[pt] A pesquisa analisa a questão do planejamento do transporte público no plano de mobilidade urbana em casos de municípios com população entre 100.001 e 500 mil hab. O estudo de caso desta pesquisa é o município de Petrópolis, com população de 295.917 habitantes, sendo 60.633 habitantes no centro. Investiga-se a criação do pré-metrô, desenvolvido na Bélgica, em parceria com a União Internacional de Transporte Público – UITP, em 1975, implantado e utilizado no projeto do Metrô Rio, em 1977, como sistema alternativo preliminar à implantação do sistema definitivo da Linha 2, mais tarde substituído pelos carros do Metrô Rio, ampliando o sistema de média para alta capacidade. São apresentados critérios para planejamento, projeto e implantação do pré-metrô, com base na metodologia de planejamento integrado de transportes (PIT), desenvolvida sob princípios de equilíbrio social, urbano e ambiental, econômico e técnico-operacional. Esse método sistêmico considera o usuário como parte integrante da solução e propõe o planejamento do transporte com horizonte de longo prazo. À luz dos critérios propostos, o estudo no município de Petrópolis avalia cenários possíveis e soluções ao crescimento da cidade. / [en] This paper discusses modal division strategies adopted by cities with low levels of environmental footprint that are based on sustainable principles. Modal division, characterizes the proportion of total trips captured by each available modal transport alternative and it should be integrated in a strategic systemic vision defined by the municipality such that people s mobility and accessibility is optimized. The lack of modals has to be considered from building sidewalks and bikelanes, concerned how mature the accessibility is, to high capacity infrastructures transportation such as rapid trains or airplanes. The CO2 emissions ought to be taken into consideration so that the city is framed in the World Ranking of cleanest cities with the smallest possible environmental footprint, contributing to the sustainability of the planet. The Light Rail Vehicle, can carry between 9 000 and 30 000 passengers / hour / direction and move as trolleybus in the city with the advantages of coupling 2 to 4 cars simultaneously. The Light Rail Vehicle, also called the VLT uses electric traction and is considered 100 percent clean. This feature brings VLT to a higher position than Bus Rapid Transit - BRT modal and all bus systems that use fossil fuels as an energy source, and does not need to occupy exclusive track for its circulation. The discussion arises in the context of an urban space classified as a compact city.

[pt] A dissertação tem por objetivo utilizar os conceitos da infraestrutura verde – tida como o estado da arte do planejamento ecológico da paisagem – como instrumento ao planejamento urbano sustentável. A teoria da infraestrutura verde defende o argumento de que a conservação, restauração e manutenção do funcionamento dos sistemas naturais não apenas protegem os valores e as funções ecológicas, mas também promovem diversos benefícios econômicos, sociais e culturais. Primeiramente, analisa a evolução do pensamento ambiental e a forma como ele foi sendo incorporado ao planejamento da paisagem, até chegar à infraestrutura verde. Em seguida, aborda o tema da infraestrutura verde, expondo seus princípios, funções, benefícios e aplicações. Por fim, aplica seus conceitos e métodos na elaboração de um Plano Básico de Ocupação para uma área específica do município de Nova Friburgo (RJ): a Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D Antas, cuja escolha teve por motivação as trágicas consequências decorrentes das intensas chuvas de janeiro de 2011 na Região Serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que representaram um exemplo importante de como desastres naturais tomam proporções maiores devido à falta de planejamento e aos erros das ocupações humanas, muitas vezes situadas em áreas indevidas e suscetíveis a riscos. A aplicação do estudo de caso na Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D’Antas tem por objetivo demonstrar a importância da compreensão dos processos ecológicos da paisagem para o planejamento das ocupações humanas. Parte-se do princípio de que entendendo-se o funcionamento dos sistemas naturais, consegue-se direcionar a ocupação com muito mais segurança. O planejamento da rede de infraestrutura verde para a Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D Antas se dá a partir do mapeamento do suporte biofísico natural, com a identificação das áreas importantes ao funcionamento dos processos naturais da paisagem, classificadas como prioritárias à preservação e como elementos fundamentais à rede. Simultaneamente à identificação das áreas que deverão integrar a rede de infraestrutura verde, é feito o direcionamento da ocupação urbana, a partir da definição das áreas propícias à ocupação. Assim, a dissertação apresenta uma proposta metodológica de análise da paisagem para o planejamento da ocupação urbana, baseada nos conceitos da infraestrutura verde e alcançando como resultado final um Plano Básico de Ocupação para a Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D Antas. / [en] This dissertation examines the concepts of green infrastructure – taken as the state of the art in ecological landscape planning – as instruments for sustainable urban planning. The theory of green infrastructure holds that conservation, restoration and maintenance of the functioning of natural systems not only protect ecological values and functions, they also promote many economic, social and cultural benefits. Green infrastructure is a new expression, first used in Florida (USA) in 1994 in a report directed to the American government on strategies to preserve the environment, with the intention of reflecting the notion that natural systems are just as or even more important than the components of conventional (gray) infrastructure to the functioning and development of a community. However, although the expression green infrastructure is relatively new, its concept is not, because it is based on studies of landscape design and the interactions between man and nature dating back more than 150 years. In summary, green infrastructure is a response to the new paradigm of sustainable urbanization, based on the promotion of ecological services and natural landscaping in constructed environments, to enable urban development in harmony with environmental and socio-cultural concerns. Among the possible applications of green infrastructure is the planning of a green infrastructure network in broader scales (municipal, state, regional or even national), based on protection and rehabilitation of natural areas that are interconnected, to promote natural ecological processes. Green infrastructure should be designed so that an area s natural ecological patterns are replicated and appropriate starting and ending points are provided for the connections of the landscape. In short, the green infrastructure network connects ecosystems and landscapes in a system composed of hubs and links, which vary in size, function and domain. The hubs are the origin or destination of the animals, people and ecological processes that move through the system, functioning as anchor spaces of the network, while the links interconnect the system, functioning as ecological corridors, which are fundamental for the maintenance of ecological processes. Planning a green infrastructure network implies defining which areas will integrate the system and what their functions will be in the network. This definition is intrinsically related to the definition of the land use and occupation, since incompatible uses can compromise the network s functioning. Defining the areas that will be included in the network also entails choosing which areas must be protected and hence not occupied. Therefore, planning a green infrastructure network results, among other outcomes, in the definition of land use and is a useful planning too for sustainable urban planning. The aim of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the planning of a green infrastructure network can be an effective instrument not only for sustainable urban planning, but also can reduce the risks to the population by preventing tragedies from natural disasters, besides favoring enhanced natural landscapes and preservation of the environment. This dissertation is divided into five chapters, as follows: The first, the introduction, briefly sets the context of the worsening urban problems and the negative impacts generated by cities, such as the occurrence of increasingly frequent extreme natural events (floods, heat and cold waves, strong hurricanes, blizzards, landslides and droughts) and the destruction of ecosystems and biodiversity, with the consequent loss of ecological benefits, and touches on the urgent need for solutions that seek to conciliate urban development with the environment. The second chapter, Green infrastructure, summarizes the theoretical framework underpinning the dissertation s theme. It first provides a brief retrospective of the concepts and practices that served as the base for developing the idea of green infrastructure and then presents its definition, principles, functions, benefits and applications, focusing on the green infrastructure construct as an instrument for land occupation planning. The main academic work utilized in examining the theme was the book Green Infrastructure – Linking Landscapes and Communities, by Mark A. Benedict and Edward T. McMahon, published in 2006, from where the concepts, principles and applications presented in this paper were drawn. Mark A. Benedict is recognized as the main proponent of green infrastructure in the United States. He founded the Conservation Fund s Green Infrastructure Program and helped develop the Fund s tools and training programs to support planning of development so as to preserve green spaces. The third chapter, Green infrastructure applied to urban occupation in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, brings an application of the concepts and methods of green infrastructure to the formulation of a Basic Occupation Plan for a specific area in the municipality of Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro state): The D Antas Stream Environmental Basin. This basin covers an area of 5,820 hectares and is under pressure from urban expansion but is still suitable for planned occupation. It is also one of the areas that were hard hit by the tragic landslides and flooding in the mountain region of Rio de Janeiro in January 2011 (the main reason for choosing it as a case study). As such, it serves as an example of how errors of urbanization and lack of proper land use planning aggravate the consequences of natural disasters. The case study of the D Antas Stream Environmental Basin aims to demonstrate the importance of understanding the ecological processes of the landscape for planning human activities. A first important step in planning occupation is to identify the areas that should not be occupied, and the basis of this is understanding the landscape as a network of ecological processes that are reflected in the structure of this landscape, defined as type of snapshot of the distribution of matter and energy according to the ecological processes at a determined point in time. The underlying principle is that comprehending the functioning of natural systems permits more secure direction of land occupation. The definition of the Basic Occupation Plan for the D Antas Stream Environmental Basin is based on the planning of a green infrastructure network. The methodology indicated which areas are most important to the maintenance of environmental functions and should thus be protected by restricting occupation. This restriction was defined mainly by selecting the biophysical indicator parameters (terrain, hydrology and plant cover), with the objective of characterizing the natural landscape – the main conditioner of the Plan. These restrictions are presented and analyzed in maps. The factors restricting occupation are divided into two general themes: physical restrictions and biological restrictions. The presence of Permanent Protection Areas was also a parameter restricting occupation, because besides being required by law, these areas are coherent with the preservation of natural systems due to their varied environmental functions. The next step was to define the areas favorable and unfavorable for occupation in light of the restrictions established, resulting in a map of the study area with classification into three categories: areas fully suitable for occupation, areas suitable for low occupation, and areas unsuitable for any occupation. This classification relied on the results of the diagnostic step and provided the bases for defining the green infrastructure network of D Anta Stream Environmental Basin. These last areas, considered as having priority for protection, restoration or reclamation, must compose the network, even over the long term, exercising the function of hubs or links. Development of the methodology applied to D Antas Stream Environmental Basin used as references the publications Espaços Livres: sistema e projeto territorial, by the architect and urbanist Raquel Tardin (2008), and Planejamento Ambiental: teoria e prática, by the biologist Rozely Ferreira dos Santos (2004). The fourth chapter, Green infrastructure types for the local scale, brings suggestions for multifunctional types of green infrastructure that can be applied at the local level, a scale that was not directly addressed in the case study proposal, but that is considered just as important as the planning scale of the green infrastructure network. The fifth and concluding chapter presents a summary of the main findings and evidence obtained during the work and also contains some recommendations. To recapitulate, this dissertation presents a methodological proposal for analysis of the landscape for urban occupation planning, based on the concepts of green infrastructure, with the final result being a Basic Occupation Plan for the D Anta Stream Environmental Basin.

[pt] A crescente ocorrência de eventos extremos, impulsionada pelas mudanças climáticas, tem um impacto direto nas cidades, onde aproximadamente 60 por cento da população mundial reside. As Soluções baseadas na Natureza (SbN) têm se tornado importantes estratégias de adaptação e mitigação climática nas políticas públicas. Esse estudo teve como objetivo orientar a Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro na implantação de SbN no Distrito de Baixa Emissão (DBE). Assim, foi elaborado um Caderno de Orientação para implantação de SbN que busca dar suporte à Prefeitura na ação estruturante de requalificação urbana do DBE. Uma ferramenta de Seleção de SbN foi utilizada e adaptada para o contexto do DBE e foram identificados os fatores de sucesso da capacidade institucional da Prefeitura na implementação das SbN, além da apresentação das 15 SbN recomendadas. Também foram gerados mapas de áreas prioritárias de infraestrutura verde para o distrito, baseados no Guia Metodológico para Implantação de Infraestrutura Verde. Por fim, foram elaborados um projeto conceitual de SbN para duas avenidas localizadas no DBE, a fim de ilustrar a aplicação prática dessas ações em escala local, e um estudo hidrológico do volume de águas pluviais amortecido nas sub-bacias dessas avenidas, para avaliar o desempenho das soluções propostas. Este estudo busca auxiliar a tomada de decisão da Prefeitura na implementação das SbN no DBE. A integração de SbN em programas e a realização de parcerias-público privadas são algumas estratégias importantes a serem consideradas pela Prefeitura, bem como a realização de outras pesquisas de SbN direcionadas para o DBE. / [en] The increasing occurrence of extreme events driven by climate change hasa direct impact on cities, where almost 60 percent of the world s population resides.Nature-based solutions (NbS) have become essential climate adaptation and mitigation strategies on public policies. This study aimed to guide the Rio de Janeiro City Hall in development of NbS in the Low Emission Zone (LEZ). Thus, a Guideline for the Deployment of NbS was formulated to support the City Hall instructuring urban renewal actions in the LEZ. An NbS Selection tool was used and adapted to the context of the LEZ, and the success factors of Rio s institutional capacity in implementing NbS were identified, in addition to the presentation of the 15 recommended NbS. Maps depicting priority areas for green infrastructure within the LEZ were also generated based on the Methodological Guide for Green Infrastructure Implementation. Finally, a conceptual project of NbS was created for two avenues located in the LEZ, to illustrate the practical application of the seactions on a local scale, and a hydrological study of the attenuated storm water volume in the sub-basins of these avenues, to evaluate the performance of the proposed solutions. This study seeks to assist the City Hall s decision-making in the implementation of NbS in the LEZ. The integration of NbS in programs and the realization of public-private partnerships are some relevant strategies to be considered by the City, as well as the realization of further research on NbS directed to the LEZ.

[pt] A relação porto-cidade é temática interessante de estudo para um melhor conhecimento da dinâmica do capital e do uso do solo nas cidades portuárias. Os estudos destas relações apontam para um paradoxo existente nas áreas portuárias, que acaba criando uma relação de grande potencial de desenvolvimento associado a uma espiral de obsolescência. Este trabalho passa por diversas etapas que permitiram um melhor entendimento do que são cidades globais e de como cidades portuárias atingem este status, na medida em que o desenvolvimento da navegação interoceânica foi determinante para que estas cidades se tornassem centros de cultura cosmopolita e globalizada. Esta pesquisa pretende discutir esta contradição com base na definição de como se estabelece a relação porto-cidade no Brasil e no exterior e na identificação das forças socioeconômicas, socioambientais e históricas que regem o surgimento, o crescimento e a manutenção das cidades portuárias modernas. Após revisão bibliográfica e a apresentação de casos práticos, foi constatado que os portos brasileiros se encontram ainda em moldes da operação portuária das décadas de 1960 a 1980 que, sem uma intervenção direta, continuarão a distanciar o caráter do porto da sua função urbana nas frentes históricas de litoral. O trabalho propõe a retomada de uma relação porto-cidade mais sustentável com base no estabelecimento de projetos em moldes participativos, em análises e avaliações ambientais mais amplas, incluindo as interfaces porto/ambiente, e na definição de seus escopos baseados nos conceitos de Paisagem Urbana Histórica, de Planejamento Urbano Sustentável e de Resiliência Urbana. / [en] The port-city relationship is an interesting theme to study in order to better understand the dynamics of capital and land use in port cities, which are considered global cities due to certain characteristics, Sassen (2001). Researches on these relationships show a paradox observed in port areas: a large potential for development associated with a spiral of obsolescence. This work encompassed many stages which allowed for a better understanding of what global cities are and of how port cities attain that status. The development of interoceanic navigation was determinant for these cities to become centers of a cosmopolitan and globalized culture. This study aimed to discuss these questions defining how the port-city relationship takes place in Brazil and worldwide, as well as identifying the socioeconomic, socio-environmental and historical forces that guide the creation, growth and maintenance of modern port cities. This work encompassed many stages which allowed for a better understanding of what global cities are and of how port cities attain that status. The development of interoceanic navigation was determinant for these cities to become centers of a cosmopolitan and globalized culture. This study aimed to discuss these questions defining how the port-city relationship takes place in Brazil and worldwide, as well as identifying the socioeconomic, socio-environmental and historical forces that guide the creation, growth and maintenance of modern port cities.