A vivência de mais de três décadas com a Língua Árabe, inicialmente como estudante e, mais recentemente, como professor, proporcionou-me o contato com uma variedade de materiais didáticos e dicionários, parte dos quais organizados em acervo pessoal. O constante uso e organização desse acervo para a elaboração de aulas fez surgir um questionamento que acabou culminando no objeto de pesquisa, ora explicitado. Os tipos de materiais existentes para o estudo de árabe atendem a objetivos específicos e apresentam pouca complementariedade entre si. Em outras palavras, os materiais dedicados ao ensino de Árabe Clássico não fazem referência aos materiais que trabalham a linguagem coloquial e vice-versa. Deste modo, os alunos são levados a fazer uma opção inicial e o professor, a adaptar-se a ela para atender os anseios dos alunos. É comum os alunos expressarem frases do tipo: eu só quero aprender a falar, ou então, eu quero aprender a ler para poder ler o Alcorão no original. Seja um ou outro, o aluno, de forma mais ou menos explícita, tem a impressão de que está aprendendo algo pela metade. Ao longo da prática didática, contudo, começamos a utilizar alguns materiais complementares que se revelariam mais tarde como de grande potencial didático, como os materiais da mídia escrita (jornais e revistas) que utilizam o chamado Modern Standard Arabic. Estes materiais mostraram-se como uma terceira via, exatamente na mediação entre o Árabe Clássico e o Coloquial, e poderiam ajudar a resolver o grande impasse do processo de ensino-aprendizagem da Língua Árabe: fazer o aluno compreender o Árabe como uma só língua. / The experience of more than three decades with the Arabic Language, initially as a student and more recently as a teacher, bestowed a variety of learning materials and dictionaries upon me, part of which organized in my personal library. The continuous use and handling of this material for preparing classes aroused a great deal of inquiring which led to the carrying of this research. The existing materials for the teaching and learning of Arabic do respond to specific purposes though are not complementary to that of the students in general. In other words, materials with the aim of teaching classical Arabic do not make reference to those which deal with colloquial language and vice versa. Being so, students are forced to choose one among them, and the teacher ends up adapting one method in order to fulfil the students` interests. Indeed, it is very common to listen to students say: I just want to learn to speak, or I want to learn to read to understand the Koran. In any case, more clearly or not, the impression is that the student is always missing something while learning. During this teaching process though, we started to use some complementary material, that later have revealed as a great source for learning, as media written articles (newspaper and magazines) that employ Modern Standard Arabic. Thus, such materials have showed somehow quite effective in mingling these two lines classical and colloquial, which could end the impasse in the course of teaching and learning Arabic and finally make the student understand Arabic as one single language.

Neste trabalho foram obtidas barras da liga (Fe0,80Al0,20)97B3 por solidificação direcional (SD), nos diâmetros de 3 e 4 mm, com o objetivo de melhorar a magnetostricção desse material através da introdução de textura. As etapas de produção das barras envolveram a fabricação de lingotes da liga por fusão a arco L1, L2 e L6, seguida de usinagem (U) ou forjamento rotativo (F) a quente. O maior comprimento de barra obtido foi de 50 mm. Através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise de composição por espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, detectou-se a presença de boro nas amostras pela visualização do microconstituinte eutético formado da fase ? e da fase Fe2B. Resultados obtidos por difração de raios X indicam que a amostra da liga L1 para o diâmetro de 4 mm apresentou orientação preferencial nas direções , o que causou uma diminução expressiva da magnetostricção se comparada a da amostra do mesmo lingote para o diâmetro de 3 mm. Medidas de magnetização em função do campo magnético aplicado (Ha) indicaram que a magnetização de saturação das amostras que têm boro são em média 181 Am2/kg, sugerindo que as amostras tem ~ 2% de B. A barras obtidas por SD, tratadas termicamente (CTT) a 1100°C por 6 h, alcançaram uma maior magnetostricção (? = ?l/l), comparada as amostras sem tratamento térmico (STT), no qual o maior valor foi de 73 ? 10-6 na direção longitudinal da barra L1 forjada no diâmetro de 3 mm (L1F3-CTT). O maior fator de sensibilidade d?/dH obtido em função do comprimento da barra L1F3 foi de d?/dH = 0,9 x 10-9 m/A para a razão de aspecto ? = 12. Valor da constante anisotrópica K1 calculada a partir dos resultados experimentais se comparadas com dados da literatura, sugerem que em algumas amostras ocorre ordenamento parcial da fase cúbica da matriz, havendo assim a coexistência das fases Fe3Al (D03) e ?. / In this work, bars of the alloy (Fe0,80Al0,20)97B3 were obtained by directional solidification (DS) in diameters of 3 and 4 mm, with the goal of improving the magnetostriction of the material through the introduction of texture. Production steps of the bars involved the manufacture of the alloy ingots, L1, L2, L6, by arc melting, then machining (M) or hot swaging (F). The greatest length that was achieved in a bar was 50 mm. The presence of boron in the samples was identified by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, due to the presence of an eutectic microstructure that has dendrites and a microconstituent formed of phases ? and Fe2B. Results obtained by X-ray diffraction indicates that the bar L1 at the diameter of 4 mm showed preferential orientation in the directions , which caused a significant decrease of the magnetostriction compared to the same sample of the bar of diameter 3 mm. Magnetization measurements as a function of applied magnetic field (Ha) reveal that the saturation magnetization of the samples having boron is in average 181 Am2/kg, suggesting that the samples have ~ 2% of boron. The bars obtained by DS, thermally treated (CTT ) at 1100 ° C for 6 h, achieved higher magnetostrictions (? = ?l/l) compared to the samples without heat treatment.The highest value was 73 ? 10-6 was obtained in the longitudinal direction of the bar L1F in the diameter of 3 mm (L1F3-CTT). The maximum sensitivity factor d?/dH found as a function of the bars lengths was d?/dH = 0.9 x 10-9 m/A for an aspect ratio of ? = 12. Values of anisotropic constant K1, calculated using experimental results suggest that in some samples occur partial ordering of the cubic phase matrix , so there is the coexistence of phases Fe3Al ( D03 ) and ?.

L’objectif de cette étude est de dégager l’image - ou les images - de la femme telle qu’elle apparaît dans l’œuvre de quatre nouvellistes yéménites contemporains. En effet, s’agit-il, parlant de la femme, d’une représentation uniforme quelles que soient les problématiques abordées et quel que soit l’auteur ? Ou bien y a-t-il des variantes et si oui comment s’affirment-elles ? Cette thèse a donc pour but de montrer la variété des types de personnages féminins mis en scène, tout en précisant les stratégies énonciatives et narratives adoptés par chacun des auteurs en question. Elle est constituée de trois parties : la première présente un bref aperçu historique sur la littérature yéménite. La deuxième traite la question du patriarcat et du matriarcat, plus particulièrement, au Yémen. Quant à la dernière, elle consiste en l’analyse du corpus des nouvelles retenues. Elle est divisée en deux parties dont la première, composée de cinq chapitres, est pour l’essentiel focalisée sur deux images contradictoires de la femme : la femme soumise et la femme rebelle. La seconde se concentre sur l’amour et la sexualité en parlant de la relation amoureuse hors mariage, de celle entre époux, enfin, de l’inversion ironique des rôles attribués, par deux des nouvellistes, respectivement à l’homme et à la femme. / The objective of the study is to highlight the image or the different images of womanas it appears in the work of four contemporary Yemenite short story writers. Indeed, havewomen been represented similarly, whatever the approached problems? And whatever theauthor is? Or are there any variants and changes and if so how they are asserted?The thesis therefore aims to show a variety of kind of female characters that had beenstaged, and the enunciative and narrative strategies adopted by each author. The thesis iscomposed of three parts: The first one introduces brief historical overview of Yemeniliterature. The second part addresses the issue of patriarchy and matriarchy, particularly inYemen.As for the last part, it consists in analyzing the corpus of new limits. It is divided intotwo parts: The first one which includes five chapters mainly focused on two contradictoryimages of woman: submissive woman and woman rebel. The second one emphasizes onlove and sexuality and underlines the love affair in case of adultery, or married couples andfinally exposed; according to two short-story writers; the ironic inversion of the allocatedroles respectively to man and woman.

La thèse traite de la théorie des éclipses solaires dans la tradition astronomique islamique à travers les contributions de cinq astronomes des pays d’Islam : Yahya Ibn Abi Mansur (IXe s.), al-Khwarizmi (IXe s.), Habash al-Hasib (IXe s.), al-Battani (Xe s.) et Khushyar Ibn Labban (Xe-XIe s.).Elle comprend une introduction substantielle contenant l’essentiel des héritages préislamiques sur le sujet : Un exposé de la théorie des éclipses solaires telle qu’elle est développée dans l’Almageste de Ptolémée, suivi de la présentation de cette théorie dans la tradition astronomique indienne.La seconde partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’exposé détaillée des travaux des cinq astronomes musulmans précités. Cette partie est précédée d’un chapitre sur les aspects culturels et sociaux du phénomène des éclipses et suivi par une bibliographie substantielle et un index des noms propres. / The thesis is devoted to the theory of solar eclipses in the Islamic astronomical tradition through the contributions of five astronomers from Islamic countries: Yahya Ibn Abi Mansur (ninth century), al-Khwarizmi (ninth century), Habash al-Hasib (ninth century), al-Battani (tenth century) and Khushyar Ibn Labban (tenth-eleventh century). It includes a substantial introduction containing the bulk of pre-Islamic inheritages on the subject: A presentation of the theory of solar eclipses as developed in the Almagest of Ptolemy, followed by the presentation of this theory in the Indian astronomical tradition. The second part of the thesis is devoted to detailed presentation of the work of the five Muslim astronomers. This part is preceded by a chapter on the cultural and social phenomenon of eclipses and followed by a substantial bibliography and an index of proper names.

Magister Artium - MA / This thesis aims at presenting a comprehensive study, through which more will be learnt about the art of the Andalusian Muwashaḥāt. This is a study of their artistic structure, types, and poetic purposes. The art of the Muwashaḥāt was different in form and rhythm from the classic Arabic poem, because the Muwashaḥāt had multi meters and rhymes, and it relied on the musical rhythm. Besides, the poetic language of the Muwashaḥāt was based on both classical and vernacular Arabic. The Muwashaḥāt was invented by the Andalusian poets to keep pace with the musical development in Andalusia, the researcher will shed light on aesthetic methods, and the poetic styles that characterized the Muwashaḥāt as an innovative poetic art which had strong ties with the music and singing, and showing the impact of the Andalusian environment on the development of this art. The art of the Muwashaḥāt left a distinguished mark on the Arabic poetry and music, especially in the Maghreb and North Africa where a lot of musical schools and poets still pay a lot of attention to such type of that Andalusian art. The continuous interest in this art, until current days, strongly motivated the researcher to proceed with this study.

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Les manuscrits sub-sahariens, jusqu’ici peu accessibles, regorgent encore d’importants ouvrages dans bien de domaines. Cette thèse traite deux d’entre eux en lexicographie et en grammaire, il s’agit respectivement de : Iḍā’at al-Uḍmūs wa Riyāḍat al-Nufūs min Isṭilāḥ Ṣāḥib al-Qāmūs d’Aḥmed b. ‘Abd al-‘Azīz b. al-Rashīd al-Sijlmāsi, al-Mālikī (1761), qui constitue un commentaire sur la méthodologie du livre al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ ; et de : Shifā’ al-Ṣudūr fī Ḥalli alfāẓ al-Shudhūr de Muḥammad b. ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Schams al-Din al-Jawjarī al-Shāfi’ al-Miṣrī (1484) constituant également un commentaire du célèbre ouvrage en grammaire d’Ibn Hishām : Shudhūr al-Dhahab. Ce traitement a consisté à faire une édition scientifique de leurs textes pour fournir au lecteur un texte prêt pour la lecture : vocalisation, ponctuation, apparat critique, typographie dont le but n’est pas de donner une image de ces manuscrits, mais de transformer ces manuscrits en livre. Cette thèse a scruté les variantes entre trois copies de l’ouvrage Iḍā’at al-Uḍmūs et deux copies de l’ouvrage Shifā’ al-Ṣudūr pour en rétablir les textes, mentionné les éventuelles erreurs, retracé les sources et émettre des commentaires pour éclaircir certains passages en faisant référence à une bibliographie variée et multiple. / Until recently the Sub-Saharan manuscripts have been inaccessible and thus include many major works in numerous fields. This thesis deals with two such works in the qreq of lexicography and grammar, namly: Iḍā’at al-Uḍmūs wa Riyāḍat al-Nufūs min Isṭilāḥ Ṣāḥib al-Qāmūs d’Aḥmed b. ‘Abd al-‘Azīz b. al-Rashīd al-Sijlmāsi, al-Mālikī (1761), which is also a commentary on the methodology of the book al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ; and al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ ; et de : Shifā’ al-Ṣudūr fī Ḥalli alfāẓ al-Shudhūr de Muḥammad b. ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Schams al-Din al-Jawjarī al-Shāfi’ al-Miṣrī (1484) which is also a commentary, dealing with the famous book of grammar by Ibn Hishām: Shudhūr al-Dhahab.This treatment of these manuscripts involved the making a scientific edition to provide a ready to read text, with the provion of vocalization, punctuation, critical apparatus and typography with the purpose not giving an image of these manuscripts, but to transforming them into a book.This thesis has scrutinized the variations between three copies of the book: Iḍā'at al-Uḍmūs and two copies of the book Shifā’ al-Ṣudūr in order to restore the texts; it has mentioned the errors encounred, traced the sources and made comments to clarify some passages by referring to a varied and plentiful bibliography.

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