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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

清代人命案件中的檢驗及取證模式

江存孝 Unknown Date (has links)
本文寫作的最主要目的,是在探討清代中國的刑案審判過程中,審判官員如何透過各種證據來認定犯罪事實?但犯罪類型多樣,本文僅將研究對象限縮於在人命案件,並特別著重於探討透過「檢驗」所取得的證據處於眾多證據中,究竟發揮什麼功能? 以此為出發點,本文延伸出三個問題意識:首先,第一個問題是「清代人命案件中的檢驗取證方法為何?」這個問題圍繞著以「洗冤錄」為中心的檢驗知識為主要的課題,進而探討清代檢驗取證的程序與方法;第二個問題是「觀察檢驗取證在清代人命案件的中所發揮的效用」,也就是這些證據如何影響了犯罪事實認定與審判的結果;第三個問題則在尋找「檢驗取證在清代人命案件中所顯現的法律意涵」。 本文共分為五章,在第二章的部分是以「洗冤錄」為中心的檢驗知識為探討的主軸。除了耙梳傳統中國法醫學知識的發展之外,並針對宋代到清代,以宋慈《洗冤集錄》為藍本,累積各代經驗增刪修補所形成的檢驗知識進行觀察,嘗試理解檢驗知識何以在清代受到重視,經過官方認可後又以《律例館校正洗冤錄》的版本頒行天下,且在人命案件的審理過中確立其權威性。 本文第三章的部分,以《宮中檔》為史料觀察檢驗知識在實際審判過程中如何被運用?因為清代各省督撫有對人命案件專摺具奏之義務,因此在《宮中檔》許多關於人命案件的奏摺中,相當詳實地記述了州縣官員以及各層級官員在審轉過程中所扮演的角色,同時也一併記錄了檢驗的結果以及人犯干證的招、供詞。在本章中,即是以十一件案例與當時震驚朝野的「楊乃武與小白菜」案為例,觀察清代的審判官員是如何透過檢驗進行死因鑑定,並進而認定犯罪事實。 而第四章所稱的「法律意涵」,主要聚焦於檢驗證據與發見事實之間的關連性,並以清代中國的訴訟制度結構進行反思,理解檢驗存在的必要性。因為檢驗證據的功能不僅在提供死因鑑定,同時也替審判官員指出了一個建構犯罪事實的方向,而這個事實有時可以貼近「真相」,但有時又與「真相」產生一定程度的落差,其中便存有審判官員可以操作的空間。 本文以為檢驗的知識可說是在清代中國的官僚系統中,以一種標準化作業流程的型態而存在著,皇帝透過這個標準化流程便可預期臣屬檢驗品質的程度,藉此建立一套最低限度的採證標準,嚴防官吏瀆職。就人命案件的審理過程而言,官員與仵作使用檢驗技術的結果反應出刑獄治理上的期待,對官員、仵作的控管,回應到人民身上的就是「發見真實、沉冤得雪」的可能性。 若在「行為確定,刑罰也確定」的論述基調下,刑罰的裁判必須仰賴所認定的犯罪事實而來。檢驗在清代中國可說是官員用來確定死亡原因的最好方法,若從制度面來說,州縣官員是整個「必要覆審制」的最前端,其所認定的犯罪事情將是整個官僚制度對於刑獄治理的出發點,因此州縣官員所認定的事實將會對日後的審理產生相當程度的影響,檢驗在其中又佔有舉足輕重的地位。 而審判官員為了要確定犯罪事實,必須在審納各種證據資料後建立待證事實,並分辨各種證據的證明力高低,才能確定待證事實的範圍,因此在犯罪事實確定前,待證事實的範圍都處於浮動的狀態。而一個強而有力的檢驗證據若能被清代的審判官員取信,將會對全案的審理產生指標性的作用。在一些例子中便可以看到,當審判官員相信了檢驗證據所指向的事實之後,其餘的證據就被安排為加強檢驗證據的證明力之用。若從這個角度出發,則原本被期待用來洗冤的檢驗證據,反而成為冤獄的開端了。
2

自由心證之運作 —以間接證明模組建立作為自由心證運用合理化之基礎為核心 / Operations of Free Evaluation of Evidence Principle —On Building Models of Indirect Proof as Legitimized Ground

劉奕榔, Liu, Yi Lang Unknown Date (has links)
職司審判之法院,其職權係為「認定事實」與「適用法律」。就事實之認定,我國採取「自由心證原則」,亦即事實應如何透過證據證明、推論而得,授權由法官於個案中認定,然該原則中「自由」之意義,係具有其具體之內在內涵與外在限制,並非由法官恣意判斷。過去之實務與學說並未就此為深入之闡釋,迭生審級平行與垂直判決之歧異,及人民對法院判決之非議。從而根本之道,應係完整建構自由心證原則之實質意義,由運用之主體、客體、內在內涵、外在限制及其作用等面向,並提出其運用之模組,具體化此立法者規範之不確定法律概念,使運用該原則之法官,得以有依循及參考之路徑。 而自由心證原則內涵中,最常於訴訟中運用者,即為「間接證明」,因主要事實由直接證據直接證明乃少見之情狀,而由間接證據證明間接事實,進而依間接事實之推理作用,推論主要事實存否之情形,乃訴訟中之常態。然間接證明之內涵中,「間接事實之內容與數量」、「推理作用之內涵」、「間接事實間推理作用所得證明主要事實之射程」,皆係高度個案裁量運用之認定,然現今實務之運作,卻出現審級間運用內容及結果極為歧異之現象,從而應探究其內涵,並嘗試提出運用之模組,供運用之法官思考。 自由心證與間接證明作為具有高度實務操作性格之訴訟法原則,其運用之 良窳,已實際影響具體個案事實認定之問題。為改善及斧正目前實務運作上出現之認定歧異、迭經發回之問題,亟須透過以上之研究,提出訴訟中運用之方式,以及其於事實審間、事實審與法律審間運用之審查、互動關係,使該二抽象原則具有一定法安定性,而有一定運用之軌跡可循。 / The court, to act as trial institute, has its major authority to “determine the fact” as well as “apply the law”. As for the fact-finding, our country adopts “Free Evaluation of Evidence Principle”, which authorizes the judge to determine case by case how the fact is proved and inferred through the evidences. However, the meaning of “Free” in that principle is constructed with concrete inner connotation and outer restriction, and not decided by the willfulness of the judge. In the past, courts and scholars didn’t elaborate that principle in depth, which has given a rise to the discrepant verdicts between different courts and criticisms from the people. Consequently, the fundamental solution is to build the substantial connotation of free evaluation of evidence principle, by means of the observations of its operating subject, object, inner connotation, outer restriction and function as well as its operating model, and to reify this uncertain concept of law regulated by legislator, so as to find a way to follow and refer to by the judge. The most commonly-adopted content of free evaluation of evidence principle is “Indirect Proof ”. Owing to proving the direct fact through direct evidence is rarely seen in lawsuit, the application of proving indirect fact by indirect evidence, and then inferring the existence of direct fact through the inferring function of indirect fact, is much common in each case. Nevertheless, in the meaning of Indirect Proof, the “content and amount of indirect fact”, “content of inferring function” and “scope which the direct fact could be inferred from the direct fact” are determined by large-scale discretion of the judge case by case. As a result of the discretion, the circumstances of divergent operating contents and consequences are emerged. Therefore, the connotation of that principle should be analyzed and the operating models are tried to addressed, hoping to provide for the judge to take into account. “Free Evaluation of Evidence Principle” and “Indirect Proof”, which are conducted as civil procedural principle in a highly individually case-operating nature, substantially influence the fact-finding in specific lawsuit with its odds and ends of operation. In order to improve and correct the discrepant fact-finding and constantly-verdict-reversing problems appearing in the courts at present, it is necessary to bring up the ways to operate the two principles as well as the reviewing and interacting relationships between trial courts and trial court and trial of law, and to establish specific legal certainty, legal steability and operation standards.

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