The aim of my Thesis is to analyze the way how Kenya gained independence, how the process of democratization had conducted and the development in the 21th century. The reason for the focus on Kenya is that it is a country which I am interested in and I want to get the new information. The work is divided into five chapters. The first chapter gives information about the current economic, geographic, demographic and political situation in the country. The second chapter focuses on the historical development till 1944. Includes description of the oldest inhabitants of the planet Earth, the original inhabitants of the country, settlers and colonizers. Year 1944 is chosen deliberately, this is the year when first Kenya had been elected to the National Assembly. The third chapter deals with the situation in the country until 1963, when the country was granted independence. This chapter deals with the rebellion Mau - Mau, congresses at which was discussed the constitution of an independent country, important personal proces sof independence - the first and the second president Jomo Kennyat and Daniel Arap Moi's regime. The fourth chapter gives information about the process of democratization. Here I describe how the process of democratization in Kenya had conducted and all the things that happened in the country since independence. The fifth chapter seeks to answer the question of why we can not say that Kenya is a democratic state. Describe here the notion of tribalism, which has a major impact on what is happening in the country. The members of the nation are loyal to their ethnicity in any case, and therefore it is not possible to develop democracy in the country in the literal sense.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka nyutbildade sjuksköterskors gemensamma upplevelser av att börja arbeta efter examen. Detta undersöktes genom åtta intervjupersoner varav två män och sex kvinnor, valdes ur ett handplockat urval och intervjuades utifrån en semistrukturerad intervju. Deltagarna intervjuades om sina unika upplevelser av att vara nyutbildade sjuksköterskor. Resultaten av en tematisk analys påvisade fyra kategorier, att känna osäkerhet, att känna stress, självständighet och att få stöd. Första kategorin bestod av subkategorierna ensamhet, att begå misstag, och kunskapsbrist. Andra kategorin hade subkategorierna oförmåga, tidsbrist, brist på stöd och att hantera svåra lägen. Tredje kategorin hade subkategorierna att känna självtillit, att bli stark och att få rutiner. Sista kategorin hade subkategorierna att få bekräftelse och feedback, att få uppskattning och bli vägledd. Studien kan ge bredare perspektiv på framtida studier gällande nyutbildade sjuksköterskors upplevelse av stress. Slutsatsen av studien är att nyutbildade sjuksköterskors upplevelser är individuella och kan vara både positiva och negativa.

Orientador: Marcos Vieira Teixeira / Resumo: A presente investigação teve como objetivo conceber uma cronologia histórica das primeiras noções de independência linear e de base de um espaço vetorial. Um recorte histórico com dezesseis autores, entre matemáticos e físicos, foi delineado. Dois artigos foram motivadores dessa pesquisa: The History of the Concept of a Finite-Dimensional Vector de Jeremy Gray (1980), que questionava o conceito e origem do espaço vetorial, estimulando um estudo mais aprofundado sobre o tema e The Axiomatization of Linear Algebra de Gregory Moore (1995) num trabalho sobre a axiomatização da Álgebra Linear entre 1875 a 1940. Foi elaborada extensa pesquisa em obras originais dos principais matemáticos do século XVII até o século XIX, considerando o relacionamento entre eles, troca de cartas e a conformidade de estudos. Essa busca foi efetuada nas principais bibliotecas digitais como Gallica, E rara, além sites especializados como Euler Archive, à procura de artigos e livros onde se apresentasse elementos que direcionassem para ideias de conjuntos linearmente independente e de base. De Leibniz a Peano, obras originais desses dezesseis matemáticos e físicos foram analisadas, trazendo essas ideias de conjuntos linearmente independentes e de base em diferentes contextos de áreas da Matemática e da Física. Iniciando com Leibniz, que percebeu a necessidade de um ente que representasse magnitude, direção e sentido, essa cronologia passou por Euler e Lagrange com a resolução de equações diferenciais, co... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present investigation aimed to conceive a historical chronology of the first notions of linear and basic independence of a vector space. A historical section with sixteen authors, between mathematicians and physicists, was designed. Two articles motivated this research: The History of the Concept of a Finite-Dimensional Vector by Jeremy Gray (1980), which questioned the concept and origin of the vector space, stimulating a deeper study on the theme and The Axiomatization of Linear Algebra by Gregory Moore (1995) in a work on the axiomatization of Linear Algebra between 1875 and 1940. Extensive research was carried out on original works by leading mathematicians from the 17th to the 19th century, considering the relationship between them, exchange of letters and the conformity of studies . This search was carried out in the main digital libraries such as Gallica, E rara, in addition to specialized sites such as Euler Archive, looking for articles and books where elements were presented that would lead to ideas of linearly independent and basic sets. From Leibniz to Peano, original works of these sixteen mathematicians and physicists were analyzed, bringing these ideas from linearly independent and basic sets in different contexts in the areas of Mathematics and Physics. Starting with Leibniz, who realized the need for an entity that represented magnitude, direction and sense, this chronology went through Euler and Lagrange with the resolution of differential equations, Wes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Bakgrund: Självständighet är värdefullt för människor. Stroke kan påverka självständigheten på många sätt. Den kan bli nedsatt av fysiska och kognitiva funktionsnedsättningar samt symptom som fatigue och smärta. Detta kan hindra förmågan till att leva självständigt. Syfte: Sammanställa vetenskapliga artiklar om hur självständigheten påverkas av stroke utifrån strokedrabbades erfarenheter. Metod: Litteraturstudie där 15 artiklar valdes ut från CINAHL och PubMed. De kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av SBUs mall för kvalitativ forskningsmetodik och analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultat: Fyra tema framkom av texterna. Dessa var ”Förändring och förlust”, Acceptans och adaption”, ”Resurser” och ”Känslor”. Stroke sågs som en plötslig förändring av livet och orsakade förlust av förmågor, värdefulla aktiviteter och roller som påverkade självständigheten. Informanterna rapporterade hur de accepterade och anpassade sig till den nya situationen. Självständighet var fortfarande värdefullt men innebörden av självständighet hade förändrats. Resurser i form av personliga styrkor, formellt/informellt stöd samt hjälpmedel var till hjälp för att bevara självständigheten. Temat ”känslor” gick in i de övriga temana och gav mening och värde till dem. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor måste vara medvetna om att självständighet kan påverkas av stroke men att det fortfarande är värdefullt för strokepatienter även om deras definition av självständighet kan ha ändrats. Vid planerandet av omvårdnadsåtgärder bör sjuksköterskan ta reda på vad patienten menar med självständighet och välja åtgärder som bibehåller patientens självständighet.Nyckelord: Erfarenhet, kvalitativ, Orem, självständighet, stroke. / Background: Independence is valued by people. Stroke can affect independence in multiple ways. It can be impaired by physical and cognitive disabilities and symptoms like fatigue and pain limits the ability to live independent lives. Aim: To compile scientific articles about how independence is affected by stroke based on the experiences of stroke survivors. Method: Literature review where fifteen qualitative scientific articles were selected from CINAHL and PubMed. They were examined and reviewed using the template for qualitative research by SBU and analyzed using content analysis. Results: Four themes emerged from the texts. These were “Change and loss”, “Acceptance and adaptation”, “Resources” and “Emotions”. Stroke was a sudden change of life which brought about loss of abilities, valued activities and roles which all affected independence. The informants reported how they accepted and adapted to their new situation. Independence was still valued but the meaning of being independent changed. Resources in the form of personal strengths, formal/informal careers as well as assistant devices was helpful in the preservation of independence. The theme “emotions” ran through the other themes and gave meaning and value to them. Conclusion: Nurses must be aware that independence can be affected by stroke but is still valued by stroke survivors even though their definition of independence may have changed. When planning care actions, the nurse should find out what the patient regards as independence and choose acts that maintains the patient’s independence.Keywords: Experience, independence, Orem, qualitative, stroke.

This study examines the first inauguration speech and the four Independence anniversary speeches delivered by the former second president of Namibia, Hifikepunye Pohamba. The five volumes of these speeches, which marked Pohamba’s first term of office, plus audio-recordings of the highlights of the speeches on the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation, were the primary data of the study. Pohamba’s modern presidency, executed the laws through speeches, communicated directly to the Namibian people about what his Government have done, what it is attempting to do, and what they plan to do. In order to investigate how Hifikepunye Pohamba’s rhetoric continued in shaping democracy in the post-apartheid Namibia, the argument of the analysis was based on the Aristotelian (2007) ‘three regimes’ of rhetoric as well as the three rhetorical proofs. On the historical background information, a context of the rhetorical situation was drawn from Bitzer (1968), and the rhetorical argument and application of Perelman (1984). Moreover, close contextual analysis was also employed as it seeks to analyse the relationship between the inner working of public discourse and its historical context in order to discover what makes a particular text function persuasively. Pohamba’s speeches were analysed closely and rhetorically interpreted within their Namibian historical and political context. Thus, the study reveals the monumental occasions in the history of Namibian politics, among others, the symbolic rhetoric of the peaceful transfer of power from the founding President Sam Nujoma to the second president, who was also democratically elected, Hifikepunye Pohamba. Pohamba’s rhetoric reflects his rhetorical performative. He demonstrated his democratic ethics to his audience in his rhetoric, and constantly referred to certain individuals who were respected by his audience. Thus, he continued shaping democracy in Namibia. Pohamba’s rhetoric contains values of praising and blaming; he established fact and judgement about the past, and also advised about the future. He emphasised on the policy of national reconciliation and confirmed that reconciliation had ushered in a new dispensation of political stability, peace, unity, ethnic cohesion and security in Namibia. Namibian people must therefore continue to shun the vices of tribalism, sexism and corruption, among other things. Pohamba effectively used his rhetoric to communicate to the audience which is an important aspect of a democratic regime. This was observed internationally, which enabled Pohamba to put Namibia on the world map as he won MO Ibrahim award for African leadership at the end of his second term. However, the current study has focused only on the rhetoric of his first term.

Adjusting for baseline pre-intervention characteristics between treatment groups, through the use of propensity score matching methods, is an important step that enables researchers to do causal inference with confidence. This is critical, largely, due to the fact that practical treatment allocation scenarios are non-randomized in nature, with various inherent biases that are inevitable, and therefore requiring such experimental manipulations. These propensity score matching methods are the available tools to be used as control mechanisms, for such intrinsic system biases in causal studies, without the benefits of randomization (Lane, To, Kyna , & Robin, 2012). Certain assumptions need to be verifiable or met, before one may embark on a propensity score matching causal effects journey, using the Rubin causal model (Holland, 1986), of which the main ones are conditional independence (unconfoundedness) and common support (positivity). In particular, with this dissertation we are concerned with elaborating the applications of these matching methods, for a ‘strong-ignorability’ case (Rosenbaum & Rubin, 1983), i.e. when both the overlap and unconfoundedness properties are valid. We will take a journey from explaining different experimental designs and how the treatment effect is estimated, closing with a practical example based on two cohorts of enrolled introductory statistics students prior and post-clickers intervention, at a public South African university, and the relevant causal conclusions thereof. Keywords: treatment, conditional independence, propensity score, counterfactual, confounder, common support / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Statistics / MSc / Unrestricted

Once mediation has started, the issue of leverage (sticks and carrots) as a specific tool of mediation often comes into play. There appears to be two divergent views on the use of leverage in the mediation process. One school of thought, although not actually propagating leverage, does concede that it might be necessary and useful under certain circumstances. The other disagrees and expresses caution in using leverage in the mediation process. This study will focus on the issue of leverage in the Namibian mediation process, culminating in the independence of Namibia on 21 March 1990. It specifically deals with the following questions: To what extent was leverage used in the mediation process? How did the mediator(s)employ leverage, what leveraging resources were brought to bear on the conflicting parties, and at what point in the process did this leveraging happen? The purpose is to determine whether, in the light of theoretical arguments for and against the use of leverage, one could conclude that, under certain conditions, leverage is both necessary and effective in ensuring a successful outcome to the mediation process. The research study is structured as follows: Chapter 1 introduces the topic, the purpose and the nature of the study. An in-depth analysis of mediation theories, focusing specifically on the issue of leverage, is provided in Chapter 2, the purpose being to develop a framework for analysis in determining the extent to which leverage was utilised in the Namibian mediation process. An historical background to the conflict in Namibia is presented in Chapter 3 in order to contextualise the focus in the following chapters, dealing specifically with the Namibian mediation process. In Chapter 4, data analyses and findings are summarised, and aspects that might provide lessons for mediation, particularly as far as the use of leverage is concerned, are identified; and where applicable, further avenues for research are suggested. In conclusion, Chapter 5 presents a summary and critical look at all the mediation processes, both multilateral and bilateral, and the challenges that were encountered during these processes, leading up to the signing of Tripartite and Bilateral Agreements in New York on 22 December 1988. / Mini-dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Political Sciences / MA / Unrestricted

Recent studies have indicated that only 6% of South African citizens can maintain their standard of living during retirement. This is of great concern to both the government and individuals. In an attempt to counter this dilemma, the government has implemented several new tax exemptions and deductions to encourage taxpayers to increase their retirement savings. However, uncertainty exists regarding the effectiveness of these exemptions and deductions. For individuals to benefit from same, they will need to be informed on and understand the principles on which they are based. Above all, South African citizens need to grasp the importance of ensuring their financial security during retirement, which will hopefully create a culture of saving for that purpose. South Africans therefore need to increase their level of financial and tax literacy, either by informing themselves in that regard, or by consulting with professionals. This study was conducted from a South African perspective and focused on the probability of financial and tax literacy increasing financial independence during retirement. The data presented in this study was collected by means of two questionnaires, which were emailed to a selection of participants. The purpose of this study was first to determine the financial and tax literacy of South Africans with regard to retirement planning and second, to determine whether financial and tax literacy could increase financial independence during retirement. This study is an empirical study since primary data was collected specifically for this research project. Based on the data obtained by means of the questionnaires, it was concluded that the financial and tax literacy of the majority of South Africans is not sufficient to intentionally benefit from tax-beneficial retirement funds and investments. It was further concluded that although the majority of South Africans are not sufficiently financially literate to be able to optimise their retirement savings, they are willing to improve their level of financial and tax literacy and increase their savings towards retirement once they have been informed and have gained some understanding in this regard. Therefore, financial and tax literacy can potentially increase financial independence during retirement. / Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Taxation / MCom / Unrestricted

This study provides an insight into the behavior of foreign institutional investors in Swedish corporate governance matters. We look at the presence of foreign institutional investors on the Swedish nomination committee and their voting power, to show their influence on board independence in Sweden. Collecting data for two years that is 2018 and 2019, from Swedish firms listed on the Swedish stock exchange markets, and analyze the data using the panel regression analysis. The result shows that foreign institutional investors only influence board independence in Sweden when a controlling owner has more than 50 % of the voting right. Also, we show that foreign institutional investors generally have little or no influence on the number of independent directors on Swedish listed firms. However, it is the controlling owners and the board sizes that significantly determine the level of board independence in Sweden. This study concluded that for foreign institutional investors to influence board independence they should participate on the nomination committee.

Demand for knowledge workers has increased relative to the available supply. A further cause for concern is that the requirements for managing knowledge workers differ from those for managing lower qualified employees. Due to scarcity and different management requirements, attracting and retaining the best available knowledge workers poses a serious challenge.The purpose of this study was to to identify and understand the impact of some of the key factors that motivate knowledge workers.A quantitative research design was employed with knowledge workers the targeted sample through purposive sampling combined with an element of snowballing. The final sample consisted of 91 respondents from different industries, educational backgrounds and age groups, but who all indicated that they were knowledge workers in the survey. The survey data was tested for reliability, validity and factor analysis used to narrow down the elements for the statistical analysis of the hypotheses.Following the research, the initial five hypotheses were narrowed down to four of which three were correlated to knowledge worker motivation. Management relationships as well as independence and interpersonal relationships were positively correlated whilst staff turnover was negatively correlated to knowledge worker motivation. Based on the research outcomes, recommendations were made to both knowledge workers and management. Furthermore, suggested areas for future research were provided. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted