Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-04T12:36:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tuane Aline Rossatto.pdf: 2160567 bytes, checksum: 73fbffab57dfb9420f1810f49e3570b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T12:36:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tuane Aline Rossatto.pdf: 2160567 bytes, checksum: 73fbffab57dfb9420f1810f49e3570b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-21 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The purpose of the present study is the political dimension of the Social Service profession, expressed in the work of professionals working with the Union of Housing Movements of São Paulo (UMM-SP), in Social Housing Programs (HIS), in the program My House My Life - Entities (PMCMV-E). UMM-SP is one of the oldest housing movements on the public scene and carries with it the history of struggle for access to housing in the city of São Paulo. The movement has among its flags of struggle urban reform, the right to city and self-management in housing production through popular participation and the organization and protagonism of workers in the struggle for rights and social changes. In addition to the defense of the construction of egalitarian cities, UMM-SP has historically claimed the recognition of social work in Housing of Social Interest (HIS) in Housing Policy. It also defends the possibility of working with professionals who share a world vision for the benefit of the workers. In this way, it works with multidisciplinary teams, within this scope are the social workers. The Social Service has an eminently political action, its trajectory is linked to the power struggle of the social classes. We defend here that, like all social activity, professional actions are crossed by a political dimension. The aim of the present study is to capture and analyze the political dimension of the professional work present in the daily work, it indicates, the need to problematize the expressions of the political dimension of the profession present in the daily professional work as a means of apprehending its determinations and with that to create strategies for a professional action linked to the ethical-political norms defended by the hegemonic project of the professional category. The hypothesis is that all professional action is crossed by the political dimension and can strengthen different professional projects and societal projects and also, contradictorily, both in the same action. The methodology of the research was based on the critical perspective and the studies of historical and dialectical materialism, involving scientific procedures: bibliographic research and qualitative research with professionals who work with UMM-SP. It also composes the procedures, the observation in the spaces of professional and academic insertion of the researcher and photographic records. The results of the study point to a significant power in the possibilities of materialization of the political ethical project of the profession from a professional insertion that establishes new contours between professional performance and the political struggle / O objeto do presente estudo é a dimensão política da profissão de Serviço Social expressa na atuação de profissionais que trabalham com a União dos Movimentos de Moradia de São Paulo (UMM-SP), em programas de Habitação de Interesse Social (HIS), mais especificamente, no programa Minha Casa Minha Vida - Entidades (PMCMV-E). A UMM-SP é um dos movimentos de moradia mais antigos na cena pública e carrega consigo a história de luta pelo acesso à moradia na cidade de São Paulo. Entre suas bandeiras de luta, consta a reforma urbana, o direito à cidade e a autogestão na produção habitacional, por meio da participação popular, e a organização e o protagonismo dos trabalhadores na luta por direitos e mudanças sociais. Além da defesa da construção de cidades igualitárias, a UMM-SP, historicamente, reivindica o reconhecimento do trabalho social em HIS na Política Habitacional. Defende, ainda, a possibilidade de atuar com profissionais que compartilhem da visão de mundo em prol dos trabalhadores. Desse modo, atua com equipes multidisciplinares, e, dentro desse escopo, estão os assistentes sociais. O Serviço Social tem atuação eminentemente política, e sua trajetória vincula-se à disputa de poder das classes sociais. Defendemos aqui que, assim como toda atividade social, as ações profissionais são atravessadas pela dimensão política. O objetivo do presente estudo é capturar e analisar a dimensão política do trabalho profissional na atuação cotidiana, assim, indica-se a necessidade de problematizar as expressões da dimensão política da profissão contida no fazer profissional cotidiano, como meio de apreender suas determinações, e, com isso, criar estratégias para uma ação profissional vinculada aos nortes ético-políticos defendidos pelo projeto hegemônico da categoria. A hipótese é que toda ação profissional é atravessada pela dimensão política, podendo fortalecer diferentes projetos profissionais e societários e ainda, contraditoriamente, a ambos em uma mesma ação. A metodologia da pesquisa foi embasada na perspectiva crítica e nos estudos dos materialismos histórico e dialético, envolvendo procedimentos científicos: pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa qualitativa com profissionais que atuam com a UMM-SP. Compõe também, os procedimentos, a observação nos espaços de inserção profissional e acadêmico da pesquisadora e registros fotográficos. Os resultados do estudo apontam para uma significativa potência nas possibilidades de materialização do Projeto Ético-Político (PEP) da profissão a partir de uma inserção profissional que estabelece novos contornos entre atuação profissional e a luta política

張振成. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (p. 291-302) / 中英文摘要. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Zhang Zhencheng. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (p. 291-302) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

by Wong Yuk Ming. / Thesis (M.S.W.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985. / Bibliography: leaves 97-101. / Library's copy: Author's copy (c.2) has different pagination: vii, 98 p.

A massive tsunami hit Aceh in December 26, 2004. It was one of the biggest natural disasters of the century. The tsunami’s unprecedented destruction of the area attracted the biggest influx ever of international aid and highlighted the nearly non-existent social service system at local levels. The abundance of international aid served as an impetus for the Indonesian government to review their social service system. This is the first time that resources from international aid in Indonesia were allocated for professionalization of social workers. This dissertation utilizes a qualitative narrative analysis to explore the questions: How do Indonesian social workers understand and express their experience of the social work professionalization process post-2004 tsunami? How do they interpret the process of professionalization? How do the systems available influence their professional interpretation of the experience and affect their strategies to gain public recognition and resources to claim professional jurisdiction in a society? Interviews were conducted of fifteen Indonesian social workers who were involved in the 2004 tsunami recovery efforts and are still active in the social work professionalization efforts today. The findings show that the international aid and 2004 tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia was the impetus for professionalization of social work in Indonesia. This study explores how Indonesian social workers understand and interpret their experience during the tsunami 2004 recovery efforts using Abbott’s system of professions concepts to frame the professionalization process as impacted by international aid during the 2004 tsunami. The findings revolve around formal public recognition, community sanction and a systematic knowledge base in Indonesia’s social work professionalization process.

In the discourses of the outreach youth workers, it seemed to reveal a discourse and practice gap in their work with 'youth-at-disadvantage'. At the discourse level, many workers had quite high consciousness to the impacts of the broader social, contextual and familial related changes to the behaviours of young people though they did not deny young people's individual responsibility for their behaviours. However, in their actual practice, many workers felt inadequate and were not confident enough both in working with family and intervening into the social and contextual factors including their clients' participation to advocate for their needs. Moreover, in the complex relation of power with the policy demands on the work focus and output standards of the service and the service directions of their agencies, workers' discourses on the situations of young people were usually subjugated. As a result, what workers could do still remained at the person and remedial level handling young people's problem behaviours and their relationship with peers. Indeed, when so many workers had such high consciousness to the social impacts to the problem behaviours of young people and did not prefer to be strict social control agents, they could be a force for social change. However, when what they could do were still person and remedial oriented without the vision to facilitate necessary social or structural changes, what they did was still a kind of confessional control regulating young people's behaviours to conform to norms of society only. / This study is a discourse analysis on the construction of 'youth-at-disadvantage' in the context of outreaching social work service in Hong Kong across the turn of the new millennium. Instead of taking 'youth-at-disadvantage' pre-existingly as problematic and destructive in nature, Foucault's discourse analytic approach was used as a framework of conceptualization and a method of data analysis (1) to unmask its constitutive nature and (2) to reveal the discourses and complex relations of power at work in the process of its constitution. In the study, fifteen pairs of 'youth-at-disadvantage' and outreach youth workers with different lengths of service and positions were widely recruited from ten out of the sixteen District Youth Outreaching Social Work Teams in Hong Kong. Each youth interviewee and the workers were interviewed twice successfully. / Though a discourse of individual deficits is usually constructed in society to talk about the problem behaviours of young people, in the revelation of this study, both the youth interviewees and the workers considered their problem behaviours as natural and common at their adolescent phase of life. In talking about their problem situations, obvious gender differences were revealed in the language uses of the male and female youth interviewees. While peer companionship and harsh control from parents were drawn upon by the female youth interviewees as the key reasons leading to their problem behaviours, the males attributed it to their poor performance and low interest in study, their employment situations and use of pocket money. Though family influence was not the key reason initiating them begin to play or associate with peers, eventually when their relationship with parents was further affected, it became the key reason leading to the continuation of their problem behaviours. In the service, many youth interviewees revealed that they could debate with their workers with alternative discourses. However, in the face of the adult society, what they could do was either to rebel or escape with their bodies. They hoped that the adult society could assure their abilities and respect what they were thinking and doing. / To a certain extent, the discourses revealed in this study are not only reflexive and worth to be heard for the adult society, but also critical and worth to be reviewed in the actual practice of the workers. Based on the discourses rehabilitated in the study, recommendations are made in five areas: social work practice and research on 'youth-at-disadvantage', social work training, related policy changes and the general public's understanding to the situations of young people. Though this type of social research is not so common in social work, it is hoped that this study can begin the debate and more similar researches with rich empirical data support can be done to disrupt the apparently taken for granted problematic discourses on young people and the possible regulatory effect of social work practice. / Tam, Hau Lin. / "March 2008." / Adviser: Ngan Pun Ngai. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: A, page: 1035. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 526-553). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Based on the research findings, the researcher suggested ideas for the betterment of social work profession, social work education and also direction for future research. The researcher hoped that the suggestions would facilitate further development of social work knowledge and social work profession. / The findings of this study revealed that all participants affirmed the importance of social workers' use of self However, most of them felt quite perplexed in the positive use of self in their helping process. Even though they did not consciously utilize self, all of them showed that they were deeply involved in this helping profession. The ways they used their self were very diversified which included self-awareness, self acceptance, self-disclosure and self-presentation. Their use of self ranged from the cognitive level to the affective level. They were pragmatic in using the self Some clang to use self as an instrument, taking it as a technique in direct social work practice. Others opened up themselves and fully involved in the helping process. / The narratives of the participants showed that their lived experiences, especially at their early years, had important influences on their use of self At the same time, their professional learning and direct practice experiences were also crucial factors in affecting their re-construction of self and the use of self. Besides the above, Chinese culture and the strong emphasis of management and accountability in the profession were also important environmental factors. For some participants, they struggled in their self assurance and felt confused in their self-evaluation in an atmosphere of managerialism in their work setting, and they found it difficult in exercising their self On the one hand, they assured themselves of their proper attitude in their helping profession; while on the other, they experienced a sense of failure and self-doubt in their helping career and have difficulties in integrating themselves. / This research was a narrative analysis of Taiwan clinical social workers' use of self in their helping process. The purposes of this research were to understand clinical social workers' subjective experiences and their interpretation of self and their use of self in the helping process, to explore how the self was shaped in their personal and professional life, and to find out how Chinese culture influenced the development of self and the use of self in their professional practice. Fifteen clinical social workers in Taiwan participated in this study. Each of them was invited to attend two or three in-depth interviews with the duration of two hours each. / 鄭佩芬. / Adviser: Mong Chow Lam. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: A, page: 1031. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 290-308). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Zheng Peifen.

Hong, Liu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 232-244). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Self-help as a social phenomenon in Western and Chinese societies --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Impacts of self-help groups --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- An issue demanding attention: maintenance and development of self-help groups --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research objectives --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Initial guiding questions --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Sketching a Conceptual Framework --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Literature Review --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Group maintenance and development --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Dynamics of self-help groups --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- External forces influencing self-help groups --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- Conceptual framework --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Theory-use in current study --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Conceptual framework --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Refining the research questions --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- Definitions of key terms in the research question --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Self-help groups --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Maintenance and development --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Social workers --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Research Design and Implementation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research design --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Philosophical consideration --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Methodological justification --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- Case study design --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Overall design: embedded contrasting multiple-case (two cases) study --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Unit of analysis, subunit of analysis and context of case" --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3 --- Case selection --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4 --- Implementation --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- General process of implementation --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Data collection --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Data analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Quality of study --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5 --- Ethical consideration --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Case A: Within-Case Data Display and Analysis --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1 --- Chronicle of Case A --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Pre-formalized stage: before SCMC Parents Group --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Formalized stage: SCMC Parents Group --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2 --- Difficulties encountered by the group on the factors contributing to the maintenance and development in Case A --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Leadership --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Membership --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Practical difficulties: logistics and finance --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Professional Involvement --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Affiliation --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Legitimacy --- p.115 / Chapter 4.3 --- Responding to research question 1: what are the difficulties? --- p.124 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Difficulty on leadership: indistinct leadership structure --- p.124 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Difficulty on membership: shortage of new core members --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Difficulty on practical issue: tight finance --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Difficulty on affiliation: reserved support from the hospital --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Difficulty on legitimacy: unachieved out-hospital legitimacy --- p.127 / Chapter 4.4 --- "Responding to research question 2 & 3: how are the difficulties mutually linked, and linked with the maintenance and development of the groups?" --- p.129 / Chapter 4.5 --- Role of social work profession --- p.134 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Social work practice in SCMC --- p.134 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Involvement of social workers in the parents group --- p.136 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Expectations from the medical staff --- p.138 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Social workers or administrators? --- p.139 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Case B: Within-Case Data Display and Analysis --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1 --- Chronicle of case B --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Before establishment --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- After ICCCPO Shanghai conference --- p.144 / Chapter 5.2 --- Difficulties encountered by the group on the factors contributing to the maintenance and development in Case B --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Leadership --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Membership --- p.159 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Practical issues: logistics and finance --- p.165 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Professional involvement --- p.172 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Affiliation --- p.174 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Legitimacy --- p.179 / Chapter 5.3 --- Responding to research question 1: what are the difficulties? --- p.187 / Chapter 5.4 --- "Responding to research question 2 & 3: how are the difficulties mutually linked, and linked with the maintenance and development of the groups?" --- p.191 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Case Synthesis --- p.196 / Chapter 6.1 --- Comparing the two cases --- p.196 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Commonalities --- p.196 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Differences --- p.198 / Chapter 6.2 --- Controlled comparison --- p.198 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Controlling the factors --- p.198 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Making comparison --- p.199 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Results of comparison --- p.203 / Chapter 6.3 --- Uncontrolled comparisons --- p.204 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- "Affiliation, host organizations, and Finance" --- p.205 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Affiliation and Out-hospital Legitimacy --- p.209 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Out-hospital Legitimacy and Finance --- p.210 / Chapter Chapter Seven: --- "Conclusions, Discussions，Implications，and Limitations" --- p.211 / Chapter 7.1 --- Conclusions --- p.211 / Chapter 7.2 --- Discussions --- p.213 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Members and leader in the self-help groups: “free-riders´ح and “bum-out´ح --- p.213 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Group legitimacy and affiliation in the Chinese context --- p.216 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Professional involvement: medical staff and social workers --- p.219 / Chapter 7.3 --- Implications --- p.223 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Implications for social work practice --- p.223 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Implications for social work education --- p.225 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- Implications for social policy --- p.226 / Chapter 7.3.4 --- Implications for future research --- p.229 / Chapter 7.4 --- Limitations --- p.230 / Reference --- p.232

Occupations involve regular contacts and associations with stigmatized or degraded people (e.g, policemen, nurses, social workers) are referred to as socially dirty work (Hughes, 1951; Ashforth & Kreiner, 1999; 2014).Socially dirty workers dealing with clients who are stigmatized by the society may encounter identity threat and negative societal perceptions towards their work (Kreiner, Ashforth & Sluss, 2006). Though the clients are stigmatized by the society, professional trainings of socially dirty workers advocate treating the clients as equal and respectable individuals. Hence, socially dirty workers face a big challenge to handle conflicting perceptions towards their clients– taking the professional side or the societal side. / Drawing on the conservation of resource (COR) framework (Hobfoll, 1989; 1990), I examined the effect of work dirtiness on socially dirty worker’s job outcomes and investigated the effects of two contextual factors. In particular, I proposed a construct called the intensity of social work dirtiness (ISWD) –the extent to which clients are stigmatized by society: when the clients are more stigmatized by the society, socially dirty workers are more likely to experience resource loss and job strain. I also proposed employees’ work orientations (calling / job orientation) and professional-client relationship quality, would moderate the effect of intensity of social work dirtiness on employees’ stressful experience and work outcomes. / Data were collected at three time points from 16 hospitals in Mainland China. Results showed that the intensity of social work dirtiness was positively related to job strain and further affected employees’ job satisfaction, turnover intentions and psychological wellbeing. The moderating effects of work orientations and relationship quality were also supported in the analysis. / 现代社会有许多职业需要经常接触污名化的客户 （如警察、护士、社工），这类职业被定义为社会型厌恶性工作(Hughes, 1951; Ashforth & Kreiner, 1999; 2014)。 社会型厌恶性工作者往往会遇到自我身份认同的难题和承受社会对他们的负面印象(Kreiner, Ashforth & Sluss, 2006)。 另一方面，这类型的工作者通常都接受了职业价值观的训练:要平等对待和尊重他们的客户。因此，社会型厌恶性工作者常常面临挑战：如何看待工作中接触的污名化客户 -- 是跟随社会大众的看法还是保持职业的看法。根据资源保存理论 (Hobfoll,1989)。当客户的污名化程度越严重，这类型工作者越可能承受更大的压力。 / 我提出员工的工作导向以及员工与污名化客户的关系会调节客户污名化程度对员工压力的影响。 / 我在中国内地的医院和香港的社工组织中收集了数据并作了详细分析，模型中的部分假设得到了验证和支持。 / Wen, Shanshan. / Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-117). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendix includes Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 06, October, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Thesis (M. A. (Social Work)) --University of Limpopo, 2017 / Refer to the document

Thesis (M. A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Social Work supervisors experience a lot of challenges when supervising inexperienced social workers. The overall aim of the study was to explore and describe experiences of social work supervisors in supervising inexperienced social workers in the Department of Social Development Malamulele Area Office. The study objectives were to identify supervisors’ training needs that enable them to manage inexperienced social workers; to appraise how supervisors manage poor confidence among inexperienced social workers; to assess how supervisors manage time to meet deadlines coupled with supervising; and to establish knowledge gaps between supervisors and inexperienced social workers in terms of relevant theories, skills and techniques. The researcher used both explorative and descriptive research designs. The data was collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews from eight (8) social work supervisors who are employed by the Department of Social Development, Malamulele area office. The sample consisted of social work supervisors who were available and ready to participate in the study. Eight social work supervisors who had supervised inexperienced social workers were interviewed. The researcher followed the steps of thematic data analysis which are transcription of data, checking and editing, analysing and interpretation, and generalisation to analyse data. Ethical considerations such as voluntary participation, permission to conduct the study, anonymity, confidentiality and no harm to respondents were considered. The researcher found that Social Work supervisors who render supervision do not have relevant and up-to-date theoretical knowledge. They still apply relevant theories that they learned during their time as undergraduate Social Workers, and the fact that they do attend supervisory training makes the supervision to be poor. The researcher found that a lot of Social Work supervisors rely on their experiences because they do not have formal supervision training. The researcher also found that inexperienced Social Workers are not receiving enough supervision from their supervisors. The researcher concluded that these Social Workers are receiving enough supervision because their supervisors have a lot of work such as attending clients and meetings. Social Work supervisors in Malamulele area office are currently practising without supervisory training, but they are appointed based on their working experience. The researcher recommended that the Department of Social Development, Vhembe x District Municipality should encourage inexperienced Social Workers and supervisors to attend courses in supervision offered by different service providers and to understand their role.