研究目的：過去的研究已經證實睡前的光照會影響後續的睡眠，包括增加入睡所需時間以及減少第一個睡眠週期或前半夜的深睡。然而這些研究使用數千勒克斯(lux)的強光或特定波長的單色光且照光時參與者需要維持不動的姿勢或是暴露同一光源下6小時以上的時間，因此實驗情境與現實生活有很大的不同，所以目前還不清楚這些研究結果是否可以類推至現實生活中。本研究將實驗情境貼近日常生活，探討現代化生活的光照是否會對睡眠產生影響。 研究方法：本研究採受試者內設計來進行實驗。以市售3000K和5000K兩種不同色溫的光源進行實驗，將亮度固定在300多勒克斯，並將結果與弱光(<10 lux)進行比較。九名21至31歲的正常參與者維持規律睡眠一星期後，前來實驗室三晚分別接受睡前三小時不同的光照以及整夜的睡眠記錄。在三小時的光照期間，每半小時測量一次參與者的腦波和心跳速率，並要求他們填寫卡羅連斯加嗜睡量表(The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale)。睡眠資料的部分，針對三個依變項進行分析，分別為入睡時間、前兩個睡眠週期的深睡期以及Delta波的頻譜功率。 結果：高色溫光源相較於低色溫光源更能降低主觀睡前嗜睡狀態，並影響後續的睡眠，包括入睡時間較長以及深睡期較短。高色溫情境與弱光相比，除了上述變項同樣有效果外，Theta-低頻Alpha波(5-9Hz)的頻譜功率在5000K的光照後，有出現下降的狀況，但其它腦波的頻譜功率並沒有出現光照效果。心跳速率和前兩個睡眠週期的Delta波頻譜功率在各比較上均不達顯著，此外3000K光照和弱光在所有依變項上的比較均沒有統計上的顯著差異。 結論：本研究將實驗情境貼近日常生活後，仍大致可看到與過去研究類似的結果，即睡前高色溫的光照相對於低色溫，會降低嗜睡程度並影響後續睡眠。另外，現代化生活的光照，與弱光相比，會增加參與者的入睡時間以及減少前半夜的深睡，但室內燈強度的低色溫光源並不會對參與者的睡眠產生這些影響。因此本研究結果建議睡前可選擇低色溫的光源，以避免光照對入睡時間及深睡的影響。 / Objective：Previous studies confirmed that light exposure before sleep has negative impacts on sleep, including increased sleep onset latency and decreased deep sleep in the first sleep cycle. However experimental manipulations in those studies, such as exposure to bright light or to monochromatic light of specific wavelength and participants keeping a constant posture or light exposure for more than 6 hours are very different from daily life situation. It was not clear that whether those results could be generalized to everyday life. In our study, experiment condition was designed to approximate everyday life in order to examine the effect of presleep light exposure on daily life situations. Methods：The present study adopted within-subjects design. We used fluorescent light of color temperature of 5000K or 3000K in the experiment and the results were compared with dim light. Nine normal subjects participated in the study. They kept a regular sleep schedule during week before experiment. They came to sleep lab on three experiment nights and exposed to different light for three hours before sleep. During light exposure, EEG power, heart rate and subjective sleepiness were assessed every 30 minutes. For the sleep after light exposure, we analysed sleep onset latency, slow-wave sleep (SWS) duration and delta power after light exposure. Results： Subjective sleepiness decreased, sleep onset latency increased and SWS significantly decreased under color temperature of 5000K compared with color temperature of 3000K and dim light. Theta/low-frequence alpha (5-9Hz) power was lower under the color temperature of 5000K than dim light, but there were no effects of light on other EEG power. Effects of light exposure on heart rate and delta power were not evident. When 3000K compared with dim light, there were no significant differences on all the variables. Conclusion： Compared with previous experiments, our study showed similar results when experiment condition was close to everyday life. Exposure to light of high color temperature decreases participants，sleepiness and influences their sleep by increasing sleep onset latency and decreasing SWS duration. When compared with dim light, exposure to light of low color temperature does not influence sleep. These findings implies that light of low color temperature should be used before sleep in order to avoid the detrimental effects of light on sleep.

在電子商務網站上，網站設計的品質是影響使用者體驗和滿意度的主要原因。 在過去許多現有的文獻已證實他們之間的關係。不過，大部分研究則是透過問卷調查法了解用戶的反應，也就是說用戶回應有可能不準確並且存在著主觀的共同方法偏誤。而近年來，隨著腦神經科學方法的進步，利用神經科學設備去收集使用者身理資訊在社會科學和資訊系統領域已越來越受到關注。因此有趣的是，比較行為和腦神經研究結果，可以讓我們去了解是否這個新方法會幫助我們洞察網站設計效果。 基於上述目的，本研究設計了一個在台灣和中國現有的網路購物網站的現場實驗。本研究利用行為和神經科學方法去收集沉浸體驗和使用者滿意度的資料。收集腦波數據的特殊儀器是單點腦電圖（EEG），它被用於測量專注度和放鬆度。在本研究模型包括五個主要的網站設計元素（方便，美感，內容，互動性和客製化）做為自變量，沉浸經驗作為中介變量，使用者滿意度作為因變量。行為研究結果發現所有網站設計元素五個設計因素有顯著影響的沉浸體驗、沉浸經驗有顯著正向影響使用者滿意度。然而在神經科學的研究則有不同的發現，網站設計元素僅有方便，內容和客製化對沉浸經驗有正向的顯著影響。雖然沉浸經驗（由專注質和放鬆來衡量）對使用者滿意度的影響仍然存在，但是總體變異被解釋的比例值則較低（從0.56降低到0.10）。本研究認為有兩種可能的解釋：第一種是，我們所使用的腦波測量可能無法像問卷調查可以完全涵括到到整體沉浸經驗。另外可能的解釋是，先前的研究關於沉浸體驗和使用者滿意度可能在分析資料時忽略了潛在的共同方法偏差問題。 另外為了解不同地區網站設計差異，我們分析台灣大陸地區網站資料，行為研究結果發現台灣購物網站設計元素(方便、互動性、客製化)顯著影響的沉浸體驗、而大陸購物網站則是在內容、美感、客製化構面有顯著影響的沉浸體驗，兩者沉浸經驗對使用者滿意度的影響都存在。詢問受測者實際體驗經驗歸納出網站設計特性與行為研究結果相呼應。研究發現台灣一般購物網站具有反應時間快、人性化介面設計、好用搜尋和商品推薦功能特性，業者可以豐富商品內容、改進網站美感提升顧客網站體驗經驗。大陸購物網站具有商品內容豐富、商品平價大眾化、優良推薦功能、界面分類清楚好操作、網站圖片大小適中，配色和文字令人感到舒服等特性，業者可以改進網站反應時間、將網站採用繁體文字、或是提供台灣族群熟悉的網站版型方便顧客與網站互動。 / The quality of website design is a main factor that affects user experience and satisfaction with an e-commerce site. This has been confirmed by many existing literature. However, most of these studies are based on user response through questionnaire surveys. It is well-known that user responses are potentially inaccurate and are subjective to the common method bias. Recently, neuroscience method that takes advantage of neuro-scientific equipment to collect psychophysiological evidence has gained much attention in social sciences and information systems. Therefore, it is interesting to compare our findings from behavioral and neuroscience studies to see whether this new method may provide insights into our understanding of website design effect. With the above purpose in mind, this study designed a field experiment on existing e-tailing websites in Taiwan and China. Both behavioral and neuroscience methods were applied to collect data about their flow experience and user satisfaction. The particular instrument for collecting brain wave data was a one-point electro-encephalogram (EEG), which is useful for measuring attention and relaxation. Our research model includes five main website design factors (convenience, aesthetics, content, interactivity and customization) as independent variables, flow experience as a mediator, and user satisfaction as the dependent variable. Our results indicate that all five design factors had significant impact on the flow experience and the flow experience had significant positive effect on user satisfaction in our behavior study. Our neuroscience study, however, shows different findings: only convenience, content, and customization had positive impact on the flow experience. Although the effect of flow experience (measured by attention and relaxation) on user satisfaction still exist, but the R-square value is much lower (reduced from 0.56 to 0.10). We argue that there are two possible interpretations: one is that the measurement we used may not be able to capture the full flow experience as a questionnaire could do. Another alerting explanation is that previous research on flow experience and user satisfaction may have overlooked the potential common method bias issue in analyzing their data. In order to understand the difference of website design in Taiwan and China, we analysis these data. Our behavioral study shows that Taiwan online shopping design factors( convenience、interactive、customization) had significant impact on the flow experience. And China online shopping design factors (content、aesthetic、customization) had significant impact on the flow experience. Both regions data shows that the flow experience had significant positive effect on user satisfaction.The behavior study result is consistent with the website design features that inquire about users shopping experience. This study found Taiwan shopping sites have these features that including quickly response time、user-friendly interface design、 easy to search and good product recommendation function. Managers can consider enriching commodity content and improving website aesthetic feeling, in order to improve customer website experience. China shopping sites have these features that including abundant commodity、inexpensive merchandise、excellent recommendation function、clear interface classification、 appropriate image size、comfortable colors and character. Managers can improved site response time、use traditional text or provide Taiwan user familiar site type to facilitate customer interaction with website.

研究目的：失眠已是臨床上常見的健康抱怨之一，而近年來在探討原發性失眠的病因理論上，又以失眠患者的過度激發（hyperarousal）有較多的實徵研究支持。主要的理論之一為Perlis等人提出的「失眠神經認知模式」，該模式認為失眠患者的睡眠問題乃肇因於其在睡眠時內在的認知運作仍處於過度活躍狀態。後續相關研究透過腦波頻譜分析發現，原發性失眠患者不論在靠近入睡開始或NREM睡眠，都較一般正常睡眠者有增加的高頻腦波活動與減少的低頻腦波活動，顯示失眠患者確實有較高的生理激發狀態與較低的睡眠恆定趨力。而臨床上，失眠患者最常見的主觀抱怨為入睡困難，故本研究希望透過原發性失眠患者在睡眠中的腦波頻譜分析，以探討失眠患者在入睡歷程的生理激發狀態與睡眠恆定趨力的變化，並進一步探討失眠患者睡前主觀激發狀態感受與客觀生理激發測量之相關性。 研究方法：本研究的原發性失眠組共30人（男10人，女20人，平均年齡為36.7歲），正常睡眠者（控制組）共25人（男8人，女17人，平均年齡為34.8歲）。參與者需至睡眠實驗室進行一晚的多頻道睡眠檢查（PSG），以作為睡眠相關呼吸疾患與睡眠相關運動疾患之篩檢，並以入睡前5分鐘至入睡後15分鐘（共20分鐘）所記錄之腦電波（EEG）作為後續腦波頻譜分析之用。另外，參與者須在睡前填寫睡前激發量表（PSAS），以評估參與者在睡前的主觀激發狀態感受。 研究結果：在睡前主觀激發狀態評估中，原發性失眠患者不論在生理激發或認知激發主觀感受上，皆顯著高於一般正常睡眠者(F = 23.950，p < .001；F = 64.235，p < .001)。在PSG記錄的睡眠相關參數上，則顯示失眠患者有較多的入睡後醒來總時數(F = 5.510，p = .023)、較少的階段二睡眠時間與比例(F = 7.088，p = .010；F = 32.616，p < .001)、較少的REM睡眠比例(F = 4.810，p = .033)，以及較差的睡眠效率(F = 8.685，p = .005)。在入睡歷程的腦波頻譜分析上，結果顯示失眠患者在睡醒的過渡期有較高的Alpha波功率，在進到睡眠後則有較低的Delta波功率，並且在整個入睡歷程中則是有較高的Theta波功率與Beta波功率。進一步比較兩組在入睡歷程腦波頻譜波段的上升與下降速度，結果顯示失眠患者在入睡歷程中，不論是睡眠恆定趨力上升的速度或生理激發下降的速度，皆顯著較一般正常睡眠者慢。另外，主觀認知激發狀態感受與入睡後的Delta波呈現顯著正相關；而與Theta波的相關上，則主要在入睡過渡階段有顯著正相關；Alpha波則僅與入睡歷程最後階段有顯著負相關；在與Beta波相關上，則從入睡過渡階段到入睡後皆有顯著負相關。主觀生理激發狀態感受則僅有與入睡過渡階段的Theta波有顯著正相關。 結論：本研究發現原發性失眠患者在入睡歷程中，不論在睡眠恆定趨力的上升速度或生理激發的下降速度上，皆明顯較正常睡眠者慢，雖生理激發狀態仍會隨著時間而有所降低，但卻仍維持較一般正常睡眠者高；睡眠趨力雖亦會有所增加，卻較一般正常睡眠者難以發揮較佳的作用，而可能造成失眠患者在入睡歷程中需花費更長的時間才能入睡，且進入睡眠後，仍維持較高的生理激發狀態與睡眠趨力發揮較差，進而可能導致失眠患者較淺眠或難以維持睡眠等問題。 / Introduction：Insomnia is a common healthy complain. The neurocognitive perspective of hyperarousal model of insomnia, as proposed by Perlis(1997), hypothesized that the sleep difficulties in insomniacs may result from enhanced information processing around sleep onset and during sleep. Supporting evidences were primarily from the findings that insomnia patients have increased high frequency EEG activity and decreased low frequency EEG activity during sleep, indicating insomniacs in general have higher physical arousal and lower sleep homeostasis. This study further aims to explore arousal level and sleep homeostasis during the period of sleep onset by comparing the level and change of EEG spectrum in primary insomnia patients and normal control subjects during the process of sleep onset. Methods：30 patients with primary insomnia (10 men, 20women, mean age of 36.7years) and 25 normal sleepers (8 men, 17women, mean age of 34.8years) underwent one night of PSG recording in a sleep laboratory to screening sleep-related breathing disorders and sleep-related movement disorders. They also completed the Pre-sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS) before bedtime. EEG spectrum analyses were conducted for the EEG data collected during the 5 minutes prior to sleep onset and the 15 minutes after. Results：Subjective ratings of both pre-sleep cognitive and somatic arousal were significantly higher in insomnia group (F = 23.950, p < .001; F = 64.235, p < .001) than control group. More WASO (F = 5.510, p = .023), less time and percentage of stage 2 sleep (F = 7.088, p = .010; F = 32.616, p < .001), less percentage of REM sleep (F = 4.810, p = .033), and poor sleep efficiency (F = 8.685, p = .005) were showed in PSG. The EEG spectrum during sleep-onset period showed that insomniacs had higher alpha power in the sleep-wake transition, lower delta power after falling asleep, and higher theta and beta power during sleep-onset period. In terms of the slope of EEG specrtrum change during the period of sleep onset, insomniacs had slower change than normal sleepers in increasing of sleep homeostasis and decreasing of physical arousal. In addition, the correlations between PSAS score and EEG power, cognitive arousal and delta power after falling asleep and theta power in sleep-onset process showed significant positive correlation. Alpha power in the later part of sleep-onset period and beta power around sleep-wake trainsition, on the other hand, showed negative correlations with cognitive arousal. Physcial arousal only showed positive correlation to theta power in sleep-wake trainsition. Conclusions：Patients with primary insomnia showed significantly less and slower increase in sleep homeostatic drive as well as less and slower decrease in EEG arousal during sleep-onset period. Although EEG arousal did showed gradually decreased by time, it still maintianed higher than normal sleepers. Sleep homeostasis did also increase, but may be interfered by the hyperarousal. This may explain the complaints in insomnia patients of difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, and light sleep.

本文藉由探討刑罰的目的理論以及目前世界各國的死刑政策、量刑制度，以檢視我國目前的死刑政策。而近年來最高法院判決大量援引「公民與政治權利國際公約」，藉由整理我國最高法院近年來的有關死刑量刑方面的見解，包括精神障礙者是否得以科處死刑、教化可能性概念的提出，並有加入學者們對於這幾個概念的其他見解，檢視「教化可能性」這個詞的實際意涵。 從科學家的許多實驗中，發現腦與心智科學實際上真能影響人類的行為，本文透過介紹大腦結構、神經控制的機制，以及犯罪學家在衝動型暴力青少年犯罪者的實驗，提出腦波的變化可能可以作為刑事判決中「教化可能性」的客觀參考，藉不同時點對於犯罪行為人的腦波觀察，了解其衝動行為是否已獲得控制，期許建立可能預測再犯罪率、判斷教化可能的生物醫學模式。