Trails in natural areas constitute an essential resource in tourism as they provide infrastructure for both tourists and tourism companies. Trails allow access to nature and increase safety for visitors by guiding them to the appropriate route, where places of danger are avoided and the risk of damaging ecologically sensitive areas minimized. Even so, touristic activities in natural settings are today increasing and are more diversified as there are many ‘new’ activities becoming accessible for more people, for example mountain biking, trail-running and mountaineering. These trends and changes in tourism and outdoor recreation have resulted in an increase of trail-use, which in turn entails more trail-based conflicts. Conflicts occur between different recreational activities that use the same trail, but also between trail-based recreationists and other land-use interests. Thus, planners and managers of natural areas increasingly have to handle conflicts related to trail-use. Although conflicts relating to trails are becoming more common, research on trails as a conflict management tool is limited. Research has mainly focused on conflicts between trail-based recreation activities, and not on how the trail itself can be used to handle conflicts between land-use interests. As a number of land-use interests use the trail for various purposes, it can be argued that the multi-faceted features and flexible characteristics that constitute a trail can be helpful in handling such conflicts. The point of departure for this licentiate thesis is the assumption that trails in the natural landscape can function as a conflict management tool. Through the recreational trail, dialogue and discussions are made possible among stakeholders. Trails can therefore function as facilitators for communication, and thus enhance the possibilities of building trust and promoting collaboration between actors. The results of this thesis derive from a case study of the southern Jämtland mountains in Sweden, an area where conflicts of interests exist. There are several different interests and perspectives on how the mountain landscape should be used, perspectives including those of tourism companies, reindeer herding, nature conservation interests and local population. The trails in the area are, however, important to all stakeholder groups, and collaboration around the trails is therefore examined in this thesis as an applied example where stakeholders communicate and negotiate. Data for this thesis was collected by working closely with stakeholders in the area and by organizing workshops where different interests could meet and discuss issues relating to trails. Results show that creating platforms for collaboration and dialogue are important for increasing the understanding between different interests represented within stakeholder groups. Such platforms can therefore be highly valuable in handling conflicts regarding land-use. This licentiate thesis contributes to increased knowledge on the multi-faceted roles of trails intended for tourism and outdoor recreation. This is achieved by the examination of international trail research to identify research gaps, together with the analysis of trails as a tool for collaboration and communication to handle land-use conflicts. The thesis contributes to the existing literature on handling multiple land-use interests, and adds to previous knowledge by taking on a rather new approach; that of the recreational trail as a facilitator for communication. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 2 (manuskript).</p><p>At the time of the defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 2 (manuscript)</p>

Looking back over time, the police, just like the military, have been a male-dominated profession, where in the past the admissions were based almost entirely on the physical attributes. But times has change and so has the view of the Swedish police and its working methods and thus also the view of the leadership within the police.The Swedish police force has already worked hard to become more gender equal throughout the ranks. And there are several trainee programs and classes for advancement in different areas, that can only be applied for if you are a woman. Previous studies, in other fields, have identified characteristics of leaders that have been classified as typically female or male. This research is done on police officers in one of the larger districts of the Swedish police force. In this study a quantitative approach, however with a qualitative perspective, is taken to find out if the officers out in the field have any preferences when it comes to gender-based leadership and leadership styles. The results of this study show that in all but one area, police officers who serves out in the field prefer a leader with leadership qualities that are more towards female leadership qualities rather than the stereotypical male leadership qualities.

No description available.

The purpose of this essay is to discuss how CCTV (Close Circuit Television), installed by the Swe-dish Police Authority, is used and how it can be improved to solve more crimes. The Swedish Police Authority use CCTV in crime investigations, however there might be improvements of several aspects, as positioning, how they are set and how the surroundings, like lightning and obscuring objects, are optimized to help the cameras. This study tries to highlight how to improve the use of CCTV, installed by the Swedish Police Authority, to increase the possibilities of CCTV-picture helping investigators and helping to solve more crimes. This study was performed by semi-qualitative questionnaire that asked investigators, investigation leaders and prosecutors about the Swedish Police Authority’s CCTV. The result of this study shows that if CCTV is installed in strategic places, give high quality pictures, and have cameras that focus on capturing people’s faces so that they can be identified, the respondents in this study believed that CCTV can be a very helpful tool in crime investigations. This study may contribute to the knowledge of what to think about when installing CCTV to get the most of it. If given the right conditions CCTV can help to increase the number of crimes solved by police. This study has also showed the need for more studies on how CCTV can be used in criminal investigations.

Gambling is an increasing problem in society and can cause a wide spectrumof difficulties for individuals since gambling does not only affect peopleeconomically, but also socially and health-wise. A lot of the previousresearch focuses on adults and not adolescents. This is problematic sincemany individuals who develop a gambling addiction initiate the habit at ayoung age, which creates a need for research on adolescents gambling habits.The aim of the study is to gain more knowledge about adolescents gamblinghabits. Besides getting knowledge about the gambling habits in general thestudy also highlights the consequences the gambling entails, the indicationsof gambling addiction and the correlation between the parents’ life situationand the adolescents gambling habits. To gain more knowledge about theadolescents gambling habits can imply better help for the individuals whohave created a problematic gambling habit. It can also be useful in the workto prevent adolescents from developing a gambling addiction.The method used to collect the data for this study was online-surveys. Thesurvey was sent, by email, to every high school in 10 different regions inSweden. In this email school staff was asked to send the survey to thestudents in the school. This way the study only reached the intended agegroup.The results of this study show a broad variety in the participants gamblinghabits. The main findings of the study showed that some gambling habitswere more common among adolescents. The findings showed that one of theconsequences were more common than the other consequences and that therewere connections between shame and consequences. The study showedbarely any indications of gambling addiction amongst the adolescents butsome connections between the parents' living situation and the adolescentsgambling habits.The conclusion of this study is that it can be difficult to fully comprehendgambling problems and how they develop. As the study shows, many factorshave an affect on the individuals gambling habits. Gaining knowledge aboutadolescents gambling habits is of importance to discover and recognizewarning signs of a developing addiction. Due to increased access and a largervariation of games the need for further research is necessary to get a greatercomprehension of the gambling habits and further knowledge of warningsigns.

The research is a study on second generation migrants in a white-dominant primaryschool. The subject was about the racist experience in the school year when theywent to primary class. Hence, the research uses two different analytical frameworks:Göran Therborn theory on inequalities and Jane Elliot experiment on RacialPrejudice. As a notice, there is not much research on secondary generation migrant.Thus, it does not change the fact that the research has found some data andinformation. Most migrants' experiences racism in a white-dominant school, butthere has not been researching where it analyses the effect of racist experience in awhite-dominant school. However, the research brings up the subject of integrationand segregation to analyse the affected of racist experience in a white-dominantprimary school.

This is a qualitative research study that examines police officers who work in socially vulnerable areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate which success factors these police officers have identified when working in socially vulnerable areas. The study was performed using five interviews, these interviews were then analyzed using thematic analysis. This research show that the key success factors identified by the police officers were relationship building, cooperation between agencies and a common situational picture. The conclusion is that police officers should focus on creating relationships with the citizens, with focus on juvenile youths, but the police itself should put more emphasis on cooperation between agencies and develop a common situational picture, so that everyone is working to achieve the same goals within the same timeframe.

Swedish Police Air Support Unit (SPASU) is a flying unit within the Police whose mainmission is law enforcement and lifesaving missions. The unit has nine helicopters based onone of the five bases in Sweden. The crews usually consist of a pilot and a tactical flightoperator who together carry out the missions in a single-pilot system. They work day andnight 365 days a year. A high proportion of the accidents that occur in aviation havefatigue as a significant contributing or causal factor. In commercial and military aviationoperations, sleep and fatigue-related problems are well documented and several studieshave examined the prevalence of this. Corresponding investigations on other Police AirSupport Units has not been found. This study has examined the prevalence of sleep andfatigue-related problems in the crews within the SPASU. A quantitative focus with surveyswas chosen as method. A high response rate in the questionnaires has almost made this atotal survey (N = 49, 92 % of total population). The results have shown that there arecertain problems in the SPASU with staff flying under the influence of fatigue. Many alsosleep less than they need to feel totally rested and these have been overrepresented in thepresence of fatigue during flight. There is a great consensus among the respondents thatfatigue has a negative effect on performance during flight and that the risks increase. Theresults have shown differences between pilots and tactical flight operators, two shift andthree shift workers as well as between the different age categories in the study.

During the summer of 2020 Swedish media was frequently reporting about the upward spiral of violence taking place around Sweden, where the Swedish Police Authority have been able to connect several of these incidents to organized criminality. This spiral of violence is one of the factors to the Swedish Police Authority’s hard work on turning around the increasingly growing problems seen around the country. As part of this work the Police have made a new method, consisting of a battery of questions divided into four categories, to support this cause through categorizing different geographical areas. The purpose is to highlight areas in risk for crime and need of extra focus from the Police. The aim of this study is to examine how well this method have been implemented so far within the Swedish Police Authority, but also what the Police Authority might lack in prerequisites to be able to keep moving the work with the method forward. The theoretical framework of this study is presented from the theories of top-down and bottom-up, as well as street-level bureaucracy. These theories have been chosen from the well-known models of implementation that is part of Swedishgovernment operations, of which the Police Authority belongs. This study is a qualitative study. Within this study there has been six interviews performed with members of the Police from the Stockholm area and its surroundings. The method for interviewing has been semi structured, the interviewed have been given anopportunity to present their views on what they feel the new method needs and how they judge the level of implementation within the Police so far. As a result, this study shows that consideration only to a top-down perspective might complicate the implementation of the new method. The action span of the local Police needs to be considered, and so does the bottom-up perspective. The method needs time and resources, and furthermore it is shown within this study that the Police working withthis method is today lacking the appropriate routines to cooperate with both internal and external actors. This study also shows how the concepts of “exposed areas” is not scientifically based but rather an expression within the Swedish Police Authority. This suggest that there is a need of performing a scientific study on the concepts themselves.

No description available.