This research paper aims to study the lack of local grassroots initiatives in surfing communities by comparing Ukrainian and German contexts. Hence, a qualitative and inductive approach is used. The scope of the research question is explored, by analysing the effects of individual motivators and societal factors needed for GRI formation in active and connected surfing communities. It is further analysed how these motivators are developed and influenced in Germany and Ukraine taking the theories of ecopsychology, social learning and social capital as the framework and analytical lens. Key findings highlight a certain degree of potential for Ukrainian GRIs in surfing communities, while an intense amount of limiting factors is found. Moreover, the chosen comparative context of Ukraine and Germany reveals relevant findings from the collected data, that reveals a low level of trust towards the governments and a low self-efficacy level in Ukraine, while a high level of trust and high self-efficacy was observed in Germany. The research provides relevant insights about the increasing popularity of surfing as a sport, niche, and potential social movement towards environmental activism and sustainable development. Key words: grassroots initiatives, GRIs, environmental activism, environmentalism, surfing movements, surfing communities, ecopsychology, social learning, social capital, Ukraine, Germany, EU.

Being taken into custody due to excessive intoxication, also called an LOB, is a big infringement of one’s personal liberty and integrity and takes place without the right to a fair trial. The number of such cases in Sweden average at around 60 000 per year, with the point of an action being to provide a safe space for the intoxicated individual to sober up.In this study, the judicial requirements, internal protocols and guidelines which police are to follow in a case of excessive intoxication are laid out and examined. By closely examining two decisions from the Parliamentary Ombudsmen (JO) we have identified situations in which police have arrested someone on subjective grounds, rather than following the internal guidelines. This survey, including 30 police officers from the local district Gothenburg City, was conducted based on the decisions from the Parliamentary Ombudsmen (JO). Officers were given two real world case studies to later describe how they would have acted in the situation. Answers were analysed via code and were thereafter compared to the legal code to make a judgement on officers’ knowledge of LOB. In the first case study, 80% of officers chose to arrest according to LOB, and the remainder chose to reject alternatively remove the person according to The Police Act 13 §In the second case study, where subjective judgement had to be used, 44% chose to arrest according to LOB, 53% chose to follow The Police Act 13 § and 3% answered with answers that were difficult to classify. In the Parliamentary Ombudsmen’s (JO) opinion regarding a similar scenario which was presented in the second case study, there has been critique aimed towards the police officer that decided to arrest the individual for intoxication. It is noticeable that 43% would have chosen to arrest in a similar situation to the one that the Parliamentary Ombudsman had earlier criticized.To examine if there are arrests which take place which lack an actual legal precedent, 71 so called LOB protocols have been looked at, where around 40% of cases lack a satisfactory reasoning as to why the arrest has taken place. This means that there is a legal pitfall when one doesn’t define specifically enough in the LOB protocol why one has made an arrest. From these results, there is an indication that there is a risk that arrests take place which lack legal weight. Finally, the study also highlights that there is a lack of necessities required to care for the arrested in Gothenburg.

This qualitative essay was aimed to investigate the legal aspects regarding preliminary police investigation. Furthermore, the study also intended to research the decentralization of decision making within the Swedish police force. The study set its focus on the delegation of coercive methods used in certain crime investigations. This in a pursuit to find answers on how the decentralization of certain decisions are applied and function. A legal dogmatic analysis was applied and carried out to determine applicable law. The analysis was performed to gain a broader perspective on how individual police officers perceive the use of decentralization of certain coercive methods, and the subject of initiating a preliminary police investigation. A total of 20 interviews were carried out, consisting of 16 interviews with police officers and 4 interviews with preliminary investigations leaders. The interviews were after completion analyzed using a thematic analysis. Based on the end results of the study, one can see that there is a need for further studies within the subject of initiating a preliminary crime investigation. There is also a need for additional clarification regarding the use of decentralized decision making in certain crime investigations. Further studies within the research field should be aimed at creating greater clarification and uniformity within the Swedish police authority.

Within the Swedish Police Authority, prehospital emergency care is provided according to the method S-CABCDE. The basics of the method refer to prioritizing measures depending on the type of injury in order to save lives and structure the rescue work. Since patrolling police officers commonly find themself being the first responders in different settings where knowledge of prehospital emergency care is required, it is crucial they are qualified and feel confident using standardized methods.The aim of this study was to investigate whether patrolling police officers deemed current education sufficient and examine if knowledge differed depending on years of patrol duty or where the police were stationed. The study was performed as a survey sent to police personnel officiating either in the Police District (PO) of Uppsala or in the PO of Västerbotten. The survey accumulated answers as gender, age and placement of duty. Furthermore, the respondents evaluated their perceived confidence and knowledge in carrying out emergency care in alignment with S-CABCDE using a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 6. Within this thesis, the researchers have settled for 5-6 on the likert scale as acceptable bounds when measuring knowledge and self-confidence. The result was interpreted amidst bivariate analysis and t-test to search for variations between PO Uppsala and PO Västerbotten.Differences that depended on which Police District the respondent was employed at were detected. Moreover, a correlation between training and self-reported knowledge as well as confidence was observed. According to the requirements for acceptable levels of knowledge that this study relies on, there were also knowledge inconsistencies discovered among respondents. For instance, early stages of the method S-CABCDE rendered the lowest rate in the two participating Police Districts alike. Furthermore, respondents who had been employed as patrolling police officers for a period of 10

No description available.

The purpose of this research is to the investigate the effectiveness of the Local Ischemic Compressiontreatment given to the patients who suffered from a cerebrovascular event, and present themusculoskeletal disorders characterized by the presence of trigger points, specifically regardingelliptical motor performance.There exist studies that demonstrate the kinematic characteristics of linear and elliptical movement inpeople with trigger points without neurological injury, however, these characteristics have not beendescribed in patients who have suffered a cerebrovascular event. Thus, this study is novel whenanalyzing the improper motor functioning in non-paretic upper limb movement control. These typesof patients have been approached from the perspective of neurological injury, and the musculoskeletalinjury that could have an impact on movement control has been neglected.This study provides new evidence on the motor performance of the non-paretic upper limb in peoplewho are suffering from musculoskeletal pain. The obtained results helped us to understand the motorfunctioning in the study sample and offers new insights based on the kinematic characteristics andpower law analysis of the movement performed.Analysis being carried out by considering the 2/3 power law, an empirical law which helps in studyingthe relationship between the tangential hand speed and the curvature of its trajectory during curvedmotion, is widely acknowledged to be an invariant of upper-limb movement. Therefore, the study isfocused on this law to interpret the effectiveness of the Local Ischemic Compression treatment givento the patients suffering with musculoskeletal injury resulting myofascial trigger points. The obtainedresults shows that power law is not much altered by the treatment which means that the ischemiccompression has only a peripherical effect (i.e., musculoskeletal system) and does not affect the motorprogramme of the human being (i.e., central nervous system). The one possible reason of having suchresults could be small sample size. Further research is suggested with large study sample.

No description available.

During the Cold War, small states were often side-lined as unimportant or too weak to make an impact on the world stage. However, as the Cold War ended, more smaller states emerged along the emergence of several international institutions and increased focus on international laws, which smaller states sought to uphold through participation in the international forums such as the UN. Small states are present on all sides of the world and greatly differ from each other in terms of their geography, history, language, culture, economy, and population.  However, previous research on small states are relatively scarce, and are dominated by a handful of theoretical perspective that have existed since the Cold War. Much have changed since the end of the Cold War, with new international norms and many new global challenges. The emergence of new small states that were established after the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia brought new complex security challenges. The young state of North Macedonia is both small state that is located in an area of potential conflict and instability.     The aim of this study is to renew the discussion on small states and assess whether the dominant theories are adaptable to our contemporary world, by applying each theory on the case of North Macedonia. The study has been conducted as a qualitative case study of North Macedonia by using previous research on small states and North Macedonia itself. Four theoretical approaches are included in the study, those being realism, critical/Marxism, neoliberal institutionalism, and constructivism. The study draws from both abductive and deductive approach.  The study showed that although each theory is applicable to North Macedonia, they were not sufficient enough on their own, as independent theories, in understanding the case as a whole. The study concludes that despite the shortcomings of the theories, they should not be regarded as trivial when analysing other small states since future findings may greatly differ from the case of North Macedonia. In short, there needs to be more research on small states.

Vid utbyggnad av samhället behövs flertal analyser, bland annat volymberäkningar, markanvändningsanalyser, deformationsövervakning och avrinningsanalyser. Gemensamt för analyserna är att de behöver en terrängmodell för att kunna utföras. God kvalitet på DTM är en förutsättning för att analyserna ska vara pålitliga. Även tid och lämplighet är avgörande vid framställande av analyserna, därmed tillämpas ofta UAS-LiDAR och UAS-fotogrammetri vilket är två insamlingsmetoder som snabbt och lämpligt kan framställa detaljerad DTM. För att göra metoderna mer tillämpbara krävs mer forskning som utvärderar deras möjligheter inom framställande av DTM. Denna studie utförs i samarbete med 5D Konsulterna för att utvärdera hur DTM framställda genom UAS-LiDAR och UAS-fotogrammetri skiljer sig åt. För att bilda en fullständig förståelse måste påverkande faktorer tas hänsyn till, därmed utförs studien över 4 olika marktyper med varierande terräng och vegetation. Variationen i marktyperna kommer göra det möjligt att dra slutsatser angående hur kvaliteten påverkas av olika marktyper. I studien jämförs marktyperna grus, berg i dagen, skog och asfalt och de kontrolleras genom kontrollprofiler utformade efter tekniska specifikationen SIS-TS 21144:2016. Standarden handlar om att utvärdera DTM. Kontrollen kommer möjliggöra utvärdering av kvalitet i höjd. Studien visar att både UAS-LiDAR och UAS-fotogrammetri kan framställa DTM över de öppna ytorna grus och asfalt med låga avvikelser. Båda metoderna klarade kraven enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016. När marktypen berg i dagen provades klarade också båda metoderna kraven enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016. Däremot visades en ökning av avvikelser, huvudsakligen i RMS och variationsvidd vilket orsakats av den mer kuperade terrängen. I marktypen skog visades stora kvalitetsskillnader där UAS-LiDAR fick medelavvikelse på 3,8 cm och UAS-fotogrammetri fick medelavvikelse på 12,8 cm. Liknande tendens sågs även i RMS där UAS-LiDAR fick RMS på 6,1 cm och UAS-fotogrammetri fick RMS på 26 cm. Resultatet visade att endast UAS-LiDAR klarade kraven för marktypen skog enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016. Med stöd från tidigare studier drogs slutsatsen att kvalitetsskillnaden beror på vegetationen inom marktypen skog. Vegetationen har större inverkan på kvalitet för UAS-fotogrammetri än UAS-LiDAR, således bör UAS-LiDAR användas för att uppnå god kvalitet när marktyper med vegetation ska analyseras genom DTM. / When expanding the society a variety of analyses are needed, for instance volume calculation, land use analyses, deformation monitoring and drainage analyses. All these analyses are based on DTM. High quality on DTM is a condition to make the analyses applicable. Time and suitability are also crucial when producing the analyses, therefore UAS-LiDAR and UAS-photogrammetry are often applied, these are two data collecting methods that quickly and suitably can produce detailed DTM. To make the methods more applicable more research is needed that evaluate the methods possibilities when producing DTM. The study is performed in association with 5D Konsulterna to evaluate how DTM produced with UAS-photogrammetry and UAS-LiDAR compare. To create a complete understanding the contributing factors need to be taken into consideration, therefore the study is performed over 4 different land types with different terrain and vegetation. The variation of land types will make it possible to draw conclusions concerning how quality is affected by different land types. The study will compare the land types outcrop, asphalt, gravel and forest and they will be controlled using control profiles which will be created according to SIS-TS 21144:2016. The control will enable evaluation of the quality in height. The study show that both UAS-LiDAR and UAS-photogrammetry can produce DTM that represent the open areas gravel and asphalt with low deviations. Both methods met the requirements in SIS-TS 21144:2016. When the land type outcrop was evaluated both methods met the requirements in SIS-TS 21144:2016. However, both methods showed an increase of deviation mainly in RMS and variation width which was caused by the tilting terrain. The big differences in quality was seen in the land type forest where UAS-LiDAR had an average deviation at 3,8 cm and UAS-photogrammetry had an average deviation at 12,8 cm. The same tendency was seen when evaluating RMS where UAS-LiDAR had a RMS at 6,1 cm and UAS-photogrammetry had at RMS at 2,6 dm. The result showed that only UAS-LiDAR met the requirements for the land type forest in SIS-TS 21144:2016. With support from previous studies the conclusion that the difference in quality was due to vegetation in the land type forest was drawn. Vegetation has a larger impact on UAS-photogrammetry than UAS-LiDAR, therefore UAS-LiDAR should be used to achieve high quality when land types with vegetation are analysed using DTM.

This dissertation investigates the influence that the ideology of a states has in determining its relations with its peers. The study will be performed using a classic approach to international relations, with a focus on the dichotomy rivalry – non-rivalry, and a more modern method, classifying the variable in 5 classes. I will show that ideology is important when countries engage in friendly relations, while there is no evidence this covariation is present also regarding rivalries. The findings also suggest that countries following different ideologies tend to act differently, with states with stronger ideas being less pragmatical. I will also find support for part of the liberal theory, with democracies being particularly peaceful with each other, and the realist theory, with countries being close and economically powerful being more likely to engage in extreme relations. Finally, I will use random forests to make predictions, showing my model is capable of being extremely accurate in predicting relations between states.