For decades now the UN has weathered accusations that it has failed in its duty by allowing the scandal of sexual exploitation and abuse [SEA] carried out by peacekeepers to continue under its mandate. While preventative policy has improved and significant progress has been made in the academic literature, there are still gaps in the collective understanding the drivers of SEA. This paper seeks to fill one such gap by exploring the relationship between the presence of vulnerable civilians and the phenomena of SEA. Borrowing from criminological literature, a theory is generated which suggests that greater numbers of vulnerable civilians represent increased access to suitable targets and therefore a greater opportunity to offend. From this, two hypotheses are drawn: that the presence of vulnerable civilians will increase the rate of SEA incidents and that the presence of vulnerable civilians will increase sexual exploitation to a notably greater degree than sexual abuse. Utilising a large-N study of UN peacekeeping missions between 2010 and 2019, this paper seeks to test the hypotheses using both OLS and negative binomial regression models. The outcome of the empirical analysis, while indicating a positive relationship between vulnerable civilians and the occurrence of SEA, are not conclusive enough to confirm the relationship without further testing. While the same is true with regards to sexual exploitation seeing a greater effect than sexual abuse, the results for the second hypothesis reveal a stark dichotomy between the two facets of SEA. This dichotomy is shown to be prevalent across several alternative explanations. For these reasons, further research is called for not only into the effect of vulnerable civilians but also into the extent to which numerous other factors affect sexual exploitation and sexual abuse differently.

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Stress within the Swedish Police Authority has been examined based on patrolling police officers (PPO) experiences in different situations linked to the work as a PPO. PPOs are often first responders to events that typically generate stress. This study was performed as a cross-sectional study examining the PPOs answers to the Police Stress Identification Questionnaire (PSIQ). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the impact of gender and police regions would affect and differ the result within the different items and whether this study would differ in relation to previous research and specifically the study Initiativ Mareld. This study was performed as a survey study distributed to PPOs in a city in police region Mit and police region Väst. The questionnaire consisted of the PSIQ and demographic questions including age, gender and placement of duty. The result was interpreted with students t-test to seek variations between women and men and also between the police regions. Differences were discovered, but not to such extent as predicted based on the theories and preconceived perception. The results were interpreted with caution and the results were to some extent similar to Initiativ Mareld. Women and men estimated the stressors quite alike with some differences concerning physical exposure e.g. “being exposed to threats of physical violence”. Similarities with Initiativ Mareld were detected and the top three estimated stressors were the same for both studies. This study and its results show tendencies within police stress science. The subject of this study is still relevant and therefore research within the subject will continuously be important.

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Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur lärare i den svenska grundskolans senare år arbetar med implementering av elevinflytande i undervisningen. Detta görs för att se hur implementeringens resa från styrdokumentsformuleringar omvandlas till handling i klassrummen. Studien genomfördes genom intervjuer med legitimerade lärare vid skolor undervisande i grundskolans senare år. För analys av resultatet används främst en trikotomi för att särskilja lärarnas möjlighet till implementering genom att se till lärarnas möjlighet att förstå styrdokumenten, kunna genomföra styrdokumenten och vilja att följa styrdokumenten. Resultatet visar på att det finns en viss förvirring kring vad elevinflytande ska innebära, samt att lärares syn på vad ett demokratiskt klassrum innebär. Detta får i sin tur verkningar på ifall lärarna anser att det finns hinder för att genomföra elevinflytande i sin undervisning. Lärare är överlag positiva till elevinflytande, men endast så länge det inte går ut över kursplanens mål och trygghet i sin arbetssituation.

China is becoming increasingly capable of denying American naval forces access to and freedom of navigation in its near seas by means of an ‘anti-access/area denial’ (A2/AD) strategy and related capabilities that could force United States Navy (USN) to operate at a greater distance from the theater of operations. The thesis examines the naval interaction between access and denial in relation to wartime naval missions, to explain the magnitude of what is at stake in China´s near seas. Applying a qualitative content analysis method and document-based collection strategy, the thesis finds the nexus of what is at stake in China´s near seas to be rooted in an interactive cycle between American demands for access to maintain an ability to establish sea control and project power in wartime, and a Chinese determination to ensure its security by means of denying such access. An interaction that must be considered by using the insights furnished by enduring strategic principles of naval warfare alongside offensive realist motivations for seeking security in order to understand the accompanying risk for dangerous escalation in waters where tensions stand at an all-time high.

This is a qualitative research study that examines the reasoning concerning the applying of handcuffs from police and students at the police academy. In Sweden there´s an absence of an exact saying in the law that the police are allowed to restrain a person who poses a flight risk with handcuffs. As a representant of the state it is key that every police officer follows the ruling law. At the same time police experience a necessity to restrain some people to eliminate or minimize the flight risk. The result of this study shows that students experience a deficiency in the basic training when it comes to the usage of handcuffs. At the same time police testify about the lack of continuing education which leads to relying on experience instead. The study also shows big differences in the views concerning the need to use handcuffs in flight situations then you compare police and students at the police academy. It´s apparent that the legislation at the time of writing is considered unclear and hard to interpret amongst police and students at the police academy. The conclusion is that the views of using handcuffs in situations involving flight risk in context to the legislation varies greatly. The general view in the police-organization seems to be that there´s a need for reformation in the legislation as a development when it comes to education concerning the matter at the police academy as well as further training when you graduate.

This qualitative study examines police protocols documenting the use of certain coercivemeasures from a plain language perspective. The use of plain language has developed in the last sixty years and is today a well-established norm for the authorities official writing in Sweden. Earlier research shows that police officers’ interest in writing is low and that producing protocols and other texts takes a lot of time away from other activities. The protocols could potentially be used for different purposes, e.g., in providing officers with relevant information when deciding if an individual should be checked on, for police method evaluation, and as a legal security for the individual subject to the measure. This study shows that the examined protocols display in explicitness connected to vagueness in certain recurring categories of grounds for using the measures in question. The comprehensibility ofthe protocols is generally good, with a few exceptions connected to the use of law enforcement jargon and legal terms that can be difficult for people not familiar with judicial language to understand. The choice of words and the construction of sentences are mostly simple and well in line with the plain language ideal. The study concludes that the protocols’ descriptions of the reasons grounding the use of the measures in question need to be more explicit for the protocols to be used for the purposes named above. For this reason, the study suggests that the writing situation for the police officers should be eased, perhaps by producing templatesthat can be used as support when composing the protocols.