以台灣廠商觀點研究資訊科技產業中臺灣和俄國廠商間的企業關係

隨著科技及市場的演化，在現代經濟交易中，知識成為重要資產，就如同過去天然資源對於低技術、重勞動力市場一般重要。新知識、新技術催生了許多新產業，由其是那些與電腦、半導體、生化科技有關的範疇。 近十幾年來，資訊科技產業成為台灣經濟的重心，也造就了相當數量的科技新貴。究其原因，多數研究皆指出：優秀的技術勞動力、彈性的製造優勢、敏銳的市場回應、高效率的中衛體系、競爭性合作網路等是該產業擅其勝場之主因。但國內該產業也有為數不少的廠商，在市場競爭中遭到淘汰。究其原因，研發創新的加速使個別產品壽命縮短，致使廠商研發回收不易。同質性產品競爭激烈等市場因素皆是。也有某些研究報導指出：遭到外國專利侵害控訴、鉅額專利權利金追索，美國國內法反仿冒、反傾銷制裁等等措施，迫使廠商不堪負荷而退出。或因繳交過高的權利金，而喪失市場競爭力。據此，得以窺見：在現階段，作為產業重要「智識財產」之一的專利權，尚未成為我國資訊科技產業的競爭優勢，反倒成為被抨擊的弱點所在。是以，從長期的觀點來看，企業提昇專利權管理成為策略考量層次，對資訊科技產業維持競爭、生存優勢來看，有其必要。 以往企業總以為取得專利的目的，僅在保護自己公司的產品、技術和研發成果。但是，今日我們應建立一個新的觀念：從策略觀點，意即資源運用觀點；管理(有效利用)專利權以取得持續性的競爭優勢。也就是靈活運用專利權，以做為企業間技術競爭以及企業戰略的武器。這當然包括了增加企業收益的企圖。另一方面，處在技術競爭的戰場上，任何一家企業都無法遠離「專利權」的雷區與火力。消極地，避開競爭對手的專利佈局與攻擊，不得已時也得將被專利攻擊的損失減至最小；積極地，運用本身技術資源，蓄積專利量、提昇專利質、組構專利網以作為攻擊或赫阻競爭對手的武器，或作為交互授權、專利聯盟(Patent pooling/ consortion)的籌碼。 程序上，本研究採兩階段資料整合分析。第一階段，先蒐集該產業涵蓋上、中、下游之16家代表性廠商，自成立以來至1998年底為止的專利核准件數與內容；佐以我國智慧財產權局的總體統計、各上市公司年報，作初步比較分析。檢視其： 一、 專利數量與質量(基本專利或衛星專利)的比重。 二、 個別廠家在發明、新型、新式樣三類專利比重。 三、 專利內容與廠家核心事業的關連性。 四、 專利數量累積與營業成長的關係。 五、 綜合以上，窺探各別廠家的策略意圖。 第二階段，取四家代表性廠家做個案深入訪談以解釋命題，求證假設。 最後由研究歸納、抽象出：激勵策略、防禦策略、前瞻策略、攻擊策略等四種概念化之專利管理策略的假設模型，並嘗試做出策略建議。 第一章 緒論………………………………………………………4 第一節 研究背景………………………………………………….4 第二節 研究動機………………………………………………….6 第三節 研究問題………………………………………………….7 第四節 研究目的………………………………………………….8 第五節 研究程序………………………………………………….8 第六節 撰寫大綱………………………………………………….8 第二章 文獻探討…………………………………………………9 第一節 專利與專利制度…………………………………………9 第二節 專利法與專利權…………………………………………9 第三節 專利權之取得、運用與維護……………………………12 第四節 專利管理…………………………………………………15 第五節 專利管理策略……………………………………………24 第三章 研究方法…………………………………………………27 第一節 研究架構…………………………………………………28 第二節 研究限制…………………………………………………28 第三節 研究變項…………………………………………………29 第四節 名詞定義…………………………………………………29 第四章 個案分析…………………………………………………30 第一節 統計資料解析……………………………………………30 第二節 宏□電腦公司……………………………………………38 第三節 鴻海精密工業公司………………………………………57 第四節 世界先進積體電路公司…………………………………71 第五節 研華股份有限公司………………………………………81 第五章 結論與建議………………………………………………90 第一節 研究發現…………………………………………………90 第二節 結論………………………………………………………95 第三節 後續研究建議……………………………………………97 參考文獻 一、 中文部份……………………………………………………98 二、 外文部份……………………………………………………99 附錄 一、 宏□、鴻海、世界先進、研華訪談紀要…………………100 二、 宏□、鴻海、世界先進、研華國內智慧財產權局註冊專利摘要 三、 聯電、台積電、華碩、廣達、技嘉、英業達、力捷、神達等公司 之專利摘要 / Along with the evolution of technology and market, in modern transaction economy, intellectual works have become as important properties as natural resources did to the labor-intensive, non-technological market for the past. New knowledge and new technologies create some new industries, especially those that related to the domain of computing, semiconductor and biotech. Information technology industry has become the core of Taiwan economy for the past twenty years. Meanwhile, this industry has created certain amount of young millionaires to the Taiwan society as well. In search of its causes, some point out that good qualified technical labors, advantage of flexible manufacturing, prompt market responds, efficient logistics system, competitive co-operation network etc… are the answers to its prosperity. Nevertheless, not a few Taiwan information technology companies have been expelled from this market over competition. To answer this question, some researches point out that acceleration of R&D results to shorten product life circle making unlikely to return the investment. In addition, such marketing factor as severe homogeneous product competition occurred. There are also some reports said: the accusation from foreign technology leading countries such as USA, Japan or Europe, and the claim of huge amount of royalty payment, enforcement of copy right and anti-dumping by USA government. All these impacts struck out some Taiwan IT companies from this game. Furthermore, high royalty payment ate up its profit margin and made most of them lose price competitive advantage. Base on above studies, one can be aware that patent right as an important intellectual property has currently not been the competitive advantage of Taiwan IT industry yet. On the contrary, patent right used to be the Achilles' heel of Taiwan IT industry for the past. For Taiwan IT related companies' long run concern, to lift patent right management up to the strategic level seems essential to keep its own competitive advantage as well as long term survival. It supposed to be the purpose of being granted a patent right that protecting one's innovation of product or technology. While today, a positive concept should be given to the corporate patent rights. That is, in order to maintain corporate continuous competitive advantage, corporate should see the patents from strategic point of view. That is to say applying resource management viewpoint to manage corporate patents. Corporate should use patent rights so flexibly as to be a weapon of inter-corporate technological campaign. One intention is for sure that it can increase corporate income. For the negative concern, it avoids rivals' attacks and minimizes the loss from the patent war. For positive concern, corporate should manipulate its technical resources to accumulate patent volume, to promote patent quality, to build patent web so as to deter competitors from imitation or to be the stakes of cross-licensing and patent pooling. In processing this study, it takes two successive phases data integration. At the first phase, collected official information of patent applied and filed from Taiwan Intellectual Property Office, which covering sixteen firms over IT industry from top end to users' end respectively. Together with Taiwan IPO's macro statistics and each company's annual report, this study preliminarily compared and analyzed following factors: 1. Quantity and quality (basic or satellite) of filed patents of respective company. 2. Portion of patent form: invention, new type or new pattern patent of each company. 3. Co-relation between patents content and core business of each company. 4. Relation of patent accumulation and its sales turnover of each company. 5. Base on above, speculating each company's strategic intention. At the second phase, these sixteen firms had been divided into three groups according firms' product subject to industrial or end-user purpose, this study chose four examples which are most representable and well-established firms as profound case study to interpret proposition and hypothesis. Finally, inducting four conceptual strategy models of patent management, they are Incentive, Defendable, Advanced, Aggressive strategies and this study try to propose the strategic choice.

自九十年代初期起，台商在中國大陸投資急速增加，產業投資方向也由傳統產業逐步移往資訊科技產業。而中國大陸產業實力在改革開放後不斷增強，一方面由於中共政策的鼓勵以及廣大中國大陸市場的吸引力；一方面主要中國大陸擁有低廉的生產要素，可降低生產成本，維持國際市場價格競爭力。因此吸引台商到中國大陸投資，並與當地廠商合作以進行兩岸全球分工及合作的佈局；但中國大陸在取得研發及專業技術使產業實力加強後，卻也逐漸成為台灣廠商在中國大陸及國際市場上的競爭對手。而台商在大陸投資的產業，主要是製造業，其次是服務業，農業較少。製造業之中主要包括電子電器業、基本金屬及其製品、食品及飲料、塑膠製品、化學品製造等產業，其中電子電器業投資金額居各業之首，其佔台商在中國大陸投資總額的比重將近23%。 中國大陸在「科技興國」的政策下，傾全國之力發展高科技產業，除了採用市場經濟的各種手段如：租稅優惠、低利融資、設立中小企業技術創新基金外，並模仿台灣新竹科學園區的模式，在中國大陸廣設高新技術開發區並重視知識經濟，著重高新技術的產業化與創新能力，中國大陸高科技產業的發展得力於外國資金與技術之處甚大，尤以資訊、通訊、半導體等以資訊科技為主產業為然。 台灣資訊科技產業赴中國大陸投資，自1980年代後期起逐漸增多， 到了1990年代中期，上市（櫃）電子業廠商赴中國大陸投資的情形愈來愈普遍，而對台灣經濟成長貢獻最大的資訊科技產業一旦大量轉移至海外，是否會危及未來台灣經濟永續成長。台灣IT產業早期到中國大陸投資，尤其是電子及零組件、電腦及周邊產品等IY產業主要是為了降低生產成本，提高國際競爭力；現階段投資的動機，主要則是需求面因素，一旦中國大陸當地市場變大時，就必須前往投資設廠，以接近客戶，否則將難以佔有當地市場，喪失發展機會。因此便與中國大陸的IT產業產生了既競爭又合作的關係，一方面台灣公司會利用既有的產業網絡，在台灣進行產品設計研發，採購所需的機器設備和原材料、半成品等。而利用中國大陸當地廉價的人力及水電等資源加工，然後將生產的成品或半成品回銷台灣，因而使得兩岸的垂直分工合作緊密。 惟中國大陸的IT產業擁有廣大的潛在市場需求、人力、土地、原材料、基礎技術、與政府支援等優勢，加上外資的大幅度加碼。又對台灣的IT產業形成威脅。 本文將針對資訊科技產業，參考競合理論和產業分工、整合的概念，探討台商投資與兩岸產業競合現況及其未來展望，全文結構除前言與結論之外，首先將專述中國大陸資訊科技產業發展、策略總體分析；其次專論兩岸資訊科技產業的互動與競合；最後做相關問卷的實證分析並對政府與產業界提出將來可能面對的問題與應對之到。 / At the early 90s’, the Taiwanese investors have been rapidly imposing more investment on Mainland China. Therefore, the result has attracted increasingly Taiwanese investors and then they co-work with the local companies to launch globalized co-operation. On the other hand, the companies of Mainland China has been accumulating increasing strength at IT industry after they acquire skilled technologies and development of research. This paper analyzes co-opetition and competition tendency to Information Technology industry between Taiwan and Mainland China. It adopts Co-operation Theory, Vertical Integration and Vertical Dis-integration and discusses the actualities of IT industry and prospection between two sides. First of all, this paper explores a macro analysis of development of IT industry at Mainland China. Second, it probes the interaction and competition of IT industry between two sides. Last, it conducts a relative poll that stems originally from Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research and then addresses problems that we might encounter in the future. The focal points of the research includes: (1)Analysis of the actualities of Information Technology development at Mainland China. a.Policy of China’s Information Technology b.Why China’s IT policy induces to foreign companies c.Brief introduction to science district at Mainland China d.Prospect of IT development at Mainland China (2)Interaction and co-opetition of IT industry between Taiwan and Mainland China. a.Advantages and disadvantages of IT industry between two sides. b.The existing situation and analysis of co-opetition between two sides. c.Brief introduction to division of labor of IT industry at Mainland China and the feasibility. (3)Analysis of the outcome to the poll. (4)Challenges of IT industry that Taiwan may face and the solutions to this problems.