區辨性增強低頻反應作業 (differential reinforcement of low-rate responding task, DRL task) 為一與時間相關聯之操作式制約行為作業，該作業常用於計時行為、行為抑制功能、或抗焦慮與抗憂鬱症等藥物之行為藥理研究的探討。雖然DRL作業是一種實驗室常用的動物行為模式，但是對於上述行為或藥理機制的探討往往缺乏一致性的解釋，其中可能的原因為DRL作業的行為同時包含了計時與行為抑制的成份。針對上述問題，本研究將以DRL行為作業為研究主題，探討作業習得歷程之神經機制。首先根據DRL作業之行為內涵，將作業的習得分為行為抑制與計時先後表現的兩個階段；並依據過去的研究文獻整理出的八個與行為抑制和計時表現相關之大腦區塊，以c-Fos免疫組織化學染色法探討行為抑制和計時的神經機制。實驗結果發現受試於行為抑制的表現階段，其眶眼皮質、內側前額葉皮質、與海馬CA1區域的c-Fos表現量較高；而在計時行為的表現階段，除了和行為抑制有關的三個大腦區塊外，尚有前扣帶迴、紋狀體、與齒狀迴呈現c-Fos表現量增加的現象。綜合以上結果，DRL-10秒作業於學習初期所進行的行為抑制可能和前額葉皮質與海馬體的神經互動有關；而學習較末階段的計時表現，則可能需要前額葉皮質、紋狀體、與海馬等三處較多的次級區域的組織加入，形成神經網路的方式支援之。 / Differential reinforcement of low-rate responding (DRL) task was an operant conditioned behavior based on temporal contingency. This task has been widely used to investigate the behavioral components of timing and behavioral inhibition, which is frequently used for pharmacological screening of anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Despite of being widely used as an animal behavioral model in the laboratory, but the performance of the DRL task was varied and inconsistent when the drug test conducted. One way to encounter this problematic issue is to differentiate the distinct behavioral components of DRL task and correlate the involved neural substrates, which was the theme investigated in the present study. This study first characterized the acquisition process of the DRL-10 sec task into behavioral inhibition and the timing stages, and then assessed the c-Fos levels by immunohistochemistry in the eight brain areas that potentially involved in behavioral inhibition and the timing processes. Regarding the stage of behavioral inhibition, significant increases in c-Fos-positive neurons were observed in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the hippocampal CA1 area. At the stage of the timing being acquired, c-Fos immunohistochemical activity was highly expressed in the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), OFC, mPFC, the dorsolateral striatum (dlS), the dentate gyrus (DG), and the hippocampal CA1 area. Together, these results showed that the functioning dual paths between the hippocampus CA1 and the prefrontal cortex (OFC and mPFC) are critically essential for developing the appropriate performance via behavioral inhibition in the early-stage of the DRL task and with three other areas (ACC, dlS, and DG) being recruited, an anatomical circuitry connecting prefrontal/striatal/hippocampal structures were involved in the acquisition of interval timing toward the later establishment of the DRL behavior.

本文藉由探討刑罰的目的理論以及目前世界各國的死刑政策、量刑制度，以檢視我國目前的死刑政策。而近年來最高法院判決大量援引「公民與政治權利國際公約」，藉由整理我國最高法院近年來的有關死刑量刑方面的見解，包括精神障礙者是否得以科處死刑、教化可能性概念的提出，並有加入學者們對於這幾個概念的其他見解，檢視「教化可能性」這個詞的實際意涵。 從科學家的許多實驗中，發現腦與心智科學實際上真能影響人類的行為，本文透過介紹大腦結構、神經控制的機制，以及犯罪學家在衝動型暴力青少年犯罪者的實驗，提出腦波的變化可能可以作為刑事判決中「教化可能性」的客觀參考，藉不同時點對於犯罪行為人的腦波觀察，了解其衝動行為是否已獲得控制，期許建立可能預測再犯罪率、判斷教化可能的生物醫學模式。

本論文根據無望感的相關理論，以三種方式探討貝氏無望感量表內的正負向期待為一個概念的兩面，或是表徵兩種不同的概念。首先，本論文進行探索性與驗證性因素分析，以考驗一與二因素模式的模式適合度。再者，MacLeod與Byrne（1996）認為兩類未來思考對憂鬱症狀的影響是相互獨立運作，但可能有過於簡化的限制，故本論文提出四種的可能模式並加以檢驗。最後，根據Trew（2011）所提出的整合性模式，提出行為抑制與激發系統導致憂鬱症狀之兩種競爭模式，檢驗無望感或正負向未來思考在此模式中所扮演的中介角色，以及兩個系統之機制間有互動的可能性。主要的研究結果如下：（1）探索性與驗證性因素結果均支持貝氏無望感量表的二因素結構，並以正負向未來思考加以命名；（2）支持模式二的假設，負向未來思考為正向未來思考與憂鬱症狀間的部分中介變項，但正向未來思考並非是負向未來思考與憂鬱症狀間的部分中介變項；（3）競爭模式二具備較佳的模式適合度，支持Trew（2011）認為憂鬱症時須同時注意BAS與BIS各自不同影響途徑的觀點，亦彰顯正向未來思考的保護因子角色；（4）更重要的是，支持無望感量表中正負向期待內容應被視為兩種不同且各自存在的概念。最後並提出本論文研究限制與對憂鬱症的臨床理論與實務上之建議。 / This study investigated the relation between the positive and negative expectations assessed in Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) by three ways. First, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to test the goodness of fit of one-factor and two-factor models. Besides, MacLeod and Byrne (1996) stated that two kinds of future thinkings influenced the depressive symptoms independently, but this statement had some limitations. Therefore, this study proposed four models to test the hypotheses. Based on Trew ‘s (2011) integrated model, two competing models illustrating the relations among BAS, BIS and depression were proposed to examine the mediation effect of hopelessness or future thinkings. The main results were: (1) the two-factor model of BHS was supported in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; (2) the second model was supported that negative future thinking was the partial mediator between depression and positive future thinking; (3) the competing model 2 had the better goodness of fit, supporting that BAS and BIS had important but different pathways to influence the development of depression, and positive future thinking played the protective role in this process; (4) Most importantly, the perspective that the positive and negative expectations assessed in BHS should be treated as two different kinds of constructs respectively was supported. Finally, the limitations of this study and the suggestions for the theories and clinical treatment of depression were discussed.