The study of programming languages is a rich field within computer science, incorporating both the abstract theoretical portions of computer science and the platform specific details. Topics studied in programming languages, chiefly compilers or interpreters, are permanent fixtures in programming that students will interact with throughout their career. These systems are, however, considerably complicated, as they must cover a wide range of functionality in order to enable languages to be created and run. The process of educating students thus requires that the demanding workload of creating one of the systems be balanced against the time and resources present in a university classroom setting. Systems building upon these fundamental systems can become out of reach when the number of preceding concepts and thus classes are taken into account. Among these is the study of just-in-time (JIT) compilers, which marry the processes of interpreters and compilers for the purposes of a flexible and fast runtime. The purpose of this thesis is to present JITed, a framework within which JIT compilers can be developed with a time commitment and workload befitting of a classroom setting, specifically one as short as ten weeks. A JIT compiler requires the development of both an interpreter and a compiler. This poses a problem, as classes teaching compilers and interpreters typically feature the construction of one of those systems as their term project. This makes the construction of both within the same time span as is usually allotted for a single system infeasible. To remedy this, JITed features a prebuilt interpreter, that provides the runtime environment necessary for the compiler portion of a JIT compiler to be built. JITed includes an interface for students to provide both their own compiler and the functionality to determine which portions of code should be compiled. The framework allows for important concepts of both compilers in general and JIT compilers to be taught in a reasonable timeframe.

Sustainability has gained prominence from past couple of decades, the fashion industry is most polluting industries in the global. This research is to explain the importance of sustainability integration in the fashion industry. The research methodology applied is first, it provides literature review examining books and articles pertaining to environmental and social responsibility in fashion industry from past decade. Secondly, the case study on H&M Group and interviewing end consumers of fashion. The results to demonstrate the importance of sustainability in the fashion industry and how fashion retailers play a key role and responsibility for enabling sustainability in the whole supply chain.

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Microworlds are visual, 2D grid-based worlds with programmable actors that help ease students into programming. Microworlds have been used as a pedagogical tool for teaching students to program in an object-oriented paradigm for several years now. With the popularity of Android smart phones, creating a pedagogical microworld for Android can help students learn not just Java, OO and event-driven concepts, but also learn to use the Android framework to create concrete, real-world applications. This thesis presents Sofia.Micro, an Android-based pedagogical microworld framework that not only allows Greenfoot-style microworld programs to run on Android, but also adds additional functionalities to microworlds that have not been previously explored, such as built-in shape and physics support, event-driven programming in a microworld context, and allowing for both Greenfoot-style actors and Karel-style actors in the same world. / Master of Science

Europeiska fastighetsbolag är högt belånade vilket medför att branschen är känslig motmakroekonomiska förändringar. I och med de skenande räntorna har det blivit dyrare förföretagen att låna kapital, vilket försvårar för fastighetsbolagen att finansiera sig. Fleraeuropeiska fastighetsföretag har fått sina kreditbetyg nedgraderade, vilket ytterligare påverkatderas möjlighet att få fördelaktiga lånevillkor. Tidigare forskning har visat att kreditbetyg spelaren viktig roll i företags beslut gällande kapitalstruktur, särskilt i tider av potentiellomklassificering av betygen. Med hjälp av Credit Rating–Capital Structure hypotesen ämnaruppsatsen utreda om det existerar ett samband mellan europeiska fastighetsbolags kreditbetygoch dess kapitalstruktur. CR–CS hypotesen föreslår att företag nära ett förändrat kreditbetygkommer att förändra sin kapitalstruktur för att undvika en nedgradering, alternativt erhålla enuppgradering. Därmed är utgångspunkten för denna studie att fastighetsföretag nära ett förändratkreditbetyg väljer att sänka sin skuldsättning relativt eget kapital i större utsträckning änresterande fastighetsbolag med kreditbetyg. Studien finner bevis för att europeiskafastighetsbolag tar hänsyn till sitt kreditbetyg vid kapitalstruktursförändring, i synnerhet deföretag nära ett nedgraderat kreditbetyg.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第25130号 / 理博第5037号 / 新制||理||1718(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)准教授 齊藤 尚平, 教授 松永 茂樹, 教授 畠山 琢次 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Soil is an important ecosystem that supports a wide variety of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, arthropods and nematodes. This sensitive ecosystem may be influenced by various factors, including agricultural management practices. With the introduction of genetically modified (GM) glyphosate-tolerant (RoundUp ® Ready: RR) crops, herbicides such as glyphosate have been increasingly used. However, little is known about the effect of glyphosate on the biological communities in these herbicide-sprayed soils. With the intimate proximity that microorganisms and nematodes have with the roots of plants, these organisms can be used to assess changes that may occur in the soil surrounding roots of RR crops. The aim of this study was to determine microbial community structure and nematode diversity, with emphasis on that of non-parasitic nematodes, in soil samples from conventional soybean (CS) - and RR- soybean fields compared to that in adjacent natural veld (NV) areas. Samples were collected from twenty three sites at six localities that are situated within the soybean-production areas of South Africa. These sites represented fields where RR and CS soybean grew, as well as surrounding NV. All RR fields have been treated with glyphosate for no less than five years. Microbial community structures of the twenty three sites in the RR, CS and NV ecosystems were determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses. Nematode diversity was determined by extracting the nematodes from soil samples and conducting a faunal analysis. Soil physical and chemical properties were determined by an independent laboratory, Eco-Analytica (North West University, Potchefstroom) according to standard procedures. Results from this study indicated differences in microbial community structure between the various localities. However, there were no significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in microbial community structures between RR- and CS ecosystems. Soils of both RR- and CS crops were primarily dominated by bacteria. Nematode identification and faunal analysis also indicated no significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences between the different non-parasitic/beneficial nematodes that were present in soils of these two ecosystems during the time of sampling. Non-parasitic nematode communities were primarily dominated by bacterivores. A faunal analysis indicated that most of the sites contained enriched, but unstructured soil food-webs. However, four of the sites showed enriched and structured food webs due to the presence of non-parasitic nematodes with high coloniser-persister (cp) values. Relationships between non-parasitic nematode – and microbial communities showed that there was a positive relationship between nematode functional groups and their corresponding microbial prey. From the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the community structures of both non-parasitic nematodes and microorganisms shared similarities. These community structures showed no long-term detrimental effects of glyphosate application in the soils surrounding roots of RR soybean crops. Relationships existed between non-parasitic nematode and microbial communities in the rhizosphere of soybean crops and natural veld. For example, bacterivore nematodes had a strong positive relationship with gram-negative bacteria. Similar but weaker relationships also existed between carnivores, omnivores, plantparasitic nematodes and gram-negative bacteria. A positive relationship also existed between fungivores and fungal fatty acids. This emphasises the value of these organisms as indicators of soil health and also the impact that agricultural practices can have on soils. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Soil is an important ecosystem that supports a wide variety of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, arthropods and nematodes. This sensitive ecosystem may be influenced by various factors, including agricultural management practices. With the introduction of genetically modified (GM) glyphosate-tolerant (RoundUp ® Ready: RR) crops, herbicides such as glyphosate have been increasingly used. However, little is known about the effect of glyphosate on the biological communities in these herbicide-sprayed soils. With the intimate proximity that microorganisms and nematodes have with the roots of plants, these organisms can be used to assess changes that may occur in the soil surrounding roots of RR crops. The aim of this study was to determine microbial community structure and nematode diversity, with emphasis on that of non-parasitic nematodes, in soil samples from conventional soybean (CS) - and RR- soybean fields compared to that in adjacent natural veld (NV) areas. Samples were collected from twenty three sites at six localities that are situated within the soybean-production areas of South Africa. These sites represented fields where RR and CS soybean grew, as well as surrounding NV. All RR fields have been treated with glyphosate for no less than five years. Microbial community structures of the twenty three sites in the RR, CS and NV ecosystems were determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses. Nematode diversity was determined by extracting the nematodes from soil samples and conducting a faunal analysis. Soil physical and chemical properties were determined by an independent laboratory, Eco-Analytica (North West University, Potchefstroom) according to standard procedures. Results from this study indicated differences in microbial community structure between the various localities. However, there were no significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in microbial community structures between RR- and CS ecosystems. Soils of both RR- and CS crops were primarily dominated by bacteria. Nematode identification and faunal analysis also indicated no significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences between the different non-parasitic/beneficial nematodes that were present in soils of these two ecosystems during the time of sampling. Non-parasitic nematode communities were primarily dominated by bacterivores. A faunal analysis indicated that most of the sites contained enriched, but unstructured soil food-webs. However, four of the sites showed enriched and structured food webs due to the presence of non-parasitic nematodes with high coloniser-persister (cp) values. Relationships between non-parasitic nematode – and microbial communities showed that there was a positive relationship between nematode functional groups and their corresponding microbial prey. From the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the community structures of both non-parasitic nematodes and microorganisms shared similarities. These community structures showed no long-term detrimental effects of glyphosate application in the soils surrounding roots of RR soybean crops. Relationships existed between non-parasitic nematode and microbial communities in the rhizosphere of soybean crops and natural veld. For example, bacterivore nematodes had a strong positive relationship with gram-negative bacteria. Similar but weaker relationships also existed between carnivores, omnivores, plantparasitic nematodes and gram-negative bacteria. A positive relationship also existed between fungivores and fungal fatty acids. This emphasises the value of these organisms as indicators of soil health and also the impact that agricultural practices can have on soils. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014