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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Papel de citocinas, Ãxido nÃtrico sintase e ciclooxigenase-2 na mucosite intestinal induzida pelo Cloridrato de Irinotecano (cpt-11) â efeito da Pentoxifilina, Talidomida e Celecoxibe / Role of cytokines, nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the CPT-11-induced intestinal mucositis â effect of pentoxifylline, thalidomide and celecoxib

Maria Luisa Pereira de Melo 08 June 2007 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / IntroduÃÃo: O cloridrato de irinotecano (CPT-11) à um inibidor da topoisomerase I, clinicamente efetivo no tratamento de vÃrios tipos de cÃncer. Apesar da mucosite intestinal (MI) acompanhada de severa diarrÃia ser o efeito colateral mais limitante do uso terapÃutico do CPT-11, os exatos mecanismos que levam a estes efeitos nÃo sÃo estabelecidos. Objetivo: avaliar o envolvimento de mediadores inflamatÃrios (citocinas, Ãxido nÃtrico â NO e prostaglandinas â PGs) na patogÃnese dos eventos que acompanham a MI induzida pelo CPT-11; e estudar o efeito de inibidores da sÃntese e liberaÃÃo de citocinas, como pentoxifilina (PTX) e talidomida (TLD), e de um inibidor seletivo da ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), o celecoxibe (CLX), na lesÃo intestinal induzida pelo CPT-11. Material e MÃtodos: camundongos Swiss, machos, foram tratados durante quatro dias consecutivos com CPT-11 (50, 75 e 100 mg/kg, i.p.) ou veÃculo (0,5 mL, i.p.), a fim de se obter a melhor dose capaz de induzir injÃrias consistentes com o mÃnimo de letalidade. Os animais foram tratados com PTX (1,7, 5 e 15 mg/kg, s.c.), TLD (15, 30, 60 mg/kg, s.c), CLX (3, 10, 30 mg/kg, gavagem) ou veÃculo (0,5 mL, s.c. ou gavagem), um dia antes da primeira administraÃÃo do CPT-11 (75 mg/kg), e diariamente, atà o sacrifÃcio, no quinto ou sÃtimo dia. Os seguintes parÃmetros foram avaliados: diarrÃia, variaÃÃo de massa corpÃrea, leucograma, sobrevida, anÃlise histopatolÃgica, atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO), dosagem de citocinas (TNF-α, IL-1β e KC) por ELISA e imunohistoquÃmica para TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS e COX-2 nas mucosas duodenais. Resultados: CPT-11 induziu diarrÃia significante, acompanhada de perda acentuada de massa corpÃrea, leucopenia e reduÃÃo da sobrevida. As alteraÃÃes histopatolÃgicas intestinais induzidas pelo CPT-11 caracterizaram-se pela presenÃa de infiltrado inflamatÃrio nas cÃlulas da lÃmina prÃpria, perda da arquitetura das criptas e achatamento dos vilos. Observou-se ainda, aumento intestinal na atividade de MPO e dos nÃveis de TNF-α, IL-1β e KC, alÃm do aumento significativo na marcaÃÃo imunohistoquÃmica para TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS e COX-2. O tratamento com PTX inibiu a diarrÃia tardia, reduziu as alteraÃÃes histopatolÃgicas, a atividade de MPO, e os nÃveis de TNF-α, IL-1β e KC, assim como a marcaÃÃo imunohistoquÃmica para TNF-α, IL-1β e iNOS na mucosa duodenal, entretanto, nÃo preveniu significativamente a perda de massa corpÃrea, a leucopenia e tampouco a mortalidade dos animais. O tratamento com TLD reduziu as lesÃes histopatolÃgicas induzidas pelo CPT-11 na mucosa intestinal, os nÃveis intestinais de MPO e TNF-α, bem como a marcaÃÃo imunohistoquÃmica de TNF-α, mas nÃo foi capaz de prevenir a diarrÃia, a perda de massa corpÃrea, a leucopenia e a sobrevida. O tratamento com CLX nÃo foi capaz de reduzir os parÃmetros inflamatÃrios e sistÃmicos observados nos animais tratados com CPT-11. ConclusÃo: Estes resultados sugerem o envolvimento de TNF-α, IL-1β, KC, NO e PGs na patogÃnese da MI induzida pelo CPT-11. PTX e TLD preveniram significativamente as alteraÃÃes histolÃgicas e inflamatÃrias induzidas pelo CPT-11, entretanto, somente PTX foi capaz de inibir o curso da diarrÃia / Introduction: Irinotecan (CPT-11) is an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I and clinically effective against several cancers. A major toxic effect of CPT-11 is delayed diarrhea; however, the exact mechanism by which the drug induces diarrhea has not been established. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to elucidate the involvement of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and KC), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGs) in the pathogenesis of CPT-11-induced mucositis and the effects of the cytokine production inhibitors, pentoxifylline (PTX) and thalidomide (TLD), as well as the effects of the selective cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitor, celecoxib (CLX), in the CPT-11 induced intestinal mucositis, in mice. Materials and methods: the animals were treated with CPT-11 (50, 75 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (0,5 ml, i.p.) daily for four days, in order to investigate the best dose able to induce intestinal mucositis without important mortality. In another set of experiments, the animals received PTX (1.7, 5, 15 mg/kg, s.c.), TLD (15, 30, 60 mg/kg, s.c.), CLX (3, 10, 30 mg/kg, oral gavage) or vehicle (0,5 ml, s.c. or oral gavage) one day before the 1st administration of CPT-11 (75 mg/kg; i.p.) and daily until the sacrifice, on the 5th or 7th day. The systemic parameters evaluated were: diarrhea, body mass variation, survival curve and leucogram. In addition, it was also performed histological analysis, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assay, duodenum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and KC by ELISA and immunohistochemistry for TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2 in the duodenal segments. Results: CPT-11 induced an important diarrhea, weight loss, leucopenia and mortality increase. It was also observed histopathological changes, such as shortened villi, loss of the crypt architecture and inflammatory cells infiltration, observed in the lamina propria, as well as, an increase in MPO activity, TNF-α, IL-1β and KC tissue levels and a marked immuno-staining for TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2. The treatment with PTX inhibited the delayed diarrhea and reduced the following parameters: histopathological alterations, MPO activity, tissue levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and KC, and the immuno-staining for TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS, however, did not prevent leucopenia, weight loss and mortality. TLD significantly reduced all the inflammatory parameters evaluated, but was not able to prevent diarrhea, leucopenia, weight loss and mortality. On the other hand, CLX did not inhibit the inflammatory nor the systemic alterations induced by CPT-11. Conclusion: These results suggest an important role of TNF-α, IL-1β, KC, NO and PGs in the pathogenesis of intestinal mucositis induced by CPT-11. PTX and TLD showed a protector effect in intestinal structures, however, only PTX reduced the severity of CPT-11-induced diarrhea
2

Estudo do papel do Ãxido nÃtrico nas mucosites oral e intestinal induzidas por 5-fluorouracil e metotrexato e efeito da glutamina e alanil-glutamina na mucosite oral induzida por 5-fluorouracil / Study of the paper of nitric oxide in the induced mucosites verbal and intestinal for 5-fluorouracil and metotrexato and effect of the glutamina and alanil-glutamina in the induced verbal mucosite for 5-fluorouracil

Renata Ferreira de Carvalho LeitÃo 20 April 2007 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A mucosite induzida por quimioterÃpicos à um efeito colateral importante e limitante da terapia do cÃncer, cuja fisiopatologia nÃo à completamente compreendida. O presente estudo visa investigar o papel do Ãxido nÃtrico (NO) na patogÃnese das mucosites oral e intestinal induzidas por 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) e metotrexato (MTX) e os efeitos da glutamina (GLU) e alanil-glutamina (AL-GLU) na mucosite oral induzida por 5-FU. A mucosite oral foi induzida por duas administraÃÃes intraperitoneais (i.p.) de 5-FU nos 1 e 2 dias (60 e 40 mg/kg respectivamente), em hamsters. Os animais foram tratados subcutaneamente (s.c.) com os inibidores da Ãxido nÃtrico sintase (NOS), N-(3-(Aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidina (1400W; 1 mg/kg), aminoguanidina (AG; 5 or 10 mg/kg), Nφ-Nitro-L-Arginina Methyl Ester (L-NAME; 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) ou salina (0,4 ml), uma hora antes do 5-FU e, diariamente, atà o sacrifÃcio, no 10 dia. Em outro ciclo de experimentos, os animais receberam salina, suspensÃo de GLU ou de AL-GLU (100 mM) uma hora antes do 5-FU e, diariamente, atà o sacrifÃcio, nos 10 e 14 dias. A mucosite intestinal foi induzida pela administraÃÃo de MTX (2,5 mg/kg; s.c.) nos primeiros trÃs dias de experimentos, em ratos Wistar. Os animais foram tratados com AG (10 mg/Kg; i.p.), ou L-NAME (20 mg/Kg; i.p.), uma hora antes do MTX e, diariamente, atà o sacrifÃcio, no 5 dia. Na investigaÃÃo do papel do NO na mucosite oral induzida por 5-FU, os seguintes parÃmetros foram avaliados: anÃlises micro e macroscÃpica, atividade de mieloperoxidade (MPO) e da NOS, nÃveis teciduais de nitrito, imunohistoquÃmica para NOSi e detecÃÃo de morte celular. O efeito do 5-FU na produÃÃo salivar tambÃm foi avaliado. No estudo dos efeitos da GLU e AL-GLU, anÃlises micro e macroscÃpicas, atividade de MPO, detecÃÃo de morte celular, estoques teciduais de glutationa e concentraÃÃo sÃrica de glutamina foram os parÃmetros avaliados. No estudo do papel do NO na mucosite intestinal, foram realizados anÃlise histopatolÃgica, medida da altura de vilos nos trÃs segmentos do intestino delgado, atividade de MPO, detecÃÃo de apoptose, assim como, western blot e imunohistoquÃmica para NOSi. 1400W e AG, contrariamente ao L-NAME, reduziram os parÃmetros macro e microscÃpicos da mucosite oral e a infiltraÃÃo de cÃlulas inflamatÃrias, detectada na histopatologia e na atividade de MPO. Foram observados ainda, no 10 dia, maior atividade da NOS e marcaÃÃo imunohistoquÃmica para NOSi. 1400W reverteu a diminuiÃÃo da secreÃÃo salivar induzida por 5-FU. A mucosite oral induzida por 5-FU resultou na diminuiÃÃo dos nÃveis sÃricos de glutamina, bem como dos estoques teciduais de glutationa, no 10 dia, efeitos que foram revertidos pela administraÃÃo de GLU e AL-GLU. Apesar de nÃo ter prevenido a mucosite oral no 10 dia, o tratamento com GLU ou AL-GLU reduziu os parÃmetros macro e microscÃpicos da mucosite oral, e a atividade de MPO, no 14 dia. Na mucosite intestinal, AG e L-NAME preveniram o encurtamento de vilos e reduziram a necrose de criptas, assim como o infiltrado inflamatÃrio, efeitos induzidos pelo MTX, sendo esse Ãltimo constatado pela anÃlise histopatolÃgica e atividade de MPO. Foi detectado maior marcaÃÃo imunohistoquÃmica para NOSi no jejuno de ratos submetidos à mucosite intestinal. Esses resultados sugerem o papel relevante do NO na fisiopatologia das mucosites oral e intestinal. O presente estudo demonstrou ainda que a GLU e AL-GLU aceleraram a recuperaÃÃo da mucosa dos animais submetidos a mucosite oral por 5-FU, aumentando os nÃveis teciduais de glutationa, reduzindo a inflamaÃÃo e promovendo reepitelizaÃÃo / Mucositis induced by antineoplastic drugs is an important, dose-limiting and costly side effect of cancer therapy, which pathophysiology is not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) on the pathogenesis of oral and intestinal mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and methotrexate (MTX) and the effect of glutamine (GLU) and alanyl-glutamine (AL-GLU) on 5-FU-induced experimental mucositis. Oral mucosistis was induced by two intraperitoneal (i.p) administrations of 5-FU on the 1st and 2nd days (60 and 40 mg/kg, respectively) in hamsters. Animals were treated subcutaneously (s.c.) with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors N-(3-(Aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine (1400W; 1 mg/kg), aminoguanidine (AG; 5 or 10 mg/kg), Nφ-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME; 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) or saline (0.4 ml), one hour before the injections of 5-FU and daily until sacrifice, on the 10th day. In another set of experiments, animals received saline, GLU or AL-GLU suspension (100 mM) one hour before the injections of 5-FU and daily until sacrifice, on the 10th or 14th day. Intestinal mucositis was induced by three administrations of MTX (2.5 mg/kg; s.c.) on the first three days of the experiment, in Wistar rats. Animals were treated i.p. with AG (10 mg/Kg), or L-NAME (20 mg/Kg), one hour before the injections of MTX and daily until sacrifice, on the 5th day. In the investigation of the role of NO on 5-FU induced oral mucositis, the following parameters were evaluated: microscopic and macroscopic analysis, myeloperoxidade (MPO) and NOS activities, nitrite level, immunohistochemistry for NOSi, salivary secretion, and cell death. In order to study the effect of GLU and AL-GLU, microscopic and macroscopic analysis, MPO activity, cell death, glutathione stores and the serum concentration of glutamine, were evaluated. In the MTX-induced intestinal mucositis, histopathological analysis was evaluated and the villus height in all three small intestine segments was measured. MPO activity, cell death, as well as, western blot and immunohistochemistry to evaluated the expression of the NOSi, were also conducted. 1400W or AG, but not L-NAME, reduced macroscopic and histological parameters of oral mucositis, and reduced the inflammatory cell infiltration as detected on histopathology and by MPO activity. Increased NOS activity and immunostaining for NOSi were detected. 5-FU induced a decrease in salivary secrection, observed on 4th day, and this effect was prevented by 1400W. The 5-FU-induced oral mucositis significantly decreased the serum GLU level as well as the cheek pouch glutathione stores, observed on day 10. GLU or AL-GLU reversed the 5-FU effects, restoring serum GLU levels and cheek pouch glutathione stores, observed on day 10, but did not prevent oral mucositis at this time. However, GLU and AL-GLU reduced macroscopic and histological parameters of oral mucositis, and reduced the MPO activity on day 14. In the MTX-induced mucositis, AG and L-NAME significantly prevented villous blunting, lamina propria cell death, and reduced crypt necrosis induced by MTX, decreasing neutrophil infiltration as detected by histopathology and by MPO activity. These data were associated with the detection of iNOS expression by Western blot and by immunohistochemistry in the jejunum tissue. These results suggest an important role of NO in the pathogenesis of oral and intestinal mucositis induced by 5-FU and MTX. The present study also demonstrated that GLU or AL-GLU hastens mucosal recovery increasing mucosal tissue glutathione stores, reducing inflammatory parameters and speeding reepithelization

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