鑒於鄰國日本因登錄型勞動派遣運用氾濫，形成「窮忙族」（working poor）等各種社會問題，本研究主要係針對我國勞動派遣實務進行探討，並以登錄型勞動派遣作為主要研究重點，採文獻分析與深度訪談法進行研究。 本研究針對派遣勞工、一般勞工、要派業者、派遣業者、政府與工會代表進行訪談及資料分析後，獲致下列結論： 一、我國實務上勞動派遣運用普遍採登錄型方式，已造成「就業不穩定」、「中間剝削」、「同工不同酬」等就業安全問題。 二、我國勞動法令因缺乏勞動派遣之定義與規範，係造成實務上登錄型勞動派遣之普遍濫用以及「轉掛」及「偽裝承攬」等違法情事的主要原因。 三、我國公部門因勞動與人事政策法令的長期脫鉤，致各政府機關帶頭使用登錄型勞動派遣，並以政府採購法之「勞務採購」名義恣意獲取廉價勞動力，儼然已成為勞動力濫用元兇，更讓企業肆無忌憚地跟進運用。 / Seeing that Japan is suffering from various social issues like “working poor” caused by the misuse of registration-type dispatched work, this study is aimed at discussing the practice of dispatched work in Taiwan, particularly the registration-type. Moreover, this study adopts literature review and in-depth interview as the study methods. After conducting interviews with dispatched labors, general labors, client companies, recruitment companies, government, and union representatives and analyzing the data, the study concludes its study results as follows: I. Registration-type dispatched work is generally in practice in Taiwan and it has caused issues like unstable employment, agency exploit, and pay disparity for the same job. II. The regulations of Labor in Taiwan do not have specific definitions and norms of dispatched work, causing registration-type dispatched work to be misused and illegal situations like false recruitment may occur. III. Since the public sector has isolated itself from being exposed to the regulations of labor and the policies of personnel recruitment for a long time, many local government departments employ cheap labors of registration-type dispatched work in the name of services procurement. In other words, the public sector has set a false model for corporations to follow.

勞動市場彈性化導致企業開始採非典型僱用，公部門亦跟進彈性化趨勢，藉此舒解人事預算有限之壓力，我國公立就業服務機構許多核心業務亦為如此，而本研究重點於個案管理員勞動處境之探究。 個案管理員的服務對象為複雜性較高的弱勢族群，藉由案主所需，擬定長期性之服務計畫，協助其順利進入勞動市場。而個案管理從開辦此業務以來已有十多年之久，顯然並非公立就業服務機構的暫時性業務，但卻以非典型僱用方式，以政府的暫僱人力(自聘人力)與勞動派遣方式解套核心業務的人力需求。個案管理工作本為服務就業弱勢者，卻將提供服務者(個案管理員)同樣推入弱勢勞動處境，尤其身為勞動派遣身分，在工作場所之中面對政府的自聘人力或是正式公務員，更凸顯其勞動弱勢之狀態。 透過本研究的個案管理工作探討與勞動處境之檢視，本文提出以下之建議： 一、個案管理模式：(一)需改善程序模式的缺點(二)簡化個案管理員之工作(三)追求績效的同時，亦重視服務品質(四)擴充可利用之資源(五)個案管理仍有成為獨立業務之必要 二、個案管理員之勞動處境而言：(一)政府全面直接僱用個案管理員(二)杜絕勞動派遣人力(三)自僱人力全面簽訂不定期契約，人事預算編列上由單位內部所聘僱 (四)擁有合理的薪資調幅以及升遷制度，至少縮小與公務人員之間的差距。如此個案管理工作能夠被視為長久且有具發展性之工作，自然願意長時間駐守此一工作崗位並且全力以赴地協助弱勢者，對於我國公立就業服務機構而言定能有積極正面之助益。 / Labor market flexibility leads the private companies to adopt atypical employment. However, the government institutions also follow this rule to solve the problem of limited personnel budget so that public employment agencies start to adopt atypical employment. Case management was adopted by public employment agencies in 2002 to enhance the performance of public employment service. However, case managers are hired either on fixed-term basis or as dispatched workers. As a result, their working conditions, labor rights and service quality become a great concern. This study would like to discuss the concerned issue and attempt to offer policy recommendations. Case managers help the disadvantaged groups to enter the labor market and they usually need to face the highly complex problem. They should understand the needs of vulnerable clients and make long-term plans to assist them to successfully enter the labor market. The work of case managers has been existed at least for ten years, suggesting that it is not a temporary work. But public employment agencies do not treat them as regular employees to meet their manpower needs. Case managers are supposed to serve those disadvantaged groups, but now their plight is the same as that of their vulnerable clients, which makes their service in jeopardy. Based on the investigation of the working conditions of case managers, policy recommendations are as follows: 1.For the model of case management: (1) Improving assessment model (2) Simplifying the work of the case manager (3) Pursuing quantitative goals while not neglecting qualitative ends as its performance indicators (4) Expanding available resources (5) The job of case management is necessary and needs to be treated as an independent task. 2.For the working condition of case manager: (1) Case managers are to be employed on a permanent basis (2) Eliminating the dispatched employment (3) working conditions should be reasonable. Thus, case management should be considered as a long-term work that has a career prospect in order to provide better service for the disadvantaged groups and help enhance the performance of public employment agencies.

近年來非典型之勞動型態日益發展，而其中尤以部分工時勞動所佔的比例為最，因此隨著該勞動群體就業率的增加，其在勞動法制上的權益問題，著實不容忽視。部分工時為一種工時彈性化的措施，同時具有其優缺的面向，所以在法制的設計上，應考量如何制定一可發揮該制度之優點，同時並可避免該制度之弊端的法規範。部分工時法制的討論分析上，首要之務在於掌握其基本概念，因此本文內容架構安排上，先於第二章中討論部分工時之定義及態樣等，再分別於第三、四章中介紹國際勞動基準及他國對部分工時之相關規範，在上述基礎下，接著探討我國部分工時之規範並檢討之，最後提出本文的結論與建議。 部分工時的態樣依區分標準的不同可能呈現出多種的型態，本文採工作時數及工作時段固定與否、勞動契約之性質為區分之標準，將部分工時之態樣區分為固定型部分工時、變動型部分工時、定期契約部分工時及不定期契約部分工時。上述各種態樣之部分工時，彼此間分別具有共通性與個別性的勞動問題，本文分別從個別勞動關係、集體勞資關係及就業安全面討論之。個別勞動關係方面：由於部分工時在工作時間上的特殊性，因此其個別勞動關係上的主要問題多因工作時間的差異而產生，例如加班費與例假日的問題。而在集體勞資關係方面：部分工時勞動團結權之問題，可能不在於法制規範是否賦予其組織或加入工會的權利，而在於行使團結權有其實際上的障礙。由於工作總時數的變動範圍與部分工時勞動者之就業安定性有關，因此對於變動的範圍應有所限制，以避免不安定狀態的期間過長。 部分工時為一種自願性選擇的就業型態之前提下而展開，法制的考量面向在於，如何藉由規範的建立使部分工時制度更具吸引力並提高部分工時制度的可得性。是以，從國際上部分工時法制之規範內容來看，同時包括均等待遇及促進利用的部分。均等待遇部分，有同一保護事項及同等保護事項之分；而在促進利用上，其包含有：部分時間工作的開發、相關訊息的提供及公開、提供員工工作時間轉換的管道等。 我國於民國九十二年廢止「僱用部分時間工作勞工實施要點」後，雖有新公佈之「僱用部分時間工作勞工參考手冊」以為規範，不過就後者的規範形式來看，該手冊為不具任何強制效力之行政指導，其法規範之拘束力甚至低於過去之「僱用部分時間工作勞工實施要點」。然而，對於部分工時勞動之規範，既涉及人民之權利義務關係，依據法律保留原則及基於中央法規標準法第五條之規定，未來在有關部分工時勞動新規範的制定上，形式上仍應提升至法律位階規範之。

本研究主要的目的在探討納保對象不繳費原因？以質化研究途徑之深度訪談法，根據研究目的訂定訪談大綱，採立意抽樣方式，在2011年3月至4月間找到15位受訪者。研究對象包括：北部及中部地區，年齡在25歲至64歲間之國民年金保險納保對象及職業工會參加勞保者，分別有10及5位受訪者。針對納保對象、繳費意願、保障內容等議題及職業工會加保問題進行探討。經分析訪談資料後，所得研究重要發現如下： 1.國民年金納保對象與職業工會加保者，共同的工作性質均以非典型工作為主，即臨時工、部分工時、兼職，不全然以無工作者為主；由於工作不穩定，故在繳費上確有其困難，有些人則透過職業工會投保勞保。 2.中部地區繳費率低之主因係交通不便捷，以汽、機車代步，花費佔生活費一部分。其次，居民均擁有財產（如房屋、土地）無收入者為主。 3.學生因無收入，均由父母親代繳，且清寒學生畢業後需償還就學貸款，失業者生活困頓。 4.受訪者認為不應計收遲延繳納之利息、配偶互負繳納義務應規定配套措施。多數受訪者表示，不知道老年年金給付與老年基本保證年金所適用對象不同。其次，國民年金繳費年限太長，保障比勞保少。 5.中部地區較多由職業工會違法掛名加保。 根據研究發現，提出以下建議： 1.學生及失業者繳費問題 可仿傚日本，針對父母之家庭可支配所得（調整各種扣除額後之所得），及就讀學校種類（公、私立）、居住型態（是否與父母同住），或依學生的收入，訂定減免標準。失業者及學生有能力繳納者可採自願納保，不應將無力繳納者強制納保。 2.預繳保險費可另訂折扣辦法，例如預繳1年享8折，半年享9折等規定，以提高繳費率。 3.保險費計算比照健保第6類人口以平均保險費為基礎或二代健保，仿傚日本以家戶所得高低為判定保費負擔能力基準，以減輕經濟弱勢者的負擔。 4.刪除計收遲延繳納之利息，落實配偶互負連帶繳納義務可依配偶之年所得或收入，依比例原則訂定處罰鍰標準，收入較高者，處較高罰鍰，以改善制度中未能達到的「劫富濟貧效果」，即垂直重分配功能之缺失。家暴受害者應予免除其為施暴之配偶連帶罰鍰規定，執政當局可與警察局或警政署之家暴資料勾稽。 5.受訪者均認為對政府財政不具信心或不繳費未來65歲時可領3,000多元之敬老津貼，為了提高國人繳費意願，可將保費運用情形及老年年金給付與老年基本保證年金所適用對象不同，若未繳保險費屆滿65歲時，無法領取3,000多元之老年年金，列為政策宣導重點，強化國人繳費與享受權利對等關係。 6.展望未來，國民年金制度可比照勞保制定紓困貸款辦法，以無欠費且加保年資在一定年限，得申請紓困貸款，以緩解納保對象在生活上之困境。 7.職業工會掛名加保問題，應將中、南部列為稽查重點區域。 / The main purpose of this study is to find out why those people covered by National Pension Insurance but do not pay insurance premium? In-depth interview method of qualitative research is applied in this study. Interview guide is drafted according to the purpose of this study. Purposive sampling is used and 15 respondents were found between March and April of 2011. The objects of this studying includes: people who live in central and north Taiwan region, and aged between 25 and 64 years. 10 and 5 respondents are from National Pension Insurance coverage group and labor insurance participants from occupational union respectively. The major issues discussed are insurance coverage object, willingness to pay insurance premium, content of insurance benefit and join National Pension Insurance with worker association participant identity. After cross analysis on the interview data, the major findings are as follows: 1.The common characteristics work for National Pension Insurance coverage object and labor insurance participants with occupational union identity are mostly atypical employment which are contingent worker, part-time worker and they are not all workless; since their job is unstable so they do have some difficulties in paying insurance premium and some of them participate in labor insurance through occupational union. 2.The major reason for the low insurance premium paying rate in central Taiwan region is inconvenient transportation. People live in here are mostly using car and motorcycle as their transportation mean and the expenses for those transportation means are a big part of their living expenses. In addition, people here are mainly no income but own real estate such as houses and lands. 3.Since students have no income so the insurance premium are all paid by their parents and those students who from low income family also have to pay student loans after they graduated from schools so the jobless ones would have a very hard time in life. 4.The respondents think there should be no interest for late payment to insurance premium and there should be supporting measures defined for couples who take premium payment duties for each other. Most of the respondents say they don’t know that the applicable object for old age pension and old age basic guarantee pension are different. Secondly, the premium paying years for National Pension Insurance are too long and its benefit is less than those of labor insurance. 5.In Central Taiwan region, there are more cases of illegal participation in Labor insurance through Occupational union who actually are jobless. According to the findings of this study, the following suggestions are proposed: 1.Students and Unemployed Insurance Premium Payment Problem Could learn from Japan and define premium deduction standard based on the family disposal income (income after adjusted from deduction) on the parents’ income, school type (private or public), household status (whether live with the parents), and the student’s income. For unemployed and students who have the capability to pay premium should use voluntary insurance participation and should not make it compulsory. 2.Some discount measured could be implemented for prepaid insurance premium; for example, prepaid 1 year premium to get 20% off and six months for 10% off to improve insurance premium payment rate. 3.Insurance premium calculation should be based on the average insurance premium of category 6 of health insurance or second generation national health insurance premium, following the example of Japan who use the level of household income to determine affordability benchmark premium in order to reduce the burden of the economically disadvantaged. 4.Remove the accrued interest from late payment; follow through on the obligation of spouse to be responsible for their insurance premium and use the principle of proportionality to set penalties based on their annual income or revenue. Higher income should pay higher fine to improve the “Robin Hood effect”, vertical income redistribution function, which has not be implemented in the system currently. Victims of domestic violence should be waived from the fines associated with regulation for the late payment of their spouse; the administration could cross check with the police authorities or the domestic violence data in National Police Agency to verify. 5.Most of the respondents have no confidence on the Government’s financial future or they think they can receive $3,000 of old age pension at the age of 65 if they do not pay the premium. In order to improve people’s willingness to pay insurance premium, the government could separate the insurance premium usage and the applicable object between old age pension payment and old age basic guarantee pension. If people do not pay the insurance premium, they would not be able to receive the 3,000 old age pension at the age of 65 when insurance expires; and put this point as the focus of policy advocacy to strengthen the relationship between paying insurance premium and enjoy the rights. 6.Looking into future, National Pension System could learn from the labor insurance to develop relief loan scheme. If the people have no overdue insurance premium with more than one year of insurance coverage, they could apply for relief loans to ease the life obstacles accrued on the object of National Pension Insurance. 7.For the illegal participation of labor insurance problem with occupational union, the government should take central and south Taiwan as the key checking regions.