人們對於錯誤訊息處理經由自我覺察或外在回饋之管道，可藉由事件關聯電位分別測得ERN (error-related negativity) 及FRN (feedback-related negativity)。過去研究曾指出雙側作業(Flanker task)中錯誤所引發的ERN會受到以圖片呈現的短期情緒所調節，然而對於回饋誘發的FRN與個體情緒調節的關係則未曾被探討過。過去FRN的研究認為唯有當受試者所進行的作業為增強學習作業時，受試者對於回饋結果的預期狀態才能反映於FRN的反應強度。本研究利用兩個實驗分別採用非增強學習作業及增強學習作業，其中並以IAPS情緒圖片進行短期情緒的引發，在受試者於實驗中對其反應結果的不同預期狀態，探測受試者FRN受短期情緒調節的效果。 實驗一利用非增強學習作業，結果顯示FRN的強度可以反映受試者對於回饋結果的預期狀態，其中以非預期時FRN的強度為最大，預期時FRN的強度為最小；另外，正向情緒圖片對於FRN具有調節效果，正向情緒下FRN反應強度小於中性以及負向情緒下FRN反應強度。實驗二利用增強學習作業，前述的FRN強度反映受試者對回饋結果的預期效果，只有在實驗前半段的嘗試次中被觀測到，此效果未見於全部嘗試次納入分析；另外，實驗二中沒有觀察到情緒對於FRN的調節效果。 綜合而言，本研究發現受試者唯有持續處於學習的情形下，FRN才能反映受試者對於回饋結果的預期狀態，情緒對FRN的調節效果也僅於此情況下才能被觀測到。 / Error-related information in human can be processed via self-awareness and/or feedback given externally, which are measurable by the use of event-related potential (ERP) and termed error-related negativity (ERN) and feedback-related negativity (FRN) respectively. Previous studies showed that short-term affective stimuli would modulate the magnitude of ERN elicited by Flanker task. However, such modulation effect has not been tested on FRN. Furthermore, the magnitude of FRN is indicated to be related to the expectancy states toward feedback when the subject is undergoing a reinforcement learning task. Present study, thus, was designed to test the affective modulation effect on FRN in two separate tasks. In which, emotional pictures adopted from IAPS were used as the short-term affective stimuli, and different expectancy states in both non-reinforcement learning task (Experiment1) and reinforcement learning task (Experiment 2) were manipulated. In the results of Experiment 1, the magnitude of FRN was larger under the unexpected condition in comparing to the expected one. Modulation effect of short-term affective stimuli on FRN was obtained when positive emotion pictures were presented in non-reinforcement learning task, which FRN amplitude was significantly smaller in comparing to those measured after the presentation of neutral and negative pictures. In the results of Experiment 2, FRN elicited in the unexpected condition was only obtained from analyzing the dada collected in the first half of trails. Such effect was not confirmed when the data from all trials were analyzed. A lack of modulation effect of short-term affective stimuli on FRN appeared in Experiment 2. In conclusion, it is indicated that the expectancy depended FRN is most apparent when the subject is undergoing a continuous learning-demanded process. Meanwhile, short-term affective stimuli can modulate such FRN.

大部分情緒調控研究，著重於意圖性(deliberate)調控策略的使用與效果比較(如認知再評估與壓抑)。Bargh, Lee-Chai, Barndollar, Gollwitzer, & Trötschel (2001)透過一系列實驗發現，高階的行為目標，即便在人類覺知外激發，亦能促發人們非意識地產生該目標，並有相關的追求行為。在這樣的理論與實證支持下，Mauss, Cook, & Gross (2007)驗證了情緒調控能以非意識行為進行。Williams, Bargh, Nocera, & Gray (2009)的研究更發現不管是意識或是非意識性地進行情緒調控，都能有效降低心跳改變率。由於目前仍缺乏許多非意識性情緒調控的效果與歷程證據，本研究目的即在藉由事件關聯電位，探討非意識性情緒調控的效果與時間歷程。實驗一透過事件關聯電位，驗證情緒調控能在非意識情況下發生，並發現非意識性壓抑能發生在情緒反應剛產生的300至700毫秒內。實驗二則加入了意識性重新評估與壓抑組參與者，與非意識性重新評估與壓抑組作比較。結果顯示，對參與者而言，(1) 正向情緒為一較容易調控的情緒類別。(2) 使用重新評估調控情緒的效果，仍顯著優於使用壓抑策略。(3) 非意識性情緒調控的結果，也比意識性調控情緒來得較佳。這樣的實驗結果支持了非意識情緒調控的可行性與優點。 / Studies of emotion regulations mostly focused on deliberate control strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and suppression. Bargh and his colleagues conducted a series of experiments and found higher behavioral goals could be primed non-consciously, i.e. outside human awareness (Bargh et al., 2001). Under these assumptions, Mauss, Cook and Gross (2007) verified how emotion regulations be formed through non-conscious behaviors. Williams, Bargh, Nocera, and Gray (2009) also found both conscious and non-conscious reappraisals deduced heart-rate changes. However, it is lack of studies investigating the effects and temporal dynamics of non-conscious emotion regulation. The purpose of this research is to analyze the temporal dynamics and effects of non-conscious emotion regulation processing using event-related potentials. In the first experiment, we verified emotion regulation could be operated under non-conscious way. Also we found non-conscious suppressed goals would be primed and regulated at the beginning of emotional response, i.e., in 300-700ms after the onset of emotion pictures. In the second experiment, we added conscious reappraisal and suppression condition for comparing the non-conscious and conscious regulated effects and time processes. The results showed (1) It was easy for participants to regulate positive emotion. (2) The emotion regulation effect was better with reappraisal strategy than with suppression. (3) Non-conscious emotion regulation would result in better regulated outcomes than conscious emotion regulation. These results supported the practicability and advantages of non-conscious emotion regulation.

睡眠是否能鞏固陳述性記憶目前尚無定論。過去研究一致較支持睡眠能增進相關字詞配對的學習，但睡眠是否能增進無關字詞配對的學習，目前仍存在不一致的發現。造成該差異的原因可能是：過去研究多採用的行為測量指標，或許無法充分反映出睡眠促進記憶新聯結（new association）產生的效果。事件關聯電位（Event-related potential, ERP）的N400反映出語意記憶系統內每個字詞彼此的相關程度，因此本研究使用N400來探討睡眠強化無關字詞配對形成新聯結的電生理歷程。30名健康受試者（15位男性與15位女性，平均年齡為20.7歲） 隨機分派至睡眠組或清醒組，第一晚在學習80組無關字詞配對後，接受第一次再認記憶測驗，同時進行ERP的記錄。隨後睡眠組接受睡眠記錄（PSG），清醒組則接受整晚的睡眠剝奪，兩組受試者皆在第二晚給予8小時的躺床時間，使他們有機會充足睡眠以恢復精神，於第三天早上接受第二次再認記憶測驗及ERP記錄。在記憶測驗時，無關字詞配對分別組成促發字（prime）與目標字（target）先後出現，受試者需判斷先後出現的字詞是否為先前學過的完整配對，在測試階段同時記錄腦電波訊號。行為測量結果顯示睡眠過後，再認表現的正確率顯著提高且反應時間明顯縮短，但在睡眠剝奪後則顯示相反的結果。電生理測量發現睡眠組的N400振幅在睡眠過後較清醒組明顯降低。另外，睡眠組較清醒組有較高的正確率與較短的反應時間。睡眠組再認測驗的進步量與慢波睡眠呈現負相關，而慢波睡眠與第一次再認測驗的正確率呈現正相關，根據二階段睡眠記憶鞏固理論，慢波睡眠涉及重新組織記憶的歷程（系統性固化），因此學習表現較佳的受試者出現較多的深度睡眠，可能反應其經歷系統性固化。本研究結果顯示睡眠對於產生新聯結有明顯的增強效果，而且慢波睡眠可能參與了記憶表徵重新分配的歷程。 / The effect of sleep on declarative memory remains contradictory. Prior studies show that sleep benefits the learning of related word pairs consistently, while the learning of unrelated word pairs, however, show mixed results. It is possible that the behavioral measures used in previous studies are not sensitive enough to reveal subtle effects of sleep on new associations. N400, an event-related potential (ERP) component reflecting relatedness among words in semantic memory, was used in the present study to investigate the effect of sleep on the physiological process underlying new associations of unrelated word pairs. Participants were randomly assigned to either a Sleep group or a Wakefulness group. In the learning phase, participants were asked to memorize 80 visually presented unrelated word-pairs, followed by a pre-test phase with a recognition task. The participants then underwent either a night of nocturnal sleep (Sleep group) or sleep deprivation (Wakefulness group). A post-test was conducted after subjects had one night of recovery sleep. During both pre-test and post-test sessions, prime and target words were presented successively for the subjects to judge whether they were among the original pairs or new pairs. ERPs were recorded during both test phases. The behavioral data show that differences in improvement of recognition and decreases in reaction time from pre-test to post-test are significant between Sleep and Wakefulness groups. N400 peak amplitude attenuated significantly after sleep but not after wakefulness. The improvement of recognition negatively correlates with slow wave sleep (SWS). The number of word-pairs acquired in the learning phase, however, correlates positively with SWS. According to the two-stage memory consolidation theory of sleep, SWS involves in redistribution of memory (systematic consolidation). Therefore, that the participants with high performance showed more SWS may reflect the process of systematic consolidation. These results suggest that the sleep has an enhancing effect on the formation of novel association, and SWS may be involved in the process of redistributing memory representations.