藝術欣賞二階段模型所發現的第二階段美感提升現象，若根據流暢性理論加以解釋，為單純曝光造成流暢性提升而導致的結果，未涉及認知處理歷程的影響，然而情緒評估理論以及Leder等人（2004）的美感經驗與評價歷程神經模型，都強調美感經驗為認知與情感的交互作用。針對上述兩類不同的理論觀點，本研究的目的在於探討認知涉入在美感歷程中的重要性，同時亦嘗試瞭解美感經驗中認知與情緒的關係。本研究讓參與者欣賞不同時代、流派與國家的具象藝術畫作，共分成三個實驗。實驗一收集美感相關情緒詞彙，發展美感情緒量表；實驗二與實驗三延伸Locher等人（2007）之實驗設計，分別收集美感偏好與美感情緒的資料，包含顯性與隱性指標，欲從美感提升現象中檢驗認知涉入對兩種美感歷程產物的影響力。實驗二關心美感偏好隨時間的變化，結果顯示認知涉入有助於偏好的提升，而隱性偏好亦有相似的趨勢；實驗三則發現美感情緒並沒有隨呈現時間增加而提升，而認知涉入的影響力也較不明顯，臉部EMG測量則未能反映出隱性美感情緒。本研究也發現，國畫較西畫更顯著地出現美感偏好或情緒的提升現象且較受認知涉入影響，此外，主觀偏好與不偏好的西畫在美感偏好與正向情緒類別之結果中，皆有類似適應的效果，其中主觀偏好畫作隨時間增長而正向情緒減少、負向情緒增加。綜合而言，本研究結果支持認知涉入為美感偏好提升之要素，但是無法確認認知與情緒兩者之間的互動關係，此外，藝術欣賞的第二階段不只有美感提升的現象，亦有美感下降的現象。 / The increase of aesthetic preference over viewing time was found in the study of the two-stage model of art appreciation. This phenomenon could be interpreted by mere exposure effect on improvement of fluency, not involving the influence from the cognitive processes. However, some theories (Silvia, 2011; Leder et al., 2004) emphasized the interaction between cognition and emotion in aesthetic experience. Based on these two kinds of theoretical perspective, the purpose of this study is to explore the role of cognitive involvement in aesthetic processes, and to understand the relationship between cognition and emotion in aesthetic experience. There are three experiments in this study, using the figurative art paintings from different era, genre and countries as the material. In Experiment 1, the emotional adjectives were collected to develop the scale of aesthetic emotion. In Experiment 2 and 3, the effects of cognitive involvement on aesthetic preference and emotion were tested, respectively. We extended the experiment design from Locher et al. (2007) to manipulate the degree of cognitive involvement additionally, with both the explicit and implicit indexes measured. Overall, the results showed that cognitive involvement helped the increase of preference, but not of emotion, because there was no increase of emotion founded. In addition, the effect of cognitive involvement in Chinese paintings was more obvious than that in West paintings. We also found that there could be adaptation effect in aesthetic process. In conclusion, the importance of cognitive involvement in preference increase was supported. But we cannot confirm the interaction between cognition and emotion. In addition, not only the increase of aesthetic preference and emotion, but also the decrease of them could be found in the second stage of art appreciation.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C) 課題番号:15530423 研究代表者:速水 敏彦 研究期間:2003-2005年度

Aim: The aim of this study is to understand how trust influence quality Guanxi in the Chinese business context.   Method: An inductive qualitative research method is adopted in this study; a single case study, interview questions and semi-structured interviews are applied to collect primary data.   Result & Conclusions: Quality Guanxi needs to build deep trust by combining cognition- and affect-based trust together in Chinese business context.  Meanwhile, Renqing gradually builds Ganqing (affection) through reciprocal behavior and empathy, and eventually leads to affect-based trust in Guanxi networks. Furthermore, cognition-based trust could be understood as initial trust in Guanxi networks.   Suggestions for future research: Due to the limited number of interviews, the result and conclusion of this study is based on only one company (Vigor) and one country (China) perspective. Therefore generalization cannot be achieved. For further studies on this field, it is necessary to increase the scope and number of interviews, such as different industries, different positions, etc.   Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes to the further understanding of Guanxi as a unique way of developing business relationships in China from the perspective of trust.  It shows how the quality Guanxi can be developed by deep trust relying on cognition- and affect-based trust. / 目标：本文主要解析了在中国的商业环境中信任是如何影响优质关系的。   方法：本文采用归纳定性研究方法； 应用单一案例研究、访谈问题和半结构化访谈来收集主要数据。   结果/ 结论：在中国的商业活动中，只有通过结合基于认知的信任和基于情感的信任，从而建立深度信任，才能最终建立优质关系。同时，人情通过互惠行为和同理心逐步建立感情，最终建立关系网络中基于情感的信任。而基于认知的信任又可以理解为关系网络中的初始信任。   对未来研究的建议：由于访谈数量有限，本文的结果和结论仅基于一个公司(上威集团)和一个国家(中国)的视角，因此不能泛化。为了进一步研究这一领域，有必要增加其访谈的范围和数量，如不同行业、不同职位等。   本文的贡献：本文有助于从信任的角度进一步认识关系，这种作为发展中国商业关系的一种独特方式。并说明了如何依靠基于认知的信任和基于情感的信任，从而建立深度信任来发展优质关系。 / Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es entender como la confianza influencia la calidad del Guanxi en el contexto de negocios Chino.   Método: Para este estudio un método inductivo y cualitativo ha sido adoptado. Preguntas de entrevista y entrevistas semi-estructuradas han sido aplicadas en la recolección de la información primaria.   Resultado y Conclusiones: Para lograr calidad en la red Guanxi se necesita construir confianza “profunda” mediante la combinación de confianza cognitiva y afectiva en el contexto de negocios chino. Renqing puede construir gradualmente Ganqing a través del comportamiento reciproco y la empatía, lo cual con lleva eventualmente a la generación de confianza afectiva en la red de contactos Guanxi. Además, la confianza cognitiva puede ser considerada como la confianza inicial en las redes de contactos Guanxi.   Sugerencias para investigaciones futuras: Debido al número limitado de entrevistas, los resultados de este estudio solamente están basados en una compañía (Vigor) y un país (China). Por lo tanto, la generalización de los resultados a otros países no es aconsejable. Para futuras investigaciones en este campo, es necesario aumentar el número de entrevistas de empleados de diferentes empresas pertenecientes a diversas industrias y países.   Contribución de la tesis: Este estudio contribuye al mayor entendimiento del concepto chino “Guanxi” como una forma única de construir relaciones de negocios en China, mediante el desarrollo de la confianza “profunda”. Para ello, se muestra como la calidad del Guanxi puede ser desarrollado mediante la confianza profunda la cual se basa en la confianza cognitiva y afectiva.

當人們談論動物保護時，可能提出的問題大約不脫「人類是否應該保護動物」、「人類為何保護動物」、「人類應該保護哪些動物」，以及「人類如何保護動物」之延伸範疇，針對這四個問題又可以依所採之研究基礎偏重倫理學或法學，而有各種不同的回應。 本文採取偏重法學角度之立場，從實定法出發，隨時序個別分析我國及德國動物保護法之歷史發展及現行法呈現之樣貌後，藉由與咸認先進的德國動物保護法制及其背後所可能隱含之人與動物關係的歷史變遷進行比較研究，試圖在同與異之間尋找我國動物保護法所隱含的人與動物關係之可能解釋，此乃嘗試從實定法追溯背後的倫理學意涵，並在此解釋基礎上，進一步探求動物保護法益之可能回答，由倫理學再回歸法學領域，均是試圖回應「人類是否應該保護動物」及「人類為何保護動物」二問。 最後嘗試藉由求得之動物保護法益「道德感情」來建構我國動物保護刑事規範，則是試圖給出「人類應該保護哪些動物」及「人類如何保護動物」二問在刑事法層面上之回答，對現行動物保護法刑事規範提出修正建議，包括將動物一般保護規定及刑事規範分勾，擴張動物一般保護之客體範疇而維持刑事規範涉及之行為客體範圍，以重構本文理想之動保刑事規範。 / When referring to animal protection, the most popular questions probably will be within the range of the following four. Should humans protect animals? Why should humans protect animals? What kind of animals should humans protect? And the final one, how do humans protect animals? The answers can be changed depending on the different views, like ethics view or legal point of view. This study basically focuses on the legal point of view, starting with Taiwan’s Animal Protection Act and German’s Animal Welfare Act (in German: Tierschutzgesetz), by comparing those two different animal protection systems, trying to figure out the development level of Taiwan’s Animal Protection Act in the tide of the world’s development of animal welfare, then using the conclusion to explore the legal interest of animal protection, attempting to answer the first two questions: Should humans protect animals? And why? Furthermore, using the legal interest “moral emotion” to construct ideal animal protection criminal legal norms, attempting to answer the rest of the questions: What kind of animals should humans protect? And how to protect? The final purpose is to reconstruct an ideal animal protection criminal law system in Taiwan.