南方國家與北方國家於經濟與社會發展的嚴重落差，是當前國際社會相當重視的問題。生活在相互依賴的時代，如何有效分配全球資源，使南方國家的人民可以脫離貧窮、疾病與飢餓，已經不能將它單單劃分為「南方國家發展問題」，而是一個全體人類應該正視的「國際發展問題」。 對於國際發展問題，傳統行為者如國家與政府間組織（Inter-Governmental Organization , IGO），顯然目前所做的努力仍然不夠。而另外一方面，國際非政府組織（International Non-Governmental Organization, INGO）作為國際社會的新興行為者，在發展援助領域開始扮演越來越重要的角色。發展型國際非政府組織具備下列優點，包括採取「由下而上」（bottom-up）的援助型式，其發展援助能深入社會的每一個角落，真正瞭解人民的需求；此外，強調所謂「參與式的發展」（participatory development），有助於受援國公民社會之建立；以及國際非政府組織專業性、志願性、非官方性的特徵，使其發展援助成果更有彈性與效率。 然而作為國際發展援助新興的行為者，與傳統援助行為者的互動關係對於發展型國際非政府組織的援助成果具有關鍵性的影響。本文藉由樂施會的案例研究，驗證發展型國際非政府組織與國家、聯合國、南方非政府組織等相關援助行為者之間的互動關係，並提供對於國際發展議題有興趣者一個觀察的角度，瞭解國際非政府組織從事發展援助之特徵與得失。希望藉由本文拋磚引玉，能夠提昇國人對於國際發展議題與重要發展型非政府組織之認識，進而對國際發展問題出一份力。

國際非政府組織憑藉著組織的專業與知識、資訊的提供、組織架構的彈性以及多元的網絡，在國際社會中佔有重要的角色。但同時也面臨一些挑戰，例如缺乏合法性、代表性與責信。其中責信問題涵蓋最廣，也最為重要。 責信是國際非政府組織向利害關係者解釋其行為，利害關係者包含政府、捐款者、受益者、組織會員、組織員工、企業以及其他組織，當然更應涵括一般群眾，因為國際非政府組織具有草根性的性質。 國際非政府組織都必須解釋行為，且把解釋的行為的措施發展為一套機制，融入組織的架構之中，以利組織長期貫徹責信；利於利害關係者追蹤與檢視責信。這些措施集結成五種責信機制：資訊公開 、成效評估、擴大參與、自我規範以及社會審核。

本論文是在研究西藏自一九五○到二○○八年三月間發生過的反共抗暴所引發並受國際與國際人權組織所觀著之西藏人權問題。文中討論美國、歐盟與國際非政府組織(如，人權觀察(Human Rights Watch)和國際特赦組織 (Amnesty International))如何提出相對的策略來抵制中共對西藏的人權政策，並研究中共在即將舉辨奧運的同時如何面對來自各方的抵制與強大壓力，這些問題也隨著奧運的接近而更加顯著。 也許西方文化與中國文化有所不同而在人權的定義也有著些許的差異，但是這並不構成一個適當的理由來否認聯合國所定義用來參考的世界人權宣言（Universal Declaration of Human Rights）。同時本論文的研究範圍也涵蓋到因西藏宗教、政治、經濟與教育上的不自由而今年三月所引發之抗議示威遊行 ，並討論因中共近年來之掘起而美國與歐盟在此次事件上對中共的影響力與態度，這也許與中共的貿易關係不同而產生的影響力與表達的態度會有所不同。 / 中共雖然受到西方政治與國際非政府組織之強大壓力，可是西藏之人權問題仍然未得到改善，也許中共擔心若給予藏民太多的由自而可能造成更多的混亂，但西方政府與國際非政府組織持續在些問題上觀著，並積極保護西藏之宗教、語言與文化，因而讓中共當局在西藏問題上受到極大之挑戰，也必須注入更多的資源來因應。 / This research project focuses on the Human Rights situation in Tibet under the occupation of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) since the 1950s right up to the present times when popular protests against China in Tibetan areas since March 10 this year has put the issue Tibet right back on the international arena. China’s policy stand on human rights and how it refutes accusations by International NGOs of human rights violations in China and Tibet are examined through case studies of the works and reports of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the current international attention on human rights in the run up to the Olympic Games in Beijing in August, 2008. Contrasting definition of ‘Human Rights’ between China and the west is also examined to suggest that arguments about cultural distinctiveness are no excuse for the denial of the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Case studies of lack of religious freedom and the general discrimination suffered by Tibetans in political, economic and educational spheres suggest why the recent popular Tibetan uprisings have erupted. An examination of the influence of International NGOs on the human rights policies of western governments like the US, France, UK, Germany as well as the EU that constitute China’s largest trading partners, show considerable influence and impact through their reports and monitoring of violations of human rights by China. / By adopting a judicious mix of the two approaches of ‘silent constructive engagement’ as well as direct, confrontational ‘naming and shaming’ of individual instances of human rights abuses and violations, the International NGOs and western trading partners of China have achieved incremental success in forcing China to make changes to its human rights policies. Despite the enormous international pressure from International NGOs and western Governments, the leadership of the Communist Party that effectively runs China, is found to be extremely uncooperative in terms of improving human rights in China or Tibet where the current spate of protests have reaffirmed their abiding fear that allowing more freedom and rights to the people could risk a challenge to the supremacy of the Party in continuing to run the PRC and leading it into the 21st century as the undisputed global power. This makes it obvious that International NGOs campaigning for human rights in China and Tibet in particular will continue especially in light of China’s policy of assimilation of minority nationalities like the Tibetans and the Uighurs and the destruction of their distinct national, cultural and religious identity.

人口販運是一個已經全球化大大增加了全球性的問題，非法貿易的興起，以及冷戰的結束. 販毒後. 販賣人口是脖子到脖子軍火工業作為世界上第二大犯罪行業. 其目的是研究拉丁美洲的人口販賣情況和瓜地馬拉的公私營界別合作推行的反人口販賣活動. 由於在該區域的有限調查, 這項研究將是讀者不知道在拉丁美洲人口販賣的情況作出了貢獻。這項研究將使用輔助數據，如多邊組織的報告，政府機構，而且最重要的進行了訪談，以非政府組織。PPP的工作經歷在瓜地馬拉的兩個信道是積極的。政府機構間和打擊販賣人口的政府機構，非政府組織，政府間組織和非政府組織組成的網絡。這項研究描述了從政府方面所做的努力，以及在打擊人口販運瓜地馬拉非政府組織的知識和專長。 / Human Trafficking is a global issue increased dramatically with globalization, the rise of illicit trade, and the end of the Cold War. After drug trafficking, human trafficking is neck-to-neck with the arms industry as the second largest criminal industry in the world. The purpose is to study Latin America’s human trafficking situation and Guatemala’s Private-Public Partnership in implementing anti-human trafficking activities. Due to the limited investigations in the region, this study will be a contribution to readers that do not know the situation of human trafficking in Latin America. The study will use secondary data such as reports from multilateral organizations, government institutions, and most importantly conducted interviews to NGOs. The PPP work has been positive through two channels of communication in Guatemala. The interagency of government institutions and the network against human trafficking composed of the government institutions, INGOs, IGOs and NGOs. This study describes the efforts from the government side as well as the knowledge and expertise on NGOs in combating human trafficking in Guatemala.