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全球化下我國緝毒工作之研究朱正聲, Chu, Jeng-Sheng Unknown Date (has links)
冷戰結束後,全球化成為世界趨勢。全球化帶來經濟的繁榮與發展,但同時也便利了組織犯罪活動的擴張,升高了國際犯罪率,其中毒品走私即為最具代表性組織犯罪類型。毒品危害世界已有半世紀之久,儘管在國際組織及各國共同努力防制下,毒品問題卻仍持續升高,根據「聯合國毒品控制和犯罪預防辦公室」(United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)2006年全球毒品報告指出,全球毒品濫用人數高達2億人,占世界15-64歲人口之5%。另據統計,國際間非法毒品走私日趨熱絡,其交易金額亦逐年上升,進入21世紀後全球毒品每年交易金額高達八千億至一兆美元,與全球武器交易金額相差無幾,顯見在全球化的趨勢下,毒品犯罪活動逐漸國際化、組織化、專業化、智慧化,並造成全球毒品泛濫的加遽。
在全球化時代下,亞洲毒品犯罪也更形嚴峻,其中以中國大陸毒品犯罪成長最快速,同樣我國毒害亦升高。臺灣地區毒品犯罪於90年代逐漸嚴重,主要濫用的毒品種類為海洛因及甲基安非他命,1993年臺灣因毒品犯罪進入高峰期而正式「向毒品宣戰」,之後毒品問題明顯下降,惟在反毒十餘年後,毒品犯罪又見升高,特別是近年來新興合成類毒品(搖頭丸、K他命、FM2等)的出現,使毒品種類更多元化,犯罪更複雜化,而毒品快速的泛濫已造成國家、社會安全重大危害。中國大陸自1996年起即成為台灣地區海洛因等毒品的主要來源地,隨著全球化的發展,大陸地區已成為毒品重要的生產、轉運及輸出國。而當今兩岸交流快速增加,人民往來日益密切,隨著兩岸加入WTO及開放小三通、觀光等措施,販毒集團更容易活動,致兩岸毒品犯罪也面臨更嚴厲的挑戰。
有鑒於毒品犯罪日益升高,臺灣地區復於2004年宣布,將2005年至2008年定為「全國反毒作戰年」,再次全面向毒品宣戰。儘管如此,以國內現行查緝毒品的制度、資源及相關法令等,能否與全球化下國際販毒趨勢潮流或者是販毒集團相抗衡,令人懷疑。特別是在我國毒品問題占有非常重要部分的兩岸毒品犯罪,迄今兩岸間尚未建立任何合作機制,致完全無法有效遏止日益升高的兩岸毒品走私活動,及剷除跨境販毒集團。鑒此;如何健全國內緝毒機制、整合資源、提昇緝毒技能等,以及如何強化國際及兩岸合作關係,積極發揮國內「拔根」、國際、兩岸「斷源」的相輔相成效果,以遏止國內毒品氾濫趨勢,實為當務之急。
關鍵字:全球化、毒品走私、毒品犯罪、合成毒品、緝毒工作、兩岸緝毒
合作、國際緝毒合作 / After the Cold War, globalization has become an international trend. Globalization brings economic prosperity and development. However, it also assists the expansion of organized crime and increases the international crime rate. Among all the different types of organized crime, drug smuggling is the most representative of this. Drugs have been a major problem in the world and have threatened society for more than half a century. Although international organizations and governments in different countries have worked together to prevent drug trafficking, the problem is still getting worse. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s report in 2006, up to 200 million people, which was about 5% of the world population aged between 15 and 64, abused drugs. According to a statistical data, the crime rate of illegal drug smuggling in the world has risen, and amount of drugs sold has increased year by year. In the 21st century, the total amount of drugs sold in the world is up to USD.800 billion to USD.1 trillion every year, which is not different than amount of the international trade of weapons. It is obvious that under the trend of globalization, drug trafficking has become more international, organized, professional and technical. In addition, the flooding of drugs internationally has become more and more serious.
In the age of globalization, the problem of drug crime in Asia is getting more and more serious. Among all the Asian countries, the related crime rate in China has increased most rapidly. In Taiwan, the crime rate also has increased. The problem has been getting worse in Taiwan since the 1990s. Heroin and methamphetamine were the most commonly abused drugs in the 1990s. In 1993, the Taiwan government declared a war against drug trafficking because of the high peak in the crime rate. Afterwards, the problem improved noticeably. However, after a decade of the anti-drug campaign, the problem got serious again. Recently, the appearance of newly synthetic drugs (such as MDMA, ketamine and FM2) has caused a great diversity of drugs to spring up and the result has been a corresponding increase in the complexity of related crimes. The flooding of drugs at a fast pace has already endangered the country and the society as a whole tremendously. Since 1996, Mainland China has become the main supplier of heroin to Taiwan. Owing to the trend of globalization, China has also become the main country producing, transporting and exporting drugs in the world. At present, dealings and contacts between Taiwan and China have become more frequent, and has led to some significant changes across the strait. Some of these changes include membership in the WTO, the development of trade links (the mini three links), and the development of tourism between Taiwan and China. These factors have made it easier for drug gangs to smuggle drugs back and forth between the two countries. This has made it more challenging for authorities in dealing with the rise in drug trafficking.
Respecting the fact that drug trafficking is getting more and more serious in Taiwan in recent years, the Taiwan Government announced in 2004 that from 2005 to 2008 would be the “Years to fight drugs nationally”. It also declared a war against drugs once again. Still, whether or not the current drug inspecting system, resources, and related laws in Taiwan can match against international drug smuggling trend is still questionable. Especially when it comes to the issues of drug smuggling between China and Taiwan, which is an important part of the drug problem in Taiwan, there is still no cooperative mechanism across the strait. Therefore, there is still no effective way to stop the crime rate from rising and to eradicate cross-border drug gangs. In lieu of this, how to improve the anti-drug mechanism is a serious issue. Some suggestions have been to combine different resources, and enhance skills of the drug enforcement units in Taiwan, as well as to promote international cooperation between Taiwan and China are necessary so that the drug trafficking problem can be solved and the supply of drugs from other countries can be stopped at the same time.
Key words: Globalization, drug smuggling, drug trafficking, drug gangs, synthetic drugs, drug enforcement, drug enforcement cooperation across the strait, international drug enforcement cooperation
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兩岸合作防制毒品危害可行性之研究曹承允, Tsao , Chen-Yun Unknown Date (has links)
冷戰結束後,受到全球化與資訊化的影響,各類非傳統安全問題日益受到重視,而毒品危害問題已然成為國際社會關注的嚴重公害。根據聯合國世界衛生組織估計,全世界至少有100萬人口專門從事國(區)際販毒活動,且毒品犯罪集團已形成配套的嚴密網絡,突破國(區)界,發展成為國(區)際販毒組織。此外,全球毒品每年銷售總額為8000億至1兆美元,佔全球貿易總額的10%,此一數字與全球軍火貿易額相差無幾。另根據聯合國2002年公布的年度報告,目前全球吸毒人口高達兩億多人。每年約有10萬人死於吸毒,因此而喪失勞動力的人有1000萬人之多。在日趨嚴重的國際販毒活動的滲透下,毒品犯罪在全球各地區均呈現滋長及蔓延的趨勢,除直接威脅人類健康外,更對國際社會穩定造成嚴重衝擊。
1949年,兩岸分裂分治,兩岸進入長期隔離狀態,直到1987年11月,政府開發大陸探親後,兩岸民間交流熱絡,經貿互動頻繁。然而,於此同時,兩岸交流所衍生的安全議題亦逐漸擴大,許多非傳統性安全威脅的嚴重性愈趨顯著,其中毒品由於體積小,藏匿容易,致查緝困難,甚賴兩岸政府具體有效的合作措施,始能有效防制。然而,兩岸受限於政治疏離,使得雙方具體合作行動甚為有限,不僅難以對兩岸毒品犯罪集團予以致命打擊,更為毒品犯罪份子提供了良好的避罪空間。
中國大陸自80年代初起,在國際毒潮的侵襲及大陸內部市場大量需求下,毒品問題日趨嚴重,由其種類的多樣化、吸毒人數的直線上升、蔓延範圍的迅速擴大,衍生的暴力犯罪及愛滋病擴散問題,對大陸治安及人民健康均造成嚴重衝擊。鑑此,中共中央國務院把解決毒品犯罪問題作為「嚴打」的一項主要任務,在凡是有毒品犯罪的市、縣展開各項禁毒工作,並積極參與國際反毒合作。我國則由於人民生活富裕,雖然種植毒品者較少,但販賣、運輸獲利豐厚,因此「投機圖利」遂成為台灣毒品犯罪的首要原因。我國反毒策略,於1955年至1990年間,主要著重於斷源,亦即以加強查緝為主要政策,直到1991年,毒品氾濫,除打擊供給之外,亦開始加強減少需求面的努力,發展出各種戒癮宣導與預防政策。1993年由時任行政院院長連戰鄭重揭示「向毒品宣戰」,並於1994年2月成立「中央反毒會報」,確立我國反毒策略以「斷絕供給」、「減少需求」為目標,以「緝毒」、「拒毒」與「戒毒」為方法。
由於全球化的快速腳步,毒品犯罪在不同國家間也有隨著產銷分工而有快速擴散的現象,全球性與區域性的毒品防制計畫亦逐漸受到重視,藉由國際合作的方式進行查緝、減少生產、降低濫用導致的健康及犯罪問題、促進毒癮治療與聯合監控等,是目前國際間毒品防制上相當重要的策略。面對此一情形,不論是國際組織或是任何一個國家,都把打擊跨國(境)毒品犯罪當作施政重點,並竭盡所能的致力於加強彼此間的協調聯繫與互助合作。然而,兩岸受限於政治疏離,及諸多法律規範上的限制,使得雙方在防制毒品危害方面所進行的合作甚為有限,形成反毒漏洞的可能益發明顯。加以兩岸各自存在許多個別且不易克服的毒品防制困境,使得兩岸毒品威脅均日趨嚴重。本論文研究發現兩岸毒品防制所面臨的問題概要如次:
一、大陸方面:
(一)貪腐問題成為中國大陸毒品犯罪的溫床。
(二)大陸貧富差距日益擴大,使得不少人藉販毒以「脫貧致富」。
(三)大陸因緊鄰「金三角」、「金新月」兩大毒品產區,雲南省邊境線長達4,061公里,毒品查緝甚為困難。
二、台灣方面:
(一)政黨輪替後頻繁的內閣改組,使得反毒政策缺乏延續性。
(二)相較於周邊國家均採嚴刑峻罰以打擊毒害,我國因執法過輕,在區域內有嚴重失衡現象。
(三)我國現行以「行政院毒品防制會報」,負責執行各項反毒工作,統籌功能不彰。
(四)我國無緣參與國際反毒合作,邊緣化的危機清晰可見。
(五)我國社會富裕,毒品價格較周邊國家相對較高,成為毒品流向勢難避免。
(六)我國屬海島型國家,進口貨運量龐大、人員出入境頻繁,防堵毒品入境困難重重。
三、兩岸合作方面:
兩岸之間目前反毒合作受限於政治因素干擾,除了大陸不承認台灣地區司法管轄權外,現行仍存在有協商機制功能不彰,以及未建立毒品犯罪情報交換機制等諸多不利因素。
綜合上述所言,面對毒品危害問題,兩岸雖有著不同的時空背景,但在如水銀洩地般的國際毒潮滲透威脅下,兩岸正面臨著同樣險峻的挑戰,為確保兩岸人民共同安全與福祉,實不應為了堅持意識形態,而危及共同安全。藉由分析兩岸毒品犯罪現況,進而提出具體建言,實乃本論文之主要目的。
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