國立政治大學教育學系九十一年度碩士論文摘要 論文名稱：新竹縣市國民中學教師評鑑指標建構之研究 指導教授：湯志民博士研究生：彭春蘭 本研究旨在探討國民中學教師評鑑理念內涵、理論基礎，了解新竹縣市教育人員對指標看法的差異，以建構新竹縣市國民中學教師評鑑指標。 本研究以新竹縣市地區公立國民中學教育人員，包括校長、主任、組長、教師等為母群體， 以「新竹縣市國民中學教師評鑑指標調查問卷」為工具，以簡單隨機抽樣方式，對新竹縣市國中教育人員，抽取樣本893份，進行問卷調查。問卷資料採T考驗（T-Test）、單因子變異數分析（one-way ANOVA）、多因子變異數分析及雪費事後比較（Scheffe' Posterior Comparisons）分析等方法。獲得重要結論與具體建議如下。 壹、重要結論 一、獲致「國民中學教師評鑑」重要理念與內涵。 二、國民中學教師評鑑的理論基礎包括「動機理論」、「學習型組織理論」、「績效責任理論」與「生涯發展理論」。 三、新竹縣市國民中學不同「性別」與不同「組織參與」教育工作人員對整體指標體系看法沒有顯著差異。 四、新竹縣市國民中學不同任教「地區」教育人員在「學生輔導」、「教學設計」及「專業態度」層面上有顯著性差異。 五、新竹縣市國民中學不同「學歷」教育人員在「學生輔導」及「教學實施」層面上有顯著差異。 六、新竹縣市國民中學不同服務「年資」教育人員在「教學設計」、「專業態度」層面有顯著差異。 七、新竹縣市國民中學任教不同學校「規模」教育人員在「專業態度」層面上有顯著差異。 八、新竹縣市國民中學不同「職務」的教育人員在「學生輔導」、「教學設計」、「專業態度」層面指標有顯著差異。 九、新竹縣市不同類別教育人員對「新竹縣市國民中學教師評鑑指標」層面之間看法部分有差異。 十、新竹縣市國民中學教師評鑑指標包括「學生輔導」、「教學設計」、 「專業態度」及「教學實施」等四個層面，共計四十六個指標內容。 貳、研究建議 本研究依據文獻探討與問卷調查統計分析之研究結論，提出教師評鑑指標應用與教師評鑑相關研究建議如下： 一、評鑑指標體系可做為國民中學教師平日工作自我檢核的依據。 二、評鑑指標體系可做為國中教師年終工作績效考核應用。 三、評鑑指標體系的應用需考量不同類別教師的觀點。 四、評鑑指標體系可作為建立學校本位評鑑計畫依據。 五、評鑑指標體系可作為師資師資培訓機構與教師在職進修課程設計的參酌。 六、重視國民中學教師在「學生輔導」與「教學實施」層面指標內容的工作支持與知識能力需求。 七、培養國中教育人員專業研究、學習分享、團隊工作及社區參與的觀念與行動。 八、加強國民中學教師評鑑制度研究。 九、加強國民中學教師評鑑制度研究 十、繼續國民中學教師評鑑指標的研究。 關鍵詞：新竹縣市、國民中學教師、教師評鑑指標。 / 【abstract】This research aims to study the connotation and basic theory about junior high school teacher evaluation.and to try to understand Hsinchu district teachers' different opinions on indexes system.Acorrding to the research material,we try to set up“Hsinchu's junior high school teacher evaluated indexes.” The members of this research is to rest on Hinchu district public junior high school education members ,including principal、managers and teachers as mother body,simple draw 894 copies of questionnaire to be the investigation samples in total. This research uses “ a research questionnaire for hsinchu jumior high school teacher evaluated indexes“ as a tool.T－test,One way ANNOVA ,MANNOVA、Scheffe' Posterior Comparisons and Pearson correlation are used to analyze the information getting from the above mentioned tools. Important conclusions are obtained as follows： 1. This research has gotton the important conceptions and connotations on the evaluation system of junior high school teachers. 2. The basic theories of junior high school teacher evaluation include： motive theory ,learning organization theory,accountability theory and career development theory. 3. The participating teachers from different sex and different organization show the some views on evaluation indexes. 4. The teachers from different district show different views on some indexes about student counselling ,instruction designing and professional attitude items. 5. The teachers from different academic background show differenf views on some indexs about student counselling and instruction practicing items. 6. The teachers from different service years show differenf views on some indexs about instruction designing and professional attitude items. 7.The teachers from different school scale show differenf views on some indexes about professional attitude item. 8.The teachers from different funtion of office show differenf views on some I indexes about student counselling,instruction designing and professional attitude items. 9.The teacher in different background elements still exist some different views on the evaluation indexes. 10.There are 4 items and 46 indexes in Hsinchu district’s junior high school teacher evaluation index system which includes“student counselling”、“instruction design”、“professional attitude” and“instruction practicing”. According to above conclusions，some suggestions are give as follows： 1. The evaluation indexes system can be applied as the base of self-daily check of junior high school. 2. The evaluation indexes system can be utilized as The evaluation indexes system can bethe junior high school teachers' annual assessment. 3. The application of evaluation indexes system must consider the viewpoints from different categories of teachers. 4. The evaluation indexes system can be used as the foundation of school-based evaluation plan. 5. The evaluation indexes system can be applied as the reference of teacher foster organization and on-job training curriculum design. 6. School masters should pay more attention on the demand of teachers' knowedge and ability about student counselling and instruction practicing 7. To cultivate the concepts and motions of the junior high school teachers' professional research ,learning share ,teamw.rk and community. 8. To enhance the research on teacher's evaluation system. 9. To keep on the research on the indexes of junior high school teachers’ evaluation . Key words：Hsinchu county，Junior high school teacher，Teacher evaluation index. II

近幾年來，教育界的糾紛事件有增多的趨勢，尤其是教師法起草期間，教師能否有「罷教」及「組織自主性工會」權的問題，曾引起廣泛的迴響與討論。基於筆者也身為中學教員的一分子，故引起了探討一般中學教師心態的興趣。 隨著民國七十六年戒嚴令解除以來，民主腳步亦加速前進，似乎一下子罷教事件頻傳不斷。罷教事件的發生，代表了教師抗拒行為程度的升高，所以「抗拒行為」成為本研究值得探討的重要主題。當個人在一組織中，其本身的慾望或對工作相關內涵因素的期待得不到滿足時，衍生了挫折感，而消除挫折感的方法，有採激烈手段正面衝突者，如罷工、怠工、破壞等；有採理性溝通方法解決問題者，如談判、協調等；也有採消極的退縮逃避方式者，如忍耐、離職、做白日夢等。所以「工作滿足與否」容易直接導致「抗拒行為」的發生。另外也可能透過中介造成影響的是「組織承諾」的因素，個人對一組織承諾感的高低，不僅決定其認同努力的程度，而且也間接的使個人在採取任何行動以前，影響考慮的結果。 在歐美許多國家□，教師藉罷教來表示不滿，爭取自身應有的權益及傳達某些教育的理念，乃是稀鬆平常的事，但合法的罷教行動乃是透過合法的程序，大前提為有教師工會的存在，但在我國此間，尚未有合法的教師自主性工會，所以透過問卷去瞭解中學教師們贊同組織和參與教師工會的程度如何，也是筆者有興趣的研究重心。 綜言之，本研究以 415名中學教師為研究對象，目的在ヾ分析個人背景變項、學校公私立，透過工作滿足、組織承諾感對教師參與工會與罷教態度的影響；ゝ探討工作滿足、組織承諾感對中學教師參與工會態度的影響；ゞ探討工作滿足、組織承諾感對中學教師罷教態度的影響；々研究中學教師工作滿足與否、組織承諾高低對抗拒行為的影響，及其採取何種抗拒行為的可能性。 希望藉此研究了解中學教師的心聲，發掘其不滿癥結問題所在，俾提供教育當局對症下藥，及早採取對策，防患於未然，如此教師的不滿足感消除，教育界如再恢復一向的寧靜，並且生機蓬勃，乃我全國國民受教育者之福也。

在知識經濟的時代裡，「知識管理」已成為學校組織管理與組織學習的核心議題，而「知識分享」更是其中重要的一環。因此，對教學場域中影響「教師」知識分享的相關因素之瞭解必有實務上的意義，尤其是屬於華人人情等特質相關因素的影響是本研究的探索旨趣。 從組織行為的角度去思考教師在學校的知識分享(分為資訊分享、行動示範、情境化知識分享、知識共構四個構面)，主要受到個人、人際、組織層面因素的影響。本研究從本土的人情概念出發，組織層面再加上對創新的關注，探討人情在個人層次(人情特質—忠恕取向、人情束縛、關係取向)、人際層次(情感與工具性關係)與組織層次(情感、關係、創新、法制)是如何地影響著國民中學教師彼此的知識分享意願與行為。 本研究對190位教師進行預試，進行對預試量表信效度檢驗並修正後，進行正式施測，正式施測時回收了583份有效問卷。以相關分析、多元迴歸分析、變異數分析、典型相關分析與結構方程模式分析，驗證本研究之假設並做延伸的探討。 本研究主要發現如下： 一、相對於知識分享的其他構面，教師們以行動示範同事進行知識分享的意願最低、實際行為也最少。 二、學校資訊設備與教師個人資訊能力對教師的資訊分享有正向影響；學校對課程時間與開放空間的彈性安排對教師之知識分享意願有提昇效果，亦促進了知識分享行為的實踐。 三、具忠恕特質、易受人情束縛的教師，其知識分享意願愈高，而展現出的實際知識分享行為也愈多，又尤以具高忠恕特質的教師最甚。 四、教師對與其情感親密的同事相較於僅屬工作關係而交往之同事會有較高的知識分享意願，也會有較多的知識分享行為。 五、若教師所在學校文化愈趨創新求變、情感支持、法制取向，則其知識分享的意願愈高、所展現出的知識分享行為愈多；關係取向文化則與知識分享意願、行為無顯著相關。又其中， 創新求變的學校文化對教師知識分享行為的實踐尤為重要。 六、教師愈具忠恕取向特質者，其所知覺到學校文化中的情感支持程度愈高；教師愈具關係取向特質，其所知覺到學校文化中「關係取向」程度愈高。 七、教師的知識分享意願愈高，則其所展現出的知識分享行為愈多。教師具有高知識分享意願時，若學校有「研究討論會」的安排，教師的知識分享行為愈多。 八、教師愈具忠恕特質，則其知識分享意願也高，進而產生較多的知識分享行為，知識分享意願是重要的中介變項。而若教師分享的對象愈屬情感性關係者，則其知識分享意願也高，進而產生較多的知識分享行為，知識分享意願亦是重要的中介變項。但若教師處於高創新求變的學校文化中，則教師不一定知覺其有知識分享意願，甚至在違反意願的情況下可能直接產生知識分享行為。 　　最後，本研究根據上述發現針對教育實務層面與未來研究提出具體建議以供參考。 / A Study of the Relationships among Teachers’ Renqing Traits of Teachers, Interpersonal Affection, Organizational Culture and Knowledge Sharing in Junior High School By Chien-Heng Yeh Abstract The main purposes of this study were to understand the status quo of knowledge sharing willingness and behaviors among junior high school teachers, as well as examine the relationships among the teachers’ Renqing(人情) traits, interpersonal affection, organizational culture and knowledge sharing. From literature review, knowledge sharing was divided into four aspects---information sharing, action modeling, situated knowledge sharing, and knowledge co-constructing. Renqing traits were also divided into three aspects as Zhongshu(忠恕), Renqing constrain(人情束縛), and Guanxi(關係). People with zhongshu trait mean they’re kind and empathic, those with renqing constrain trait are difficult saying “no” to others and apt to be constrained by renqing, while people with guanxi trait have the belief that interacting with others is to utilize their relationship as an instrument to acquire certain kind of resource. 　　Meanwhile, the interpersonal affection variable was composed of expressive ties(情感性關係) and instrumental ties(工具性關係). The former means both parties are intimate, as well as care about each other; the latter represents the two-person relationship is just on the job. Moreover, the organizational culture in this study contains the four dimensions--- innovative flexibility, affective support, guanxi(關係取向), and law-governed orientation. This study adopts the survey method by questionnaire. A pilot test was conducted with 190 teachers. Having examined the reliability and validity of the questionnaire and revised it, the modified one was then given to the subjects who the study is targeting at. In this study, the subjects were public junior high school teachers in Taiwan. Returned valid questionnaires were amount to 583 .The collected data were analyzed through product-moment correlation, multiple regression, one-way and two-way ANOVA, canonical correlation and structural equation modeling. The conclusions of this study were as follows： (1)teachers’ willingness and behavior frequency to participate in action modeling are the least, in comparison with other aspects of knowledge sharing. (2)The information technology(IT) equipment in school and personal IT ability have the positive influence on the information sharing willingness and behaviors of teachers; the flexible curriculum time and open space arranged in the campus have the effect to facilitate the knowledge sharing willingness and behaviors of teachers. (3)The teachers with more zhongshu, renqing constrain traits have higher willingness of knowledge sharing, and more behaviors than those with less zhongshu, renqing constrain trait, especially, the zhongshu trait. (4)Teachers have higher willingness of knowledge sharing with those are expressive ties, and more behaviors than those are instrumental ties with them. (5)The three dimensions of school culture--- innovative flexibility, affective support, and law-governed orientation had all significant positive related with the willingness and behaviors of teachers’ knowledge sharing,but guanxi orientation did not.Among them, the innovative flexibility of school culture is the most important. (6)The zhongshu trait of teachers and the degree of affective support culture in school have influence on and interplay with one another. Similarly, the guanxi trait and the degree of guanxi orientation culture in school do, too. (7)Their knowledge sharing willingness and behaviors have impact on and interplay with the other. Besides, teachers with high willingness really share knowledge with colleague when the seminar was actually held in school. (8)Teachers with high zhongshu trait have more knowledge sharing behaviors, via high willingness of them.That is,the willingness is the important mediate variable. Nevertheless,teachers have more sharing behaviors to those that are expressive ties with , via high willingness of them. That is,the willingness is the important mediate variable. But if teachers were in the school of high innovative culture, they directly participated in knowledge sharing activity, not via willingness, even violating their willingness. 　　Finally, some suggestions are proposed based the aforementioned conclusions for further studies and for the practice of education.

本研究主要目的在釐清教師專業自主權於教育法令層面之權責界線、暸解高雄市立國民中學教師專業自主權運用的現況、探討高雄市立國民中學教師專業自主權發揮的程度、分析不同背景因素的高雄市立國民中學教師於各專業自主權層面指標發揮程度的差異，最後依據研究結果，對提升高雄市立國民中學教師專業自主權的策略提出具體建議，供有關單位參考。本研究以2004學年度高雄市立國民中學現職合格教師為研究對象，並以對該學年度高雄市立25所國民中學、776名有加入教師會之現職合格教師進行問卷資料分析；另輔以訪談（共計6人）的方式了教師對自身專業自主權行使的理念、意見與建議。在資料分析上，主要採用描述性統計分析、獨立樣本t考驗分析、單因子變異數分析等方法。經研究結果與分析發現： 一、我國教育法規以保障教師課堂教學專業自主權為核心。 二、整體言，高雄市立國民中學教師的專業自主權達中等發揮程度，其中以「教師課堂教學專業自主權」的發揮度最高、「教師專業組織自主權」與「教師學校行政自主權」分別次之 三、高雄市立國民中學教師就「課堂教學專業自主權」具高等與中等專業自主度；「學校行政專業自主權」、「教師專業組織自主權」皆屬中等專業自主度。 四、高雄市立國民中學教師專業自主權整體面平均得分為男性教師顯著高於女性教師、兼主任職教師顯著高於非主任職者、有參與法定學校層級組織教師顯著高於未參加者、服務於小型學校教師顯著高於服務中大型學校者、年資26年以上教師顯著高於年資5年、11-15年者。 五、促進教師專業自主權之基本策略為穩固教師課堂教學專業地位、提昇教師組織專業形象、打造校園參與式決策文化、完備教師專業培育制度。 研究者根據文獻探討與研究結果發現，提出下列幾點建議： 一、健全與落實尊重教師專業自主權之法令體制。 二、教師應認清「專業」與「自主權」兩者相輔相成，瞭解自主須以責任為基礎。 三、規劃教學、法制與行政專業知能研習以達高教師專業自主權目標。 四、營造學校優質溝通管道，提高教師參與權能感。 五、鼓勵女性教師投入學校行政工作。 六、教師專業組織以發揮組織專業正向功能為目標。 七、教育行政機關應於教育內部事務扮演「法律監督與協助」角色。 八、建立教師專業評鑑機制以落實教師專業權力與效能。 九、針對研究主題、研究對象、研究變項與研究方法提出建議，作為後續相關主題研究之參考。 / The purposes of this study mainly confirm the right and duty to teacher professional autonomy in educational laws, understand the actual condition and explore the level of Kaohsiung city public junior high school teacher professional autonomy, and analyze different dimensions’ levels of Kaohsiung city public junior high school teacher professional autonomy from the view of teacher s’ different backgrounds. Finally, according to the study result, the writer gives some concrete advice to promote the city’s teacher professional autonomy for the department of educational administration for reference. The survey subjects included teachers from 25 public junior high school in Kaohsiung city in 2004 year, namely 776 qualified teachers who joint teacher professional unions were sampled copies of the questionnaire to be the investigation. And interviewing with 6 junior high school teachers is used to understand teachers’ opinions about professional autonomy. About the data analysis, the study use Frequency Distribution, T-test , One-way ANOVA, and Scheffé Method . The results of the study are as follows： A. The dimension of teaching professional autonomy is the key idea that Taiwan educational laws empower teachers. B. As far as the whole Kaohsiung city public junior high School teachers’ professional autonomy is concerned , it is middle level. The dimension of “ right and power to teacher teaching” gets the most high scores; the dimensions of “ power to teacher professional union” and “the power to school administrative autonomy” get lower scores separately in order. C. As far as the dimension of Kaohsiung city public junior high School teachers teaching professional autonomy is concerned, it achieves high and middle level; the dimensions of “the power to school administrative autonomy” and “teacher professional union” achieve middle level. D. From the viewpoint of whole average, male teachers’ average scores are higher than females’；teachers who hold a administrative staff, participate school-level organizations, serve in small size schools and work more than 26 years get higher scores than others who don’t hold the job , participate the ones, serve in middle and big size schools and work less than 5 years and 11-15 years. E. The basic strategies to facilitate teacher professional autonomy are to stable teacher’s professional status in teaching, promote the professional image of teacher unions, cultivate the school culture of participant-determining and establish good institution of teacher professional nurture. According to the literature and study result, following suggestions are offered： A. Continue to improve the established education law about the right and power to teacher professional autonomy. B. Understand “profession” and “autonomy” are to complement each other. And autonomy should take responsibility for basis . C. Design a series of programs about facilitating teachers’ professional knowledge in teaching, law and school administrative affairs to achieve high level of teacher professional autonomy. D. Create excellent communicative ways at school to promote teacher empowerment. E.Encourage female teachers to devote themselves to school administrative affairs. F.Teacher professional unions should take the role of developing positive function. G.The department of educational administration should play the law- supervising and law-helping role. H.Build teachers professional evaluation system to help teacher promote professional power and effectiveness. I.Base upon the results mentioned above, several suggestions about the study trends are made to further reference.