過去組織生態研究多半探討環境與組織死亡、創建等議題，較少從組織衰退的角度來看待仍然生存於環境中的廠商與環境的互動關係。本研究試圖瞭解企業所擁有的無形資產與企業衰退的關連，並從人力資本與社會資本理論的角度來分析，企業擁有無形資產的程度越高是否企業越不容易衰退，此外，本研究欲探討企業的人力資本與社會資本是否對環境與組織衰退的關係產生干擾效果。 本研究使用長期資料追蹤法分析資料後發現，外部環境會對企業的衰退產生影響，包含較差的經濟條件與較高的產業競爭強度都容易讓企業面臨衰退的命運。但是，當企業內所持有的人力資本與社會資本程度越高，環境對於組織衰退的影響將會減弱，此外，本研究亦發現了社會資本若干變項與企業衰退的直接效果。然而，其中若干假說出現與研究預期不一致的結果，將在論文中進行詳盡的分析。 本研究企圖處理過去較少文獻進行實證的組織衰退議題，並發現組織衰退所隱含的概念並非單純是成長的相反詞，企業在追求成長的過程中，也可能造成另一個角度的衰退跡象，亦即財務風險的增加。然而，成長與高風險亦非同時存在。透過本論文的研究結果將發現不同的人力資本與社會資本對於不同角度的組織衰退會產生不甚相同的結果。總結來說，無形資產在企業面對外部環境壓力卻必須追求生存的情況下，扮演著重要的角色。 / Most previous researches in organizational ecology field focused on the relationships between external environment, organizational death, and foundings. Organizational decline studies are relatively undeveloped, especially from the perspectives of human capital and social capital. I extend the resource-based viewpoint and dynamic capability perspective to explain the relationship between environmental pressure and organizational decline. The purpose of this study is to test the model that examines the relationship between environmental factors, human capital, social capital, and decline, and the moderating effect based on a ten-year panel data collected in Taiwan. An unbalanced panel data consists of 3,634 firm years from 399 companies in Taiwan was utilized for data analyses. Research results indicate that environmental pressure significantly influences organizational decline variables. This study also finds that the higher human capital and social capital will reduce the effect of environmental factors on decline. However, some indicators of human capital and social capital do not predict outcome variables. Contrary to expectations, some predictors represent opposite results. Although some research results do not agree with previous findings, they do contribute the knowledge and understanding of these fields.