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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

台灣華語字彙產製之音韻變化性 / Phonological variability in word production in Taiwan Mandarin

王心怡 Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文是針對六位以台灣華語為母語的嬰幼兒,採長期觀察的方式,研究 台灣華語字彙產製的音韻變化性(phonological variability),並詳細描述單音節詞和雙音節詞之中音節類型出現的頻率、變化性、以及代換模式。本研究同時要用Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論來檢驗各種音節類型中的共通性。 本研究一共觀察了有六位年齡在十一個月至兩歲的嬰幼兒長達一年。以兩個 禮拜一次的頻率收集嬰幼兒和母親之間的自然對話,並利用錄製回來的影音檔做 譯寫和分析。 結果顯示小朋友的音韻變化是很常見的,且是有規則可循的。小朋友的音韻變異量的高峰(variability peak)會出現在當小朋友的音韻發展從一個階段進展到另一個階段的時候,而本篇論文顯示與當小朋友由單字期(one-word stage)進展到雙字期(two-word stage)以及字彙量有大幅上升的時期符合。華語音節習得的部分,結果顯示CV 是頻率最高、變化性最低,且最常被拿來替換的音節類型。CVG 也是頻率高的音節類型之一,但他的變化性也很高,主要是因為韻尾省略 (coda-dropping)的現象在小朋友的早期發展很常見的關係,所以CVG 雖然頻率高但是變化性也很高而且是最常被取代的音節類型之一。 最後,將所有的結果拿來檢驗Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論,結果發現頻 率高以及變化性低的音節類型都是無標記(unmarked)的音節類型,相反的頻率低 以及變化性高的音節類型則都是有標記的(marked)音節類型,此外小朋友會用無 標記的音節類型來取代有標記的音節類型。 / The purpose of this study is to discuss the issue concerning phonological variability of children acquiring Taiwan Mandarin. Two aspects are including in the following: the phonological variability of words and the syllable types composed the words. The overall variability pattern, the frequency, variability rate, and substitution pattern of syllable type were analyzed. Six participants are investigated in the study, aged between 0;11 to 2;0. A longitudinal observation study is conducted by the author and the research team. The results showed that phonological variability is common in early phonological development. The increase in variability reflects the reorganization of phonological system, where children started to produce two-word utterances and the amount of different words was increased. As for the syllable type analysis, CV presented the highest in frequency, the lowest in variability rate, and also was used to replace other syllable type more often. CVG was one of the most frequently used syllable type; however, the variability rate of CVG was also high. The reason may due to the fact coda-dropping is a very common phenomenon in children’s development. The results in this study were examined in the markedness theory of syllable proposed by Jakobson (1968). The results showed that syllable types with higher frequency and lower variability rates were unmarked syllable types, while syllable types with lower frequency and higher variability rates were marked syllable types. Furthermore, children tended to use a more unmarked syllable to replace a more marked syllable.
2

以優選理論分析日語中的英語外來語 / An Optimality Theoretic Approach to English Loanwords in Japanese

鄭智仁, Cheng, Chih-Jen Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文旨在從優選理論(Optimality Theory)來探討日語中的英語外來語。所研究的問題有四個,包括英語詞彙日語化過程中的語音代換(segmental substitutions)與音韻調整(phonological modifications)的現象,英語輔音韻尾促音化(consonant gemination)的現象,以及外來語截短(loanword truncation)現象的研究。在語音代換方面,基於過去以對比分析(Contrastive Analysis)的研究只重視英日語間音與音的對應,然共通語法(Universal Grammar)為當代語言學研究的主要目標,因此本文以優選理論這一針對共通語法所提出的當代音韻學理論中的制約(constraints)排行與違反的概念來重新分析。在本文中,語音代換主要是起因於共通語法下的音段標顯性制約(segmental markedness constraints)、極大性制約(MAX-IO)、及特徵一致性制約(IDENT[F] constraints)在日語語法中排行的結果。在音韻調整方面,日語主要是以元音添加(vowel epenthesis)來處理英語韻尾輔音及輔音群。過去的分析將元音添加視為是一種規則(rules)運作的結果,然這種分析仍需要制約的概念。有鑑於此,本文純以制約的排行與違反來分析這個現象。在本文中,音韻調整及元音添加主要是起因於共通語法下的一組音節結構完好性制約(syllable wel-formedness constraints)與極大性、依循性制約(DEP-IO)在日語中排行的結果所致。在英語韻尾輔音促音化方面,由於許多過去的研究將此一現象歸因於是模仿英語原字,特別是其閉音節結構的結果。根據此一看法,本文主張此一現象乃是起因於與韻尾輔音相關的音拍一致性制約(IDENT[m])因模仿英語原字這一目的而獲得優先被滿足權。也就是當其排行高於反孳生輔音制約(anti-gemination constraints)時,就會導致促音化的現象。在外來語的截短現象方面,過去學者的分析引發不少的問題,如Suzuki(1995)根據優選理論所提出的分析卻與Ito(1990)的統計結果相矛盾等。有鑑於此,本文作者亦進行外來語截短詞包括長度、音節類型、截短方向及重音等的統計。根據這一統計結果,本文將截短現象分成「最小截短」與「非最小截短」。兩者各由其相關的制約排行所控制。此外,本文並指出日語外來語的「最小截短」能驗證emergence of the unmarked (McCarthy and Prince 1994, 1995b, 1997)這一主張。 / This thesis aims to study English loanwords in Japanese within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993, McCarthy and Prince 1993ab). It deals with four issues: the segmental substitutions and phonological modifications in loanword nativization, consonant gemination, and loanword truncation. The segmental substitutions are attributed mainly to the Japanese-specific ranking of the UG segmental markedness constraints, together with the higher ranked MAX-IO. The choices of substitute sounds are mainly determined by the rankings of lDENT[F] constraints in Japanese. The phonological modifications are attributed mainly to the Japanese-specific ranking of the UG syllable well-formedness constraints. In addition, vowel epenthesis as a way of modification is prompted by the dominance of MAX-10 over DEP-IO. As for consonant gemination, it is not motivated by any native requirements in Japanese, and thus results from a conscious effort to imitate English source forms by having lDENT[μ] acquire a priority to be respected. That is, when it dominates the anti-gemination constraints, consonant gemination takes place. Finally, on the basis of the statistical results, the present study distinguishes two kinds of truncation: the minimal and non-minimal truncations. In the minimal truncation, FTBIN and NONFIN(σ) are responsible for the accented LL and HL output patterns while in the non-minimal truncation WDBIN and MAX-BT lead to the unaccented four-mora outputs as well as LLL outputs.
3

修辞理解のメカニズムに関する基礎的研究 : 転義現象の分析を中心に

小松原, 哲太 26 March 2012 (has links)
本論文の目的は、多様な修辞現象を認知過程の観点から記述し、その相互関係の一部を明らかにすることである。研究方法は、基本的に認知文法のアプローチを採用する。研究対象は修辞学で分類されてきた多様な修辞現象であり、言語データとしては、主に日本文学の古典的テクストから採集した修辞表現を用いた。本論文の内容は、以下のように要約される。第1章では、研究の問題意識と本論文の構成について述べた。第2章では、これまでの比喩研究の中から数十をとりあげ、比喩の性質を考察した。また、比喩の認知過程をもとに、転義現象の一般的な修辞過程について述べ、修辞作用モデルとして提示した。第3章では、本論文の理論的背景となる認知文法の理論を概説し、スキーマの定義をおこなった。また、修辞現象を適切に規定していくために、修辞作用のスキーマと、カテゴリーの地形モデルを提案した。第4章では、修辞作用モデルにしたがって修辞性を分類した。つづいて、隠喩、直喩、比喩くびき、異義兼用、異義反復、類音語接近、かすり、誇張、緩叙、対比、対義結合、換喩、提喩、転喩、省略、黙説、転換、意味構文、破格くびき、代換、限定語反転、交差呼応、転移修飾という23の修辞をとりあげ、百数十の具体事例とともに、その認知的なスキーマを記述し、相互関係をネットワークのかたちで明示した。第5章では、比喩表現の理解と身体経験的基盤について、いくつかの複合的な修辞現象の具体事例をもとに、考察をおこなった。6章では本論文の結論と、研究の展望について述べた。 / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 修士 / 修士(人間・環境学)

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