多數人仰賴視覺做為探索世界的管道，連帶的視覺性符號或語言用法也成為人際互動最主要的溝通方式。視障者佔全台灣總人口數約千分之二的比例，在視覺型態的社會中，他們的生活經驗為何？如何看待自身的定位與外在社會環境？這些都是值得討論的問題。 基於此，本研究旨在探討台灣重度視覺障礙者個人的生涯發展，內容涵蓋重度視障者本身的自我概念、教育過程、就業過程等層面及其影響，此外，外在環境如社會態度、重要他人與相關就業政策等，亦是本研究所欲探討的主要範疇。 本研究係採質性研究方法，其中透過深度訪談了解視障個案之生命經驗、想法與感受，經由參與觀察實際接觸視障個案的生活，輔以相關文件做為參考，做為探討重度視障者生涯發展之基礎。根據上述資料彙整並描述五位視障個案的生命故事，簡潔言之，得到下列發現： 一、自我概念於視障者個人生涯中扮演的角色： 1.自我概念發展與社會互動有關，與生理障礙未必有直接相關；2.視障者亦有個別差異，不應以偏蓋全而加諸刻板印象；3.自我概念型態影響個人的生涯決定與發展方向。 二、教育和視障者個人生涯之關係： 1.學校的課程安排影響未來就業，其中缺少生涯輔導相關課程；2.視障者本身強調走讀教育與啟明學校的影響有所差異。 三、視障者求職就業的現況： 1.部分機構以刻板印象先行否定其就業能力；2.職業訓練經常是就業的前提；3.不同社會文化對於按摩工作的評價差異兩極。 四、外在社會環境和視障者個人生涯發展之關係： 1.外在世界由明眼人所支配，包括溝通之符號與言語用法皆以視覺做為基礎；2.與社會大眾之間缺乏相互理解而產生鴻溝；3.真正的需求和政策間存有落差；4.建設無障礙環境需以同理心為前提，兼顧視障者與非視障者的需求。 依據研究結果提供以下建議： 一、實務建議：1.進用視障者應由政府機構與教育單位先行做起；2.教育機構安排一般生體驗視障生活，增進對視障者的了解；3.透過廣播電台讓社會大眾重視視障者的需求；4.透過替代役的方式恢復視協員的制度；5.志工可依個人專長加以訓練。 二、對未來研究之建議：1.探討走讀與啟明不同教育背景對於視障者的生涯發展影響；2.探討不同城鄉地區視障者的生涯發展；3.探討從事不同職類之視障者的生涯發展；4.比較國內外重度視障者的生涯發展；5.攝影器材可以作為參與觀察之工具。 / Most people rely on their vision as the medium to explore the world; therefore, visual symbols or linguistic usages soon become the main communication way of human-to-human interaction. Whereas individuals with visual impairment in Taiwan represent approximately 0.2% of the total population, we would like to know what lives the visually impaired have experienced in this visual-type society? How they position themselves and what their perspectives are on the external society? These are issues worth discussing. Based on the foregoing, this research mainly discusses the career development of individuals with severe visual impairment, including various dimensions and influences such as their self-concepts, education processes, employment courses, and so on. Moreover, the public attitude, significant others and relevant employment policies related to the external society are also main points in this study. The study adopts qualitative research by conducting in-depth interviews with the visually impaired individuals to realize their life experiences, thoughts and feelings. Via not only participant observation and practical contact toward these cases, the researcher also applies related documents as the reference to be the foundation of discussing the career development of people with severe visual impairment. According to the collected information mentioned above and life narratives of five visually impaired cases, the main findings of study are summarized as followed: (1) The role self-concept plays in visually impaired individuals’ careers: 1. Self-concept of an individual with visual disabilities has concern with social interaction, but not necessarily directly relates to the physiological handicap. 2. The visual impaired also have individual differences so that we should avoid the so-called stereotype that may divide them into only a few categories. 3. Their own conceptual models about themselves do affect their decision of career and the direction they choose to develop. (2) The relationship between education and visually impaired individuals’ own careers: 1. Curriculum designs in school influence the future career, however, there is a lack of related career guidance. 2. Individuals with visual impairment themselves emphasize that the influence of inclusive education differs from that of school for the blind. (3) The recent employment status of people with visual disabilities: 1. Some institutions even deny the working ability of visually impaired people based on the fixed stereotype. 2. Job training is usually the prerequisite for them to obtain a job. 3. Different societies or cultures tend to see the massage job with extremely opposing opinions. (4) The connection between external society and personal career development of the visually impaired people: 1. People with vision dominate the outward world, so that symbols we communicate with each other and languages we use in daily life are all based on the “ sight ”. 2. Gaps appear between visually impaired individuals and the public due to the shortage of mutually understandings. 3. What people with visual impairment practically demand differs from our policies. 4. The barrier-free environment should be constructed under the prerequisite of empathy that look after both the visible and the invisible. Below are suggestions based on the results of this research: (1) For the practice: 1. Government apparatus and education institutes should lead the way to hire the visually impaired people. 2. Education institutes arrange normal people to experience invisible life to be acquainted with these visually disabled people more. 3. Arousing people to pay much attention to needs of this visually impaired individuals through the broadcaster. 4. By way of substituted soldiers we may bring the system of guide people back. 5. Volunteers can be trained according to their professional specialties. (2) For the oncoming research: 1.To explore how the two different educational backgrounds of inclusive education and school for the blind affect the career development of people with visual impairment. 2. To compare their career developments of towns and countries. 3. To enquire their career developments of various positions. 4. To compare the native career developments of visually disabled people with overseas. 5. To use photographic equipments can be used as tools for participant observation.

視覺障礙者主要透過聲音來記錄生活與體驗世界，如同明眼人以文字或相片記憶重要時刻一般。然而觀察現有錄音裝置與軟體，皆尚未能提供適合視障者使用的完善錄音流程；即使是有語音功能的輔助裝置，不僅其價格、軟體更新、硬體維修等因市場小眾較為不易，也因為只是單純的錄音工具而無法流暢的銜接後續的檔案整理與分享。直到近幾年智慧型手機的興起，藉著其為市場主流產品、有豐富的軟體支援、隨時可連上網路等條件，逐漸成為視障者更好的輔助裝置的選擇。 為使視障者也能順利的操作觸控式介面，過往研究者針對Eyes-free情境提出了相關設計原則，而現今手機作業系統也大多內建螢幕報讀機制，讓視障者能自在與自信的與手機互動。雖然手機的可及性與通用性越來越受重視，專門為視障者設計的軟體卻並不多，輔助功能的開發資源和準則也待進一步的發展。本研究於初期的使用者觀察與訪談中，先深入了解視障者利用聲音記事的習慣與遇到的困難，並再進行初步設計方案的功能需求訪談，以切合使用者實際錄音的情境。 綜上所述，本研究為以視覺障礙者為目標使用族群，於觸控式手機設計錄音輔助軟體「HearMe」，解決視障者日常生活中聲音記錄的問題，並嘗試以手勢和語音設計，探索視障者操作觸控式介面的可能性。本系統原型有幾項重要特點：（1）快捷手勢可開始或結束錄音、（2）標記與播放重點段落、（3）即時編輯與歸類檔案、（4）以分類清單快速搜尋、（5）行動通訊立即分享；其他特色功能包括語音檔名、快轉與倒轉手勢、自訂群組和地標等。本系統原型開發時運用迭代設計流程共實作三次週期，每個版本皆經過設計、測試、分析、和調整功能等過程，逐步驗證系統的可行性與實用性。 經過三次的設計循環與共計18位視障者參與測試，本研究於第三版系統原型完成能實際應用在生活中的錄音軟體。受測者認為HearMe操作簡單、容易學習，快速播放重點段落省時省力、分類清楚而方便尋找檔案；同時它能夠以完善的語音提示和整合的錄音流程彌補現有裝置不足的部分，讓手機成為生活中記錄聲音的最佳輔助工具。最後，本研究以Google Analysis分析HearMe實際使用數據，並搭配訪談回饋總結系統設計的成果與互動設計之建議，提供HearMe或其他開發者做為日後設計的參考。 / The auditory sense is the primary channel for the visually impaired to experience the world, just as sighted people using words and photos to capture important moment. However, current recording devices mostly don’t have compact recording flows for the visually impaired. The devices with voice feedback are very expensive, nearly no softwares updated, and lack of maintenance supports due to the minority of the market. Also, these devices only can record and play but not organizing and sharing files with others. In recent years, smartphone’s popularity has been rising. It is the mainstream product with variety softwares and can be always online, showing the potential to become alternative accessible device for the visually impaired. In order to allow the visually impaired to use the touch screens, researchers have presented several design principles under eyes-free situations. Moreover, screen readers are embedded into smartphone operating systems like iOS and Android, which enable the visually impaired to freely and comfortably interact with smartphones. While the accessibility and universality of smartphones have been noticed, there are few applications tailored for their use, and the accessibility resources and principles need to be developed. In the first phase of user interview, we investigated their behaviors and difficulties when recording. After the design strategy has been made, we planned a second interview to verify if the functions we defined are suitable for their actual needs. This study focus on the visually impaired and tries to resolve the recording and memorizing problems they faced everyday by developing an accessible recording application on smartphone. The prototype, HearMe, provides specialized gestures and voice feedback. Followings are the highlight features of HearMe: (1) Short-cut gesture to start and finish recording, (2) marking and playing important parts, (3) editing and grouping files on device, (4) rapid searching by classified lists, and (5) real-time sharing. Other features include audio file name, gestures to play forward or backward, and custom groups and landmarks. While developing, this prototype applied iterative design process and repeated the flow cycle for three times. Every generation has been through steps of design, testing, analyzing, and modifying; by this approach, system’s usabilities can be gradually improved. After three cycles of design process which involved total 18 participants, we present a recording application that can use in real life. Participants command that HearMe is easy to operate and learn, playing by parts saving a lot of effort, and structured grouping helps file searching. Additionally, it provides well-defined audio feedbacks and integrated recording flow, complementing the shortcomings current devices have. These advantages make HearMe become the best tool to assist them for recording sounds during everyday life. This study finally concludes design considerations and suggestions by discussing usage data from Google Analytics and interview feedbacks, provides references for other assistive developers.

本論文所使用之研究方法為質化訪談和實況觀察。從而分析公共圖書 館面對弱勢族群之角色定位和策略以及舉辦讀書會需求。 圖書館也可以證明自身的價值，幫助弱勢族群充分使用資源提升 閱讀風氣。以下為本研究目的 : 1.瞭解視障者參與讀書會的動機。 2.瞭解視覺障礙者進行讀書會的方式。 3.瞭解圖書館協助視障者經營讀會的規劃與瓶頸，提升對於相 關弱勢族群的服務。 / The research methods used in this paper are qualitative interviews and observational Method. It analyzed the role and strategies of public library in the face of the underprivileged groups as well as the needs of disadvantaged groups organized the book club. The library can also prove its value. Helping the disadvantaged groups make full use of the library, which provide a friendly, and safe reading atmosphere. The following is the purpose of this study: 1. To understand the reading motivations of visually impaired. 2. To understand the reading patterns of visually impaired. 3. Understanding the library's business planning and bottlenecks in helping the visually impaired, and also, to enhance the library for the visually impaired related vulnerable groups of services.