Traditionally, we've focussed on the question of how to make a system easy to code the first time, or perhaps on how to ease the system's continued evolution. But if we look at life cycle costs, then we must conclude that the important question is how to make a system easy to operate. To do this we need to make it easy for the operators to see what's going on and to then manipulate the system so that it does what it is supposed to. This is a radically different criterion for success.What makes a computer system visible and controllable? This is a difficult question, but it's clear that today's modern operating systems with nearly 50 million source lines of code are neither. Strikingly, the MIT Lisp Machine and its commercial successors provided almost the same functionality as today's mainstream sytsems, but with only 1 Million lines of code. This paper is a retrospective examination of the features of the Lisp Machine hardware and software system. Our key claim is that by building the Object Abstraction into the lowest tiers of the system, great synergy and clarity were obtained.It is our hope that this is a lesson that can impact tomorrow's designs. We also speculate on how the spirit of the Lisp Machine could be extended to include a comprehensive access control model and how new layers of abstraction could further enrich this model.

The next generations of both biological engineering and computer engineering demand that control be exerted at the molecular level. Creating, characterizing and controlling synthetic biological systems may provide us with the ability to build cells that are capable of a plethora of activities, from computation to synthesizing nanostructures. To develop these systems, we must have a set of tools not only for synthesizing systems, but also designing and simulating them. The BioJADE project provides a comprehensive, extensible design and simulation platform for synthetic biology. BioJADE is a graphical design tool built in Java, utilizing a database back end, and supports a range of simulations using an XML communication protocol. BioJADE currently supports a library of over 100 parts with which it can compile designs into actual DNA, and then generate synthesis instructions to build the physical parts. The BioJADE project contributes several tools to Synthetic Biology. BioJADE in itself is a powerful tool for synthetic biology designers. Additionally, we developed and now make use of a centralized BioBricks repository, which enables the sharing of BioBrick components between researchers, and vastly reduces the barriers to entry for aspiring Synthetic Biologists.

We present a constant-factor approximation algorithm for computing anembedding of the shortest path metric of an unweighted graph into atree, that minimizes the multiplicative distortion.

We present a framework for learning abstract relational knowledge with the aimof explaining how people acquire intuitive theories of physical, biological, orsocial systems. Our approach is based on a generative relational model withlatent classes, and simultaneously determines the kinds of entities that existin a domain, the number of these latent classes, and the relations betweenclasses that are possible or likely. This model goes beyond previouspsychological models of category learning, which consider attributesassociated with individual categories but not relationships between categories.We apply this domain-general framework to two specific problems: learning thestructure of kinship systems and learning causal theories.

Examples are a powerful tool for teaching both humans and computers.In order to learn from examples, however, a student must first extractthe examples from its stream of perception. Snapshot learning is ageneral approach to this problem, in which relevant samples ofperception are used as examples. Learning from these examples can inturn improve the judgement of the snapshot mechanism, improving thequality of future examples. One way to implement snapshot learning isthe Top-Cliff heuristic, which identifies relevant samples using ageneralized notion of peaks. I apply snapshot learning with theTop-Cliff heuristic to solve a distributed learning problem and showthat the resulting system learns rapidly and robustly, and canhallucinate useful examples in a perceptual stream from a teacherlesssystem.

This thesis presents a method of object classification using the idea of deformable shape matching. Three types of visual features, geometric blur, C1 and SIFT, are used to generate feature descriptors. These feature descriptors are then used to find point correspondences between pairs of images. Various morphable models are created by small subsets of these correspondences using thin-plate spline. Given these morphs, a simple algorithm, least median of squares (LMEDS), is used to find the best morph. A scoring metric, using both LMEDS and distance transform, is used to classify test images based on a nearest neighbor algorithm. We perform the experiments on the Caltech 101 dataset [5]. To ease computation, for each test image, a shortlist is created containing 10 of the most likely candidates. We were unable to duplicate the performance of [1] in the shortlist stage because we did not use hand-segmentation to extract objects for our training images. However, our gain from the shortlist to correspondence stage is comparable to theirs. In our experiments, we improved from 21% to 28% (gain of 33%), while [1] improved from 41% to 48% (gain of 17%). We find that using a non-shape based approach, C2 [14], the overall classification rate of 33.61% is higher than all of the shaped based methods tested in our experiments.

In this exciting era of cognitive computing, conversational agents have a promising utility and are the subject of this thesis. Conversational agents aim to offer an alternative to traditional methods for humans to engage with technology. This can mean to reduce human effort to complete a task using reasoning capabilities and by exploiting context, or allow voice interaction when traditional methods are not available or inconvenient. This thesis explores technologies that power conversational applications such as virtual assistants, chatbots and conversational agents to gain a deeper understanding of the frameworks used to build them. This thesis introduces Foodie, a conversational kitchen assistant built using IBM Watson technology. The aim of Foodie is to assist families in improving their eating habits through recipe recommendations taking into account personal contexts, such as allergies and dietary goals while helping reduce food waste and managing grocery budgets. This thesis discusses Foodie's architecture and derives a design methodology for building conversational agents. This thesis explores context-aware systems and their representation in conversational applications. Through Foodie, we characterize the contextual data and define its methods of interaction with the application. Foodie reasons using IBM Watson's conversational services to recognize users' intents and understand events related to the users and their context. This thesis discusses our experiences in building conversational agents with Watson, including features that may improve the development experience for creating rich conversations. / Graduate

Inledning & Problemdiskussion: Artificiell Intelligens (AI) har haft en varierad betydelse sedan forskningen om ämnet hade sin början på 1950-talet. Själva meningen med AI är att efterlikna människans begåvade tankeverksamhet, för att således kunna utföra en rad handlingar som i slutändan ska uppnå ett önskat mål. AI är ett aktuellt ämne och det kan ses som den viktigaste tekniken i dagsläget. Det kan ses som en pågående revolution av AI som kommer att skapa enorma sociala och ekonomiska möjligheter samt utmaningar. Verksamheter utforskar möjligheter och utmaningar som AI kan tillföra för att kunna skapa konkurrensfördelar gentemot andra aktörer på marknaden. AI är ett digitalt teknikområde som har en snabb utveckling och kan exempelvis bidra till att effektivisera industriell produktion. Det är av vikt att företag förstår det konkurrensutsatta landskapet, utvärderar riskerna och identifierar kontrollerna för att distribuera rätt strategi och styrning för den nya tekniken, AI. Chefer behöver leda utveckling, tillämpning och styrning av AI på ett sätt som genererar värde för verksamheten. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till forskning om AI i företag och ge en djup förståelse för hur företag styr sina AI-projekt. Studiens bidrag ska vara en vägledande grund för hur styrning eventuellt kan utformas i verksamheter där AI utvecklas som projekt. Fokus inriktar sig på hur svenska fordonstillverkande företag styr under ett tidigt skede för pågående utveckling av AI inför framtida implementeringar inom produktionen. Metod: Studien innefattar en kvalitativ flerfallsstudie med de svenska fordonstillverkande företagen Scania och Volvo. Den empiriska materialinsamlingen har genomförts med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer där information erhållits från relevanta personer för studiens syfte. Det teoretiska materialet har samlats in genom att undersöka befintlig vetenskaplig litteratur inom uppsatsämnet, bestående av vetenskapliga artiklar och böcker. Slutsats: Ett konstaterande som har lyfts fram i studien för hur AI-projekt styrs i syfte om att vara i linje med de övergripande målen för AI-utveckling är genom agil projektstyrning. Genom att använda sig av agil projektstyrning för AI-projekt har det konstaterats under studien att kunskap och kompetens tas tillvara på i syfte om att driva utvecklingen av AI framåt. Vidare har studien visat på att det är fördelaktigt att driva AI-projekten med styrning genom tvärfunktionell organisering för AI-utvecklingen. Studiens bidrag till forskningen har visat på att projektledare för AI-utvecklingen har förmågan att ta kritiska beslut vad det gäller användning av AI inom verksamheten. Det har erhållits ett forskningsresultat genom studien som tyder på att traditionella styrmodeller såsom resultatstyrning kan ses som en fördelaktig styrning av AI-projekt. Nyckelord: Artificiell Intelligens, AI, AI-projekt, projekt, styrning. / Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has had a varied significance since research on the subject began in the 1950s. AI is a current topic, and it can be seen as the most important technology today. It can be seen as an ongoing revolution of AI that will create enormous social and economic opportunities as well as challenges. Businesses are exploring opportunities and challenges that AI can bring in order to create competitive advantages. AI is a digital technology area that has been a rapid development and may contribute to streamlining industrial production. It is important that companies understand the competitive landscape, evaluate the risks and identify the controls for distributing the right strategy and management control for the new technology, AI. Managers need to lead the development, application and management control of AI in a way that preserve and generates value for the business. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to contribute to research on AI in companies and provide a deep understanding of how companies manage their AI projects. The study's contribution should be a guiding basis for how management control can possibly be formed in businesses where AI is developing in a project form. The focus is on how Swedish vehicle manufacturing companies managing during the early stage for ongoing development of AI for a future implementation in production. Method: The study consists of quality multi-case study with the Swedish vehicle manufacturing companies Scania and Volvo. The empirical data has been collected using semi- structured interviews in which information is obtained from the relevant people for study purpose. The theoretical material has been collected by examining existing scientific literature within the dissertation topic, consisting of scientific articles and books. Conclusions: A finding that has been highlighted in the study of how AI-projects are managed in order to be in line with the overall goals for AI development is through agile project management. By using agile project management for AI-projects, it has been found during the study that knowledge and competence are utilized in order to drive the development of AI forward. Furthermore, the study has shown that it is advantageous to run the AI projects with management control through cross-functional organization for AI development. The study's contribution to the research has shown that project managers for AI development have the ability to make critical decisions regarding the use of AI in the business. A research result has been obtained through the study which indicates that traditional control models such as result- based management can be seen as an advantageous management control of AI-projects. Key words: Artificial Intelligence, AI, AI-project, project, management control.

Purpose The purpose of the study is to explain the perceived benefits and perceived privacy concerns of AI’s effects on willingness to disclose personal information to AI while explaining the moderating effect of perceived knowledge of AI.  Design/methodology/approach With the explanatory purpose in mind was firstly a deductive approach of research applied. The researchers further applied a quantitative approach of research in the form of a questionnaire. A total number of 193 responses of the questionnaire was validly collected. Furthermore, 10 hypotheses were conducted in order to investigate the relationships within research. Findings The findings are that perceived knowledge of AI does not have a positive moderating effect on any of the perceived benefits of AI nor perceived concerns of AI effectiveness on willingness to disclose personal information to AI. The findings also show that perceived privacy concerns of AI have a negative effect on willingness to disclose personal information to AI. Perceived personalization benefits, perceived health benefits and perceived financial benefits of AI have a positive effect on willingness to disclose personal information to AI.  Research contributions/limitations The research contributes to current research by highlighting the importance of context in regard to privacy calculus in order to improve on the model’s ability to explain variations. The research is limited by its data being skewed towards younger people and thus the study is representative of a younger Swedish sample.  Practical implications The research shows that it is important for both businesses and policy makers to take into consideration that individuals possess a higher perceived privacy concern of AI in comparison to the benefits when it comes to disclosing personal information to AI. Highlighting the importance of educating individuals in how AI actually function, as it is implied that the benefits are valued but it does not make individuals more willing to disclose personal information to AI.   Originality/value The originality of the study is that it makes use of the context of AI in relation to the privacy calculus, which has not been done before. Additionally, incorporating specific benefits as opposed to explaining the general perception of AI benefits, the study is able to explain more specifically how different benefits of AI affect individual’s willingness to disclose personal information to AI.

Problemformulering: På vilka sätt hanteras och påverkas en organisations intressenter av implementeringen av AI-system?  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån en organisations intressenters uppfattning kartlägga på vilka sätt intressenterna hanteras och påverkas av implementering av AI-system. Metod: Studien har utgångspunkt i kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med en deduktiv ansats. Den genomförda studien är en fallstudie, där Länsförsäkringar har studerats. Det empiriska materialet är insamlat genom tio semistrukturerade intervjuer.  Slutsats: Med vår studie kan vi se att implementeringen av Länsförsäkringars chatbot påverkar de anställda. Den potentiella utvecklingen av AI däremot tenderar att påverka flera intressentgrupper. Vidare kan vi se i studiens resultat svårigheter att identifiera organisationens intressenter samt svårigheter att prioritera och värdera intressenter, vilket överlag överensstämmer med den framtagna teorin gällande intressentmodellen. Vi kan därför dra slutsatsen att Länsförsäkringar bör identifiera intressenter och dess påverkan av utvecklingen av AI för veta hur intressenter ska hanteras. / Research question: In what ways is an organization's stakeholders handled and affected by the implementation of AI-systems? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to map, based on the perception of an organization's stakeholders, in what ways stakeholders are handled and affected by the implementation of AI-systems.  Method: The study is based on a qualitative research strategy with a deductive approach. The completed study is a case study, where Länsförsäkringar has been studied. The empirical material is collected through ten semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: With our study, can we see that the implementation of Länsförsäkringar's chatbot affects the employees. The potential development of AI, on the other hand, tends to affect several stakeholder groups. Furthermore, we can see in the results of the study difficulties in identifying the organization's stakeholders as well as difficulties in prioritizing and evaluating stakeholders, which is generally in line with the developed theory regarding the stakeholder model. We can therefore conclude that Länsförsäkringar should identify stakeholders and their impact on the development of AI in order to know how stakeholders should be handled.