents, and in the reception of a translation. Ultimately, translation, theory and practice, may perhaps constitute the touchstone as regards the validity of linguistic and semantic theories.

The main aim of this thesis is to examine translation practices in Saudi Arabia as “socially situated” activities in the second half of the 20th century. Drawing on Bourdieu’s sociological model, the study situates the translation activities of academic, private, and literary institutions in their socio-political context of cultural production. Conceptual tools of analysis derived from Bourdieu, such as field, habitus, capital, doxa, and homology, are used to analyse book translation as a set of emerging sub-fields in Saudi Arabia.The study identifies academic institutions and private publishers as the principal agents contributing to the definition of the field of translation. It analyses the positions they occupy in the field(s) of cultural production and types of capital that have value in the context of their struggles. An expanding range of translation practices by faculty members in academic institutions, especially those undertaken in King Saud University, points to an emerging network of translation-specific positions, which can be referred to as the sub-field of academic translation. The dictates of this sub-field are influenced by strong homologous relations with the encompassing academic field. The capital sought by agents is primarily cultural and symbolic, and is readily convertible to economic capital.The thesis also identifies three private publishers who occupy positions in the second emerging sub-field of translation within the publishing field. These agents display different interests in a variety of stakes and types of capital. Jarir’s focus on translating self-help books demonstrates a heavy influence of the heteronomous dictates of the local and global markets, i.e. the economic field, situating it within the heteronomous pole of large scale circulation. Translation practices undertaken by Dar al-Mareekh and Obeikan position them nearer to the autonomous pole of small-scale circulation, where agents target smaller groups of readership and prioritise cultural and symbolic forms of capital. A heteronomous influence exercised by the political field is also detected in Obeikan’s focus on political works critical of US foreign policy, which situates these products within the heteronomous pole of politics.A translation by Obeikan of Niall Ferguson’s 2004 Colossus is examined in detail as a case study to further illuminate translation strategies as sociological phenomena situated within the field of power. Paratextual engagements reflect discourses of anti-Americanism that have circulated in the Saudi social space since US presence in the Kingdom intensified in 1990. The concepts of orthodoxy and heterodoxy are used to analyse a series of textual interventions at the micro level. Typographic signalling of censored sections that undermine the political authorities is found to reflect the agent’s positioning in relation to the heterodoxic, pro-American stance in the political field. The publisher’s position in this respect aligns with and reflects the orthodoxic stance of the pan-Islamist, religious-cum-nationalist field, whose agents have protested the continued military cooperation between the Kingdom and the US.

No description available.

女性主义和后殖民理论已于20 世纪80 年代介入翻译研究，并成为“效忠 取向”的翻译研究中的两大流派。但是，主流女性主义翻译研究和主流后殖民 翻译研究在缺乏自我反思立场的同时，在很大程度上分别体现了对种族维度和 性别维度的漠视，从而忽视了一些重要的研究问题。尽管已有极少数学者，从 结合性别和种族的后殖民女性主义视角看待了有关翻译现象，她们并没有考虑 将后殖民女性主义理论体系性地纳入翻译研究，同时也在很大程度上没有体现 自我反思。有鉴于此，本研究一方面以提出研究问题的方式，尝试体系性地将 后殖民女性主义理论纳入翻译研究，另一方面则以个案研究的方式，尝试如何 进行自我反思的后殖民女性主义翻译研究，并审视在很大程度上未被其他后殖 民女性主义学者所具体分析过的翻译现象。 在从后殖民女性主义视角提出一系列翻译研究问题之后，本研究继而选择 其中的两个问题作为个案研究对象，即考察西方女性主义出版社在出版第三世 界女性文本方面的翻译选材政治，以及西方女译者在处理第三世界女性主义文 本方面的翻译政治。在有关后殖民女性主义观点的启发下，以及在保持自我反 思立场的同时，本研究首先审视了美国女性主义出版社Aunt Lute Books 以及英 国女性主义出版社Virago Press，在翻译出版中国女性文本方面所体现的选材特 点。接着，本研究考察了美国白人女译者，在处理美籍华裔女作家严歌苓所著 《扶桑》中体现道家思想和佛教内涵的严歌苓式女性主义方面，所采用的翻译 方式。本研究表明，西方女性主义的话语殖民，西方女性主义与第三世界女性 主义之间及其背后文化理据之间的权力差异，以及相关主体所具有的白人女性 身份，以颇为复杂的形式，体现于涉及第三世界女性文本的翻译选材和翻译方 式。此外，通过上述讨论，本研究也展示了如何进行自我反思的后殖民女性主 义翻译研究，并凸显自我反思的翻译研究话语的内部冲突和暧昧之处。

翻译研究已经成为一门独立的学科，研究领域逐渐扩大，研究方法也在不 断完善；与此同时，巴赫金研究在世界范围内，也吸引了越来越多的目光和注 意力，为语言学、文学、文化研究、哲学等相关或相邻学科提供了丰富的理论 资源。在这样一个大背景下，本项研究采取了跨学科的研究模式，概念分析与个案研究相结合，力图说明巴赫金思想对翻译研究的适用性，在二者之间寻找理论挪用的契合点。 本文在回顾以往研究的基础上，提出了新的研究问题和假设，充分借鉴巴赫金思想，分析和解释与翻译相关的诸多问题和现象。本文提出从基于表述的主体间言语交际来看翻译过程，从杂语的角度来分析原文和译文，从声音的角 度来看译者的叙述在场及其主体性实现，从对话的角度来看翻译中涉及主体之间的主体间性，从声音和杂语的角度来思考翻译与身份认同的问题，从而对于我们理解翻译过程的实质、理解翻译过程的艰难、理解翻译中译者的主体性与翻译中的主体间性、理解翻译与身份认同的关系等等，试图提供可行的分析模 式和有意义的思考路径。在这个意义上来说，本项研究对于推进翻译研究具有一定的理论贡献。同时，本文借助文学翻译、电影字幕翻译等实际个案 (特别是台湾作家王祯和的长篇小说《玫瑰玫瑰我爱你》英语译本)，印证本文提出的分析模式的有效性和可行性。

“陌生化”(defamiliarization) 理论是二十世纪初俄国形式主义者Viktor Shklovskij 所提出。根据该理论，文学文本包含作者出于文学动因而扭曲常规语 言所致的偏离语言，这种语言被称为陌生化语言。陌生化语言除具有特殊文体效果外，还被用来深化文本的社会文化主题意义,历来是译者和翻译研究者关注 的对象。然而，由于受源语导向对等论和形式主义美学的束缚，以往研究者讨论文学陌生化语言翻译时带有约简和片面的倾向。他们只重形式而轻视或忽视 陌生化语言的文化意义，忽视目的语文本文化语境的特殊性，以致认为译者应该且可以通过“偏离对偏离”仿造陌生化形式、实现文学性对等。鉴于此，本研究深入分析跨文化语境下两种语言间的形式差异和文化意识形态差异对陌生 化语言翻译的影响，揭示从“偏离对偏离”到“陌生化形式仿造”再到“文学 性对等”这一推导的粗疏和内在矛盾，以此来批驳文学陌生化语言翻译就是要 仿造形式、再现文学性的观念。在此基础上，本文探讨了文学陌生化语言的几种翻译策略，提出这些策略并非转达文学性或文化意义，而是导致交互文化杂合，生成交互文化意识形态。 除绪论和结论外，全文共六章。第一章对陌生化理论作了整体介绍，第二 章主要关注有关源陌生化语言的阐释学，第三章着重讨论语言间的形式差异和目的语文本语境对仿造陌生化形式的制约，第四章和第五章探讨文化差异对源 陌生化语言翻译的影响以及不同翻译策略的文化意义生产，第六章讨论语言文 化差异使源陌生化语言翻译成为杂合，生产交互文化意识形态。本研究以理论 探究为主，以实例阐明为辅，采用多学科相融合 (multidisciplinary) 的研究方法，借鉴了英汉对比、文学理论、符号学和文体学等学科概念和/或理论原则。