Artificial intelligence is a complex and widespread technology that is increasingly implemented in today’s businesses. As with implementation in general, organizations are faced with different types of barriers when implementing AI. This paper has explored barriers a public organization faces in its AI implementation efforts. We have generated new knowledge and expanded on prior research on AI readiness. A case study was chosen as the research method, paired with semi-structured interviews and documentation to gather the empirical data. The result of the study highlights the specific barriers faced by the public organization. Additionally, we formed a new perspective called the AI resourcing perspective from the data and prior research, which later turned into an AI resourcing model. The model serves as a practical tool to support organizations on their journeys toward making AI a resource.

This thesis has investigated what impact generative AI may have on higher education. Using a combination of a systematic literature study and interviews with representatives from four (4) large universities in Sweden. The findings indicate that generative AI is already a disruptive technology in teaching and learning in higher education, and that students now more easily can cheat or “mislead the examiner” using generative AI, for example by presenting ChatGPT generated text as text written by the students themselves. Even though there are some negatives with generative AI, this thesis shows that the Universities are better off embracing this technology instead of trying to work against it. So, what are the positives with generative AI in education? The fact that students can now converse with someone no matter their background, the fact that students can learn by using ChatGPT (if they are taught how to use it properly), the fact that learning how to use ChatGPT might increase the student’s efficiency and therefore increase their attractiveness on the work market when graduating. All of these benefits come with a big WARNING though. That warning is that higher education must teach the students that these tools are not miracle workers. That the tools can be wrong, and it is important that students learn how to question and criticise what is generated. Higher education has a responsibility to introduce the tools tempered by the understanding that they are not a replacement for knowledge, but only a powerful aid to enhance the knowledge that the students already possess. Finally, the study has been conducted during a particularly expansive period for generative AI and the reader should realise that the findings within this thesis represent early results in a young area of research.

Med den ökande användningen av digitala system i dagens samhälle blir framstegen inom AI-området alltmer uppenbara. Modeller för språkbehandling har utvecklats till en punkt där vem som helst med internetanslutning kan ställa frågor för att snabbt få svar. Inom mjukvaruutveckling förblir problemlösning en central uppgift för utvecklare, och snabb återkoppling visar sig vara särskilt värdefull i projektbaserade arbetsmiljöer med tidsbegränsningar. Genom en kvalitativ metod baserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer undersökte denna studie användningen av AI-verktyg inom mjukvaruutveckling, och utforskade den framtida rollen för mjukvaruutvecklare i en arbetsmiljö där AI har potential att kraftigt förändra arbetsmetoder. Denna studie föreslår att AI-verktyg kommer fortsätta ge utvecklare värdefullt stöd i form av innovativ, lösningssökande återkoppling samt ersätta repetitiva uppgifter. Studiens resultat avslöjar däremot en uttryckt oro för anpassning till AI-verktyg, och hur dessa bör anpassas för att fungera inom organisationen. Tillgången till AI medför potentiella förändringar i systemutvecklingsprocesser, och om dessa inte beaktas kan utvecklare och organisationer gå miste om värdefulla möjligheter.

Research Background: The retail industry is undergoing a significant transformation driven by the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies. AI implementation faces challenges, notably risk of malfunctions, which disrupt internal operations. In the context of this research, "non-consumer AI malfunctions" are defined as disruptions in AI systems that are utilized within the organizational operations of retail businesses. Our investigation is motivated by the recognition that while AI has the potential to redefine retail operations fundamentally, a nuanced understanding of how to manage and learn from AI malfunctions, particularly in non-consumer contexts, is essential for realizing this potential fully. This study underscores the importance of researching how organizations effectively respond to such malfunctions and recover from them. Research Purpose: The purpose of this research is investigating diverse mitigation strategies adopted by retail organizations in response to non-consumer AI malfunctions, and to construct a comprehensive framework to address this. Method: This research adopts an exploratory qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews to gather in-depth insights. Data was collected from key personnel across various retail companies, employing inductive coding using the Gioia Methodology Theory, to identify and analyse emerging themes. In total, interview data from 12 retail specialists was collected and analysed. This methodology is grounded in Sociotechnical Systems Theory, capturing the complex interplay between social and technical factors, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the strategic responses of retail organizations to AI malfunctions. Conclusion: Our study contributes to various research gaps, as it is the first comprehensive study on non-consumer AI malfunctions in the retail industry. By developing a comprehensive framework for addressing non-consumer AI malfunctions, the study contributes to the ongoing advancement of knowledge and understanding in this important area of study. Our study extends the theoretical understanding of the interplay between technology, organization, and strategies, highlighting their inseparable relationship when addressing non-consumer AI malfunctions. Our findings reveal that effective management of AI malfunctions requires adjustments in both social and technical systems, emphasizing the importance of organizational resilience and adaptability.

A vast number of game developers long for and seek to create games that impact and emotionally engages their players. However, it has proven to be a tough challenge to overcome, as a lot of narrative games today completely separate their emotional stories from their engaging gameplay. Extending this insight, this paper proposes the theoretical basis intendedto contribute to the understanding of how to create expressive AI agents, by answering the following question: How can developers tell stories through an AI agent's behaviour? A further key element in this paper is the creation of a conceptual framework, based on a literature study, exemplifying how AI agents can be designed to contribute and support the narrative in a game. The framework suggests that creating these types of AI agents is an iterative process of defining the core themes within a game, deriving an agent's purpose from these and building its behaviours from that purpose. Also, defining how to communicate these behaviours to the player. The framework also emphasizes the importance of user testing during the design process, as a way of evaluating the balance of transparency and emergence within the AI system of the game. The framework is exemplified with a case study conducted on an AI agent, designed and developed for the game Shelter 2: Paws by game studio Might and Delight. The results of the study shows that AI agent has a close connection to the narrative through the main themes of friendship, cooperation and growing up in the game. Finally, the AI agent design is evaluated through user tests, which shows that players interact with the agent as expected and share the game experience that is intended by the developers.

Fenomenet "regulatorisk sandlåda" är en juridisk konstruktion som tillåter företag att testa sinaprodukter eller tjänster under en begränsad tid i en övervakad testmiljö. Sandlådan ger äventillsynsmyndigheten en möjlighet att lära sig mer om hur nya produkter fungerar i praktiken ochhur de påverkar marknaden. Genom att samla olika aktörer inom samma sandlåda kan det uppståsamverkan och kunskapsutbyte. Vidare kan det leda till nya partnerskap och gemensammalösningar. I och med den nyantagna AI-förordningen kommer Sverige i egenskap av medlemsstatvara tvunget att införa en regulatorisk sandlåda för AI. Den ökade utbredningen av regulatoriska sandlådor har dock på senare år skapat ett antalbekymmer, såsom snedvridning av konkurrens, lika villkor och frågor relaterade tillkonsumentskydd och finansiell stabilitet. Inom ramen för den inre marknaden kommer oro frånfaktumet att sandlådor verkar på nationell nivå, vilket skulle kunna leda till utveckling av olikareglerings- och tillsynsmetoder för innovativ användning av AI. Det kan i sin tur leda tillmarknadsfragmentering inom EU. En ytterligare möjlig risk och konkurrensnackdel som följerav att medlemsländer inrättar egna varianter av sandlådor är regelarbitrage. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att analysera potentiella konkurrensrättsliga effekter somkan uppstå vid inrättandet av regulatoriska sandlådor för AI med anledning av den antagnaAI-förordningen. I uppsatsen undersöks definitionen och syftet med regulatoriska sandlådorenligt AI-förordningen. En kartläggning av konkurrensrättsliga fördelar och nackdelar till följdav införandet av dessa sandlådor görs. Därtill görs en bedömning av huruvidakonkurrensbegränsande samarbeten mellan deltagande företag enligt 2 kap. 1 § konkurrenslagenkan öka till följd av införandet av regulatoriska sandlådor. Slutligen utreds under vilkaomständigheter ett sådant samarbete skulle kunna omfattas av legalundantaget som återfinns ibestämmelsen 2 kap. 2 § konkurrenslagen. Slutsatsen är att sandlådan kan erbjuda såväl fördelar som nackdelar för marknaden ochkonsumenterna. Konkurrensbegränsande samarbete kan komma att öka till följd av införandet avAI-förordningen och de regulatoriska sandlådorna för AI eftersom de deltagande företagen får mycket tid och utrymme för bland annat informationsutbyte och prissamarbete. Däremot är detmöjligt att de samarbeten som utmynnar ur sandlådeverksamheten trots allt kan anses uppfyllasamtliga rekvisit i legalundantaget och att samarbetet är övervägande positivt för marknaden ochkonsumenterna. Sammanfattningsvis är den potentiella risken för snedvriden konkurrens stor och bör inteignoreras utan snarare undersökas och förebyggas noggrant vid analys av nya eller redanbefintliga regulatoriska sandlådor.

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integral in various sectors, its role in the design industry, particularly in education, necessitates examination. This thesis explores the integration of AI in design processes from the perspective of designers as users, particularly focusing on Design students in a case study. By adopting a humanistic approach within Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), this research develops the "AI-Designer Collaboration Canvas," a tool designed to facilitate effective collaboration between designers and AI systems. The study addresses how designers can be supported to develop a nuanced view of AI integration in the design process. The developed tool, the "AI collaboration canvas," aims to assist designers in planning and integrating AI into their design processes, aiming to transform perceptions and enhance engagement with AI technologies.

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Multilayer paint is a significant fire hazard particularly concerning rapid spread of flame,smoke and toxic species production. Fire protective coatings are often employed to protect this unpredictably flammable substrate from ignition (for example resulting from arson attacks in the communal areas of multi- occupancy buildings). Literature shows a gap in the understanding of this problem,a lack of suitable flammability tests,and methods for screening new fire protective coatings required to address this problem. This work investigates the factors affecting coating performance and develops screening test methods to estimate protection performance in standard fire tests. The dependence of these tests has been investigated with regard to substrate, coating thickness,composition of coating, thermal conductivity and rheological properties, to inform the development of modified coating formulations with enhanced fire safety.Coating materials have been investigated using thermogravimetric ana lysis (TGA) in both air and inert atmospheres and their burning behaviour using the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660). Novel screening test methods also include a test adapted from BS EN 367 for measurement of thermal conductivity, a thermocouple embedded in cone samples to assess the temperature profile at the substrate-coating interface and BS 476: Part 6 (adapted) as a scaled down version of the standard fire test. The chemical changes occurring during burning of current coatings formulations were investigated using CHN analysis, pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (pyGC-MS),inductively coupled plasma coupled with mass spectrometry (ICP-MS),diamond attenuated total reflectance coupled with fourier transform infra-red (dATR-FTIR),nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR} and scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDAX} to inform the development of novel formulations. Generally,intumescent formulations tend to exhibit lower fire propagation indexes when assessed in the BS 476: Part 6,longer time to ignition and lower peak heat release rates in the cone calorimeter, as well as reduced thermal conductivity recorded in the BS EN 367. Results report mixed performance,suggesting that it is not only char residue formation that ensures a pass in the standard fire tests. Rheological properties of the coatings are crucial to performance,with softening temperature and reduction in viscosity coinciding with gas release of the fire retardant additive. Each screening test method assesses one particular aspect of flammability, they are dependent on the controlled conditions under which results are collected,and the limited correlation observed with the performance in the standard fire tests, do not conclusively predict performance in a real fire situation.

Cluster is not a new phenomenon, having existed in different forms for a long time. Although a large amount of work has been dedicated to cluster research (Marshall, 1920; Krugman, 1995; Schmitz 1997; Porter, 1998; Wilson and Popp, 2003), there is still a lack of convincing explanations as to how and why clusters are created. Reviewing the different definitions of ‘cluster’ from previous studies, produces the interesting finding that most of the cluster definitions neglect one key element – the ‘actor’ – that is, the individuals who are involved in the process of founding new businesses that give rise to cluster formation. Recognising the values and shortcomings of the extant studies on clusters, this thesis aims to establish a conceptual framework and attempt to advance the understanding of the cluster formation process from an alternative view. The purpose is to answer the research questions of how and why cluster are formed, how different actors interact with key institutional factors relevant to cluster creation and how these actors themselves make sense of the cluster creation process, particularly in the Chinese context. This research employs a qualitative approach comprising semi-structured in-depth interviews, which seek to uncover the depth and richness of the living experiences of different actors with the SME clusters. Fieldwork was completed in multi-phases involving a preliminary data collection in phase one, followed by a further data collection in the second and subsequent phases through re-interviewing the key informants. The findings of the three empirical case studies echoed the claims that the very notion of a cluster is a dynamic, and for some a ‘Chaotic’ one (Martin and Sunley, 2003). This highlights the importance of a comprehensive framework to address the complex web of elements that are involved in cluster formation. The result of the thesis also indicates that individual (entrepreneurs & social relations), and the social interactions among individuals and their institutional context are the key ingredients for forming clusters. It is suggested that the established conceptual framework, based upon the theories of institutionalisation, social embeddedness and sensemaking, can help to fill the gap in the extant cluster research and pave the way for future research.