[pt] A cidade do Rio de Janeiro, assim como outras localidades de relevo montanhoso e clima tropical, sofre, seguidamente, com os problemas causados por movimentos de massa em suas encostas. No verão, a cada temporada de chuvas, novos deslizamentos são contabilizados, acarretando diversos problemas de ordem social e ambiental. O Maciço da Tijuca não foge a esta realidade: localizado em área central do município, suas encostas vem sofrendo com antropizações desde a fundação da cidade. Em uma metrópole que não para de crescer, as encostas deste maciço estão sempre sob pressões da especulação imobiliária. O objetivo principal do estudo foi a realização de um mapeamento da susceptibilidade a movimentos de massa na região do maciço com a utilização de assinaturas ambientais. Para isso foram necessários o levantamento bibliográfico e a obtenção de dados, com sua espacialização, contribuindo, assim, para dos objetivos secundários como a caracterização de determinados componentes socioambientais da área de estudo, além da comparação deste mapeamento com o realizado pela prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro e de sua legislação vigente. A Metodologia se baseou no uso do conceito de assinaturas ambientais, através das cicatrizes dos deslizamentos mapeadas após as fortes precipitações de abril de 2010 cidade do Rio de Janeiro através de técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto e Sistema de Informações Geográficas, além da busca na literatura acerca dos condicionantes utilizados no estudo. Como resultado, foi desenvolvido um mapeamento da susceptibilidade a movimentos de massa considerado satisfatório. Este se mostrou mais detalhado do que o publicado pela a GEORIO: uma menor quantidade de áreas mapeadas como alto risco e com uma precisão maior. Há, porém, a necessidade de estudos posteriores para melhor entender a aplicabilidade da metodologia. / [en] This work has as main objective to further knowledge about some environmental relations in the field of urban slopes and submit proposals for modeling susceptibility to landslides so common in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Following a thought, this dissertation will have as secondary objectives, the production of various intermediate products, layers of environmental data will be used to assist the preparation of the final product and comparative analysis of other models and local laws. Urban areas are environments where human occupation and concentration become intense and, most often, cluttered, become sensitive to gradual local anthropogenic changes, as they are intensified in frequency and intensity. Urban slopes today are great example for environmental degradation, endangering the safety and quality of life of its population, constituting a stage of ecological conflicts. The fast and unplanned growth that has occurred in many cities in developing countries is largely responsible for environmental changes, mischaracterize often original environment. As these changes are made, a number of geomorphic responses, typical of large cities such as landslides and floods, which occur frequently, and often, being not high rainfall totals required for these processes occur (Guerra, 2006). Mankind has been undergoing a process of urbanization, the Brazilian urban population in 2010 comprised approximately 84 percent of total population.

[pt] A dissertação tem por objetivo utilizar os conceitos da infraestrutura verde – tida como o estado da arte do planejamento ecológico da paisagem – como instrumento ao planejamento urbano sustentável. A teoria da infraestrutura verde defende o argumento de que a conservação, restauração e manutenção do funcionamento dos sistemas naturais não apenas protegem os valores e as funções ecológicas, mas também promovem diversos benefícios econômicos, sociais e culturais. Primeiramente, analisa a evolução do pensamento ambiental e a forma como ele foi sendo incorporado ao planejamento da paisagem, até chegar à infraestrutura verde. Em seguida, aborda o tema da infraestrutura verde, expondo seus princípios, funções, benefícios e aplicações. Por fim, aplica seus conceitos e métodos na elaboração de um Plano Básico de Ocupação para uma área específica do município de Nova Friburgo (RJ): a Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D Antas, cuja escolha teve por motivação as trágicas consequências decorrentes das intensas chuvas de janeiro de 2011 na Região Serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que representaram um exemplo importante de como desastres naturais tomam proporções maiores devido à falta de planejamento e aos erros das ocupações humanas, muitas vezes situadas em áreas indevidas e suscetíveis a riscos. A aplicação do estudo de caso na Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D’Antas tem por objetivo demonstrar a importância da compreensão dos processos ecológicos da paisagem para o planejamento das ocupações humanas. Parte-se do princípio de que entendendo-se o funcionamento dos sistemas naturais, consegue-se direcionar a ocupação com muito mais segurança. O planejamento da rede de infraestrutura verde para a Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D Antas se dá a partir do mapeamento do suporte biofísico natural, com a identificação das áreas importantes ao funcionamento dos processos naturais da paisagem, classificadas como prioritárias à preservação e como elementos fundamentais à rede. Simultaneamente à identificação das áreas que deverão integrar a rede de infraestrutura verde, é feito o direcionamento da ocupação urbana, a partir da definição das áreas propícias à ocupação. Assim, a dissertação apresenta uma proposta metodológica de análise da paisagem para o planejamento da ocupação urbana, baseada nos conceitos da infraestrutura verde e alcançando como resultado final um Plano Básico de Ocupação para a Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D Antas. / [en] This dissertation examines the concepts of green infrastructure – taken as the state of the art in ecological landscape planning – as instruments for sustainable urban planning. The theory of green infrastructure holds that conservation, restoration and maintenance of the functioning of natural systems not only protect ecological values and functions, they also promote many economic, social and cultural benefits. Green infrastructure is a new expression, first used in Florida (USA) in 1994 in a report directed to the American government on strategies to preserve the environment, with the intention of reflecting the notion that natural systems are just as or even more important than the components of conventional (gray) infrastructure to the functioning and development of a community. However, although the expression green infrastructure is relatively new, its concept is not, because it is based on studies of landscape design and the interactions between man and nature dating back more than 150 years. In summary, green infrastructure is a response to the new paradigm of sustainable urbanization, based on the promotion of ecological services and natural landscaping in constructed environments, to enable urban development in harmony with environmental and socio-cultural concerns. Among the possible applications of green infrastructure is the planning of a green infrastructure network in broader scales (municipal, state, regional or even national), based on protection and rehabilitation of natural areas that are interconnected, to promote natural ecological processes. Green infrastructure should be designed so that an area s natural ecological patterns are replicated and appropriate starting and ending points are provided for the connections of the landscape. In short, the green infrastructure network connects ecosystems and landscapes in a system composed of hubs and links, which vary in size, function and domain. The hubs are the origin or destination of the animals, people and ecological processes that move through the system, functioning as anchor spaces of the network, while the links interconnect the system, functioning as ecological corridors, which are fundamental for the maintenance of ecological processes. Planning a green infrastructure network implies defining which areas will integrate the system and what their functions will be in the network. This definition is intrinsically related to the definition of the land use and occupation, since incompatible uses can compromise the network s functioning. Defining the areas that will be included in the network also entails choosing which areas must be protected and hence not occupied. Therefore, planning a green infrastructure network results, among other outcomes, in the definition of land use and is a useful planning too for sustainable urban planning. The aim of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the planning of a green infrastructure network can be an effective instrument not only for sustainable urban planning, but also can reduce the risks to the population by preventing tragedies from natural disasters, besides favoring enhanced natural landscapes and preservation of the environment. This dissertation is divided into five chapters, as follows: The first, the introduction, briefly sets the context of the worsening urban problems and the negative impacts generated by cities, such as the occurrence of increasingly frequent extreme natural events (floods, heat and cold waves, strong hurricanes, blizzards, landslides and droughts) and the destruction of ecosystems and biodiversity, with the consequent loss of ecological benefits, and touches on the urgent need for solutions that seek to conciliate urban development with the environment. The second chapter, Green infrastructure, summarizes the theoretical framework underpinning the dissertation s theme. It first provides a brief retrospective of the concepts and practices that served as the base for developing the idea of green infrastructure and then presents its definition, principles, functions, benefits and applications, focusing on the green infrastructure construct as an instrument for land occupation planning. The main academic work utilized in examining the theme was the book Green Infrastructure – Linking Landscapes and Communities, by Mark A. Benedict and Edward T. McMahon, published in 2006, from where the concepts, principles and applications presented in this paper were drawn. Mark A. Benedict is recognized as the main proponent of green infrastructure in the United States. He founded the Conservation Fund s Green Infrastructure Program and helped develop the Fund s tools and training programs to support planning of development so as to preserve green spaces. The third chapter, Green infrastructure applied to urban occupation in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, brings an application of the concepts and methods of green infrastructure to the formulation of a Basic Occupation Plan for a specific area in the municipality of Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro state): The D Antas Stream Environmental Basin. This basin covers an area of 5,820 hectares and is under pressure from urban expansion but is still suitable for planned occupation. It is also one of the areas that were hard hit by the tragic landslides and flooding in the mountain region of Rio de Janeiro in January 2011 (the main reason for choosing it as a case study). As such, it serves as an example of how errors of urbanization and lack of proper land use planning aggravate the consequences of natural disasters. The case study of the D Antas Stream Environmental Basin aims to demonstrate the importance of understanding the ecological processes of the landscape for planning human activities. A first important step in planning occupation is to identify the areas that should not be occupied, and the basis of this is understanding the landscape as a network of ecological processes that are reflected in the structure of this landscape, defined as type of snapshot of the distribution of matter and energy according to the ecological processes at a determined point in time. The underlying principle is that comprehending the functioning of natural systems permits more secure direction of land occupation. The definition of the Basic Occupation Plan for the D Antas Stream Environmental Basin is based on the planning of a green infrastructure network. The methodology indicated which areas are most important to the maintenance of environmental functions and should thus be protected by restricting occupation. This restriction was defined mainly by selecting the biophysical indicator parameters (terrain, hydrology and plant cover), with the objective of characterizing the natural landscape – the main conditioner of the Plan. These restrictions are presented and analyzed in maps. The factors restricting occupation are divided into two general themes: physical restrictions and biological restrictions. The presence of Permanent Protection Areas was also a parameter restricting occupation, because besides being required by law, these areas are coherent with the preservation of natural systems due to their varied environmental functions. The next step was to define the areas favorable and unfavorable for occupation in light of the restrictions established, resulting in a map of the study area with classification into three categories: areas fully suitable for occupation, areas suitable for low occupation, and areas unsuitable for any occupation. This classification relied on the results of the diagnostic step and provided the bases for defining the green infrastructure network of D Anta Stream Environmental Basin. These last areas, considered as having priority for protection, restoration or reclamation, must compose the network, even over the long term, exercising the function of hubs or links. Development of the methodology applied to D Antas Stream Environmental Basin used as references the publications Espaços Livres: sistema e projeto territorial, by the architect and urbanist Raquel Tardin (2008), and Planejamento Ambiental: teoria e prática, by the biologist Rozely Ferreira dos Santos (2004). The fourth chapter, Green infrastructure types for the local scale, brings suggestions for multifunctional types of green infrastructure that can be applied at the local level, a scale that was not directly addressed in the case study proposal, but that is considered just as important as the planning scale of the green infrastructure network. The fifth and concluding chapter presents a summary of the main findings and evidence obtained during the work and also contains some recommendations. To recapitulate, this dissertation presents a methodological proposal for analysis of the landscape for urban occupation planning, based on the concepts of green infrastructure, with the final result being a Basic Occupation Plan for the D Anta Stream Environmental Basin.

[pt] O município de Silva Jardim cuja região possui uma rica biodiversidade tanto em flora, quanto fauna, em seu bioma fragmentado. Um dos aliados para o processo de conservação dos biomas são as leis implementadas pelo Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa, pois, visa proteger principalmente as áreas mais frágeis e de extrema importância para a recuperação da paisagem. Nesse sentido essa dissertação teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de conservação a partir da integração da análise dos fragmentos florestais e da Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa- LPVN. Para isso, a metodologia se debruçou em levantado todo o processo histórico de ocupação do município. Espacializar a LPVN através de técnicas de geoprocessamento em ambiente SIG. Utilizando os princípios da ecologia da paisagem, se escolheu as métricas de paisagem para avaliação dos fragmentos no software V-Late, podendo assim caracterizar o cenário atual. Tivemos como resultado 33,2 porcento do total de Silva Jardim protegidos pela LPVN. Os fragmentos muito pequenos e grandes foram os que mais chamaram atenção na análise final, tendo 45 porcento de suas áreas protegidas, devido a sua distribuição pela paisagem. Finalmente, quando analisamos a eficiência da LPNV, não podemos anular o processo de ocupação, dado que as áreas mais fragmentadas estão nos limites de APP de curso d água em áreas planas. Sendo assim, é preciso pensar em planos de educação e conscientização da população para a conservação da Mata Atlântica. / [en] The municipality of Silva Jardim, whose region has a rich biodiversity in both flora and fauna, in its fragmented biome. One of the allies for the conservation process of the biomes are the laws implemented by the Native Vegetation Protection Law because it aims to protect mainly the most fragile areas and of extreme importance for the recovery of the landscape. In this sense, this dissertation aimed to evaluate the conservation potential based on the integration of forest fragment analysis and the Native Vegetation Protection Law (Law 12.651 / 12). For that, the methodology looked at the entire historical occupation process of the county. Specialize Native Vegetation Protection Law through geoprocessing techniques in a GIS environment. Using the principles of landscape ecology, were chosen the landscape metrics to assess fragments in the V-Late software, thus being able to characterize the current scenery. As a result, 33.2 percent of Silva Jardim s total was protected by the Native Vegetation Protection Law. The very small and large fragments were the ones that attracted the most attention in the final analysis, with 45 percent of their areas protected, due to their distribution across the landscape. Finally, when we analyze the efficiency of Native Vegetation Protection Law, we cannot cancel the occupation process, given that the most fragmented areas are within the limits of permanent preservation watercourse sector in flat territories. Therefore, it is necessary to think about education and awareness plans for the conservation of the Atlantic Forest.