Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka i vilken omfattning särbehandling av studenter förekommer till sjöss. Studiens syfte är också att kartlägga mönster, vad man blir utsatt för, av vem och bakomliggande orsaker. För studien valdes enkätundersökning som metod med personlig närvaro under insamlingen på plats ute hos målgruppen för att på så sätt säkerställa ett så omfattande underlag som möjligt. Respondenterna utgjordes av de båda fyraåriga sjökaptensprogrammens avgångsklasser i Kalmar respektive Göteborg. Resultatet visade att 51 % av respondenterna minst någon gång under sin praktiktid hade upplevt sig vara utsatta för särbehandling. Alla tillfrågade respondenter deltog i enkätundersökningen. Studien visar på att många studenter blivit utsatta för psykiska trakasserier och utanförskap från den ordinarie besättningen. Detta kan ha sin grund i hög arbetsbelastning, nedärvda attityder och brist på uppdaterad kunskap inom områden som till exempel ledarskap. Även skolornas ansvar lyfts fram som möjliga orsaker. / The study aimed to investigate the possible presence and extent of discrimination / harassment of students on onboard training and had its starting point in the debate about students' vulnerability which in 2014 was written about in the Swedish Shipping Gazette. The study's purpose was to identify patterns, such as what one is exposed to, by whom and underlying causes. For the study a questionnaire survey were selected as method. With personal attendance on site during the collection the aim was to ensure the broadest possible result. The target group consisted of the two graduating classes in the four-year master mariner-programs in Kalmar and Gothenburg. The results showed that 51 % of the surveyed respondents at least some time during their onboard training had experienced themselves victims of discrimination. The study showed that the students most likely to have been exposed to psychological harassment and exclusion from the regular crew.  This may be due to high workload, inherited attitudes and lack of updated skills in areas such as leadership. Even the schools responsibility is highlighted.

Although there has been extensive research focused on school violence, very little research has been conducted on the relationship between perceptions of school violence and personal safety and perceived academic performance of students in rural areas. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate how self-reported perceptions of school violence and personal safety are related to perceived marks in math and ELA in a small rural Manitoba school division. Data were collected from two groups of students (Grades 4 to 6 and Grades 7 to 12) who completed different versions of the Canadian Public Health Association Safe School Survey (CPHA) and also answered questions prepared by the school division’s Health and Safety Committee regarding their perceptions of individual math and ELA marks. The implications of the findings of this study for the school division are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.

Mock juror perception of institutional elder neglect (IEN) was investigated in a civil court context. Participants (N=148) read a fictional IEN civil trial summary in which an alleged elderly female victim filed a lawsuit against her nursing home for failure to provide adequate care but died prior to trial. Participants read a version in which (a) previously recorded video testimony from the alleged victim was presented, (b) the alleged victim’s floor-mate testified about witnessing the neglect, or (c) no witness testimony was presented. An ageism scale was completed, and participants indicated the amount of time they spend with elders. Results indicated that there were no main effects of testimony or ageism on likelihood of ruling for the alleged victim, but recorded victim testimony had an indirect effect on ruling through overall plaintiff’s case credibility and pro-victim ratings. Participants who typically had more contact with elders were more likely to rule for the plaintiff and have pro-victim ratings. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of juror attitudes towards elderly people in IEN cases.

There are a number of issues within the fear of crime literature, such as problems defining and measuring fear of crime, which continue to exist. Thus, the first aim of this thesis was to empirically test a new fear of crime model that consists of three components: fear of victimization (emotive), perceived risk (cognitive) and constrained behaviour (behavioural). The multiple component theory posits that a reciprocal relationship exists between the components that contribute to people feeling threatened by criminal victimization (also referred to as the threat of victimization). Past research has also indicated that gender is always a significant predictor of fear of crime, and therefore was included in the test to assess if women continue to feel threatened by victimization more than men in the new model. Finally two common theories used to explain why women fear crime more than men; specifically gender construction that equates femininity with vulnerability and masculinity with invulnerability and prior experience with intimate partner violence and stalking, were explored. The data came from the Statistics Canada General Social Survey 2004: Cycle 18, which is a Canadian telephone survey that measures fear of crime as well as various types of criminal victimization. A quantitative analysis was done using multiple logistic regressions to assess all three objectives. Results for this thesis indicate that a reciprocal relationship exists between all three components of the threat of victimization and must continue to be measured as separate constructs. Perceived risk and constrained behaviour are particularly influenced by gender construction and intimate partner violence and stalking victimization. It is concluded that accurate and consistent measures need to be created for each of the components of the threat of victimization to facilitate validity, replication and comparison. As well, (in)vulnerability linked to masculinity and femininity, appear to have negative implications for both women and men in relation to the threat of victimization, which need to be addressed through education and active resistance.

This study sought to examine two gaps in the field of bullying research – (1) the lack of clear cut theoretical underpinnings and frameworks for examining the process of bullying and (2) oversight of the parent context in studies on bullying. This two-study dissertation examined the role of parents in understanding bullying, victimization and bystander behaviors using Belsky’s parenting process model (1984) as a potential guiding framework. Study 1 relied on secondary analysis with three waves of longitudinal data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development to test the indirect effect of maternal depressive symptoms on bullying and victimization through mother-child relationship quality. Findings indicated that there was a small direct effect of maternal depressive symptoms at grade 3 on peer victimization at grade 5, but not bullying. Mother–child relationship quality at grade 5 negatively predicted bullying behaviors at grade 6, but not peer victimization. There were also small effects of bullying behaviors at grade 5 on increased maternal depressive symptoms and decreased mother-child relationship quality at grade 6. There were no significant indirect effects. Study 2, a cross-sectional study of N = 143 fourth and fifth graders and their parents, hypothesized indirect effects of parent’s general and specific self-efficacy related to bullying, peer victimization and bystander behaviors through parental monitoring and supervision. Parents’ self-efficacy beliefs related to knowledge of their children being victimized, and what to do about the victimization reports was directly and negatively associated with a reduction in bullying and victimization behaviors. Efficacy to know what to do was also negatively associated with negative bystander behaviors but positively associated with victimization in school. There were no significant indirect effects. Findings from both studies suggest that the parent context may play a limited role in processes of bullying during upper-elementary school. Secondly, parent functioning (i.e., maternal depressive symptoms, parental self-efficacy related to bullying) may have direct effects on bullying, victimization and bystander behaviors rather than indirectly through parenting as emphasized by Belsky’s model. Other findings, limitations and suggestions for future research and interventions are discussed.

abstract: The associations among teacher-student relationships (e.g., close, conflictual, and dependent), peer victimization, internalizing (e.g., sadness, loneliness, and anxiety), and school attitudes (e.g., avoidance, liking) were investigated in a sample of 153 (76 boys and 77 girls) racially diverse (42% Latino and 46% White) third grade students and their teachers (N = 30: 15 T1; 15 T2). Specifically, a two year longitudinal design was used in which data were gathered using self and teacher questionnaires which were administered during the spring of third grade and then a year later when children were in fourth grade. Findings showed that conflictual and overly dependent teacher-student relationships were positively correlated with peer victimization; however, closeness as a quality of teacher-student relationships was not associated with peer victimization, internalizing, school liking, or school avoidance. Support for the hypothesis that teacher-student relationships moderated the relations between peer victimization and internalizing was mixed. Specifically, conflictual teacher-student relationships were found to exacerbate the effects of victimization on internalizing problems whereas no such relationships were found for close or dependent relationships. Taken together, findings from this study offer further evidence that the relationships students form with their teachers, especially conflictual and overly dependent teacher-student relationships, contribute to their psychological development, and may be especially influential for children who are victimized by classmates. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Educational Psychology 2010

abstract: Studies of peer victimization typically focus on behavioral characteristics of the victims, and frequently overlook the role that peers may play. The current study extended previous research by examining how time spent with two types of peers (externalizing and socially competent) can serve as a risk or protective factor for preschoolers' victimization, and how victimization may differ for boys and girls. In addition, the study explored how affiliating with same-sex and other-sex externalizing and socially competent peers may differentially relate to victimization. Results showed that girls who affiliated with externalizing female peers were significantly more at risk for victimization. In addition, boys and girls who spent time with socially competent male peers (but not female peers) negatively predicted victimization. The results indicate that children's peers, in certain circumstances, may play an important role in victimization. These findings also highlight the importance of considering children's and peers' gender when studying peer processes. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Family and Human Development 2011

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-12-12T13:45:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Odilza Lines de Almeida - Tese.pdf: 6542796 bytes, checksum: 35c7f346a3c84984b4f0a74e3e802318 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-12-12T13:45:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Odilza Lines de Almeida - Tese.pdf: 6542796 bytes, checksum: 35c7f346a3c84984b4f0a74e3e802318 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-12T13:45:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Odilza Lines de Almeida - Tese.pdf: 6542796 bytes, checksum: 35c7f346a3c84984b4f0a74e3e802318 (MD5) / O estudo apresentado buscou conhecer os processos e as consequências da vitimização vivenciados por pessoas em situação de privação de liberdade em uma penitenciária masculina no Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Para tal aproximação utilizamos a observação participante, screening survey, entrevistas e a entrevista em profundidade com os internos e demais atores/agentes do Sistema Penal. Propomos uma análise baseada na identificação dos tipos de vitimização e na compreensão de como os diversos atores/agentes do Sistema interpretam e se apropriam dos processos vitimógenos que ocorrem no contexto da instituição penal, bem como na identificação de estratégias de enfrentamento com o intuito de contribuir para o estabelecimento de políticas de proteção, ora inexistentes. Essa análise buscou abranger os aspectos interpessoais e estruturais dos processos de vitimização, partindo do pressuposto de que estão inter-relacionados e de que se constroem mutuamente. As ideias centrais encontradas nas falas e nos relatos de campo foram identificadas e, do agrupamento dessas ideias, as categorias empíricas foram delineadas contando com o auxílio do software Nvivo. Para a análise dos dados, construímos um modelo específico baseado nessas categorias, nas microteorias sobre vitimização e ancorado nos pressupostos da teoria da estruturação e da abordagem estruturalista construcionista. De uma população aproximada de 1350 internos, foi realizado um screening survey com 591 pessoas presas para identificação de possíveis participantes. Dentre elas, 321 (54,3%) relataram algum tipo de vitimização (física, psicológica ou material)dentro do Sistema, totalizando 371 referências. Do total dos internos contatados nessa etapa, 107 foram entrevistados de forma aprofundada, além de 20 integrantes do staff. Concluímos que o alto índice de vitimização está relacionado ao sistema social existente na prisão, o qual é caracterizado por estratificação, exclusão e relações autoritárias legitimadas pelas instituições, que vulnerabilizam a pessoa custodiada e aponta para uma maior vitimização física entre pares. Já a instituição se configura como o maior agente vitimógeno quando analisamos a vitimização material como categoria isolada. De um modo geral, o cotidiano calcado nas relações interpessoais tem sido fonte de maior preocupação para os internos do que as condições ou procedimentos institucionais. A insegurança é a marca dos discursos, a qual é alimentada por processos de dominação e poder, comandados por internos – líderes de facções organizadas – que atuam dentro e fora da prisão e pela ausência de intervenção institucional satisfatória, com consequências, por vezes, letais para a sociedade intra e extramuros, ultrapassando, em muito, a pena privativa de liberdade imposta a qualquer um dos condenados à prisão.

This study examines the function of humor as a discourse in discussion of sexual battery. In this study, I examine the ways sexual battery, consent, and victimization are social constructed. Humor is a form of discourse where individuals are allowed to speak more freely about taboo topics, including that of sexual battery. I examine humor within presentations given from a Victim Help Center. Using field notes, slides, videos, and audio-recordings, I analyze instances of humor within the presentations. I analyze the data multimodally, in order to provide a richer, qualitative analysis. In this thesis, I argue that humor observed in the presentations worked to perform power, mask face-threatening acts, enable metaphors, and, essentially authorize accounts of sexual battery. I argue that victim must be performed in a specific way, which is deemed by the university and other state laws on sexual battery, in order to be seriously considered. I believe that this study can contributes to the examination of broader notions of victimization and can work to examine spaces where victim-blaming occur.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-20T19:37:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese SILVIA VIODRES. 2012.pdf: 9205086 bytes, checksum: 1c86841169728628081fee232b116559 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-20T19:38:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese SILVIA VIODRES. 2012.pdf: 9205086 bytes, checksum: 1c86841169728628081fee232b116559 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-20T19:38:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese SILVIA VIODRES. 2012.pdf: 9205086 bytes, checksum: 1c86841169728628081fee232b116559 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Desde a década de noventa os roubos a ônibus têm se constituído uma frequente expressão de crimes predatórios contra rodoviários interurbanos baianos. Após duas décadas, a vitimização permanece pouco discutida, nesse sentido, investigou-se os diferentes tipos, formas e scripts dos roubos, os danos decorrentes da vitimização sobre as relações de trabalho e saúde dos rodoviários, as respostas das vítimas, das empresas e do sistema de segurança pública. De caráter qualitativo, o estudo fundamentou-se em entrevistas com 60 rodoviários, questionários, observação participante e pesquisa documental. Discute-se a confluência das condições de possibilidades para o crime: a malha rodoviária extensa, precária e insuficientemente policiada; a convergência no tempo e espaço adequado de alvos tangíveis, ofensores competentes e a ausência de vigilantes capazes. Constatou-se que diferentes modos de viagens, ou seja, as características dos alvos (acessibilidade e valor) atraem ofensores de maior ou menor instrumentalização. Enquanto os ônibus comerciais são assaltados por ofensores que roubam o ônibus após se passarem por passageiros, os veículos executivos são alvos de grupos fortemente instrumentalizados que retiram o veículo das rodovias para saqueá-los. No roubo aos ônibus executivos nota-se uma complexa organização social, com ações e papéis regulares e hierárquicos e interação tripartida: o primeiro contato dos ofensores é estabelecido com o rodoviário (alvo/vítima instrumental), a partir da invasão do veículo os passageiros (alvos principais) são inseridos no frame do roubo. O caráter crônico desses eventos divide os rodoviários entre aqueles que têm no risco de vitimização a principal motivação para o abandono da carreira e os que naturalizam a possibilidade de tornarem-se vítimas. Vitimizados ou não, parte dos entrevistados convivem diariamente com o sentimento de medo e o adoecimento lendo e gradual e raramente recebem amparo dos empregadores. Na prevenção e dissuasão contra aos roubos observou-se a atuação de defesas pessoais e defesas institucionais. Como resultado desta junção constatam-se graduais alterações na perpetração desses crimes, que em lugar de serem extintos, migram ou retornam para as mesmas regiões, tão logo as defesas deixem de ser empregadas ou possam ser superadas. De modo que,identificam-se hotspots e dangerous hours, alvos preferenciais e modus operandis distintos na distribuição dos roubos. A vitimização por roubos a ônibus em rodovias é uma violência extrema à medida que: apesar dos scripts e hotspots conhecidos, ainda não há defesas ou engajamentos capazes de coibi-los; há indícios de laços de cumplicidades de membros de instituições policiais e grupos criminosos na manutenção desses crimes; ainda que seja uma vitimização coletiva e crônica, com graves impactos sobre as vítimas e sem limites de níveis de violência expressiva empregada, as vítimas não são reconhecidas como tais, sendo tratadas com negligência e omissão, o que em parte é explicado pela naturalização desses eventos. / Salvador