國共內戰時期的中共軍隊，以中共中央軍委指揮各戰略區與其下的野戰軍、軍區進行作戰。本論文即以中共中央軍委、共軍戰略區、共軍部隊三個層次來探討國共內戰時期共軍的組織結構。 本論文發現國共內戰當時的中共中央軍委各機構相當簡單，人員很少，機能也不健全，當時中共中央指揮幾百萬共軍作戰、軍隊政治工作、軍隊後勤工作主要是直接與各戰略區以電報往來，並不依靠作戰部(相當於總參謀部)、總政治部、軍委後勤部。而中共中央在總部機構並不健全的狀態下仍然可以順利的指揮各戰略區的共軍，主要在於中共根據地的黨政軍民一元化領導體制。 在一元化領導體制下，各大根據地的中央局是該地區的最高領導機構，中央局書記與以下區黨委、地委書記兼任同級軍區、軍分區政委，在黨、政、民眾團體的實際最高領導者之外，也是該地區軍隊的最高領導，權力集中且極大，中共中央要處理某地區黨、政、軍以至於其他經濟、政治事務直接找該地區中央局即可，也因此中共中央軍委的機構不健全對於中共領導人指揮戰爭實際上沒有影響。 中共的戰略區是以黨的中央局、中央分局來進行領導，各戰略區並不是只有軍隊而已，還包括黨組織、共區政府、人民群眾、群眾武裝等，這些組織以黨委為核心組成一個有機體，跟敵方進行總體戰，也就是所謂的「人民戰爭」。中共在縣以上實行黨政軍民的一元化領導，縣以下的基層組織則加以改造，在鄉村建立了黨支部，建立群眾武裝、政府、群眾團體並加以控制，將所有男女老幼納入各種組織、加以組織，因此中共有辦法動員廣大民眾支援共軍作戰與從事各種戰爭勤務。 中共的軍隊分為野戰軍與軍區管轄的地方部隊，中共各戰略區的軍隊編制並不統一，但無論是哪個區域的野戰軍或地方部隊，它們都有共通之處，也就是中共為控制共軍而在軍中建立的政治委員制、政治機關制、支部建在連隊上以及國共內戰時期正在恢復當中的黨委會制，中共軍隊軍中有黨，黨組織才是軍隊決策核心而非軍事指揮員。

研究主旨在於探討軍紀概念的理論基礎，完成海軍軍紀指標的理論性建構，以茲作為未來在實務層面建立專業紀律評核制度之依據。本研究主要有五個研究目的：（一）就「軍紀評核制度」的完備性而言，探討「軍紀」組成構面暨發展各構面之指標項目。（二）探討這些指標項目對於評量部隊之軍紀實況的代表性和有效性。（三）探討這些指標項目對於評量部隊違反紀律所造成之影響的代表性和有效性。（四）探討這些指標項目對於區辨出軍紀事件之「肇因性質」係屬「意外」或「非意外」的代表性和有效性。（五）依據研究結果，提出具體建議，以供海軍未來擬定軍紀政策及相關學術研究之參考。 本研究為達成上述之目的，先根據文獻探討結果，建立海軍紀律指標的理論基礎，並審視國軍現行相關法規，據以演繹出「軍紀」具有生活、工作、訓練和戰鬥等四個構面。繼之運用「修正型德爾菲法」實施兩回合問卷調查，藉由專家小組反覆性意見回饋，及其對指標項目之「重要性」意見的統計結果，以及專家小組成員在意見上的「一致性」與「穩定性」的統計分析，以驗證各項指標的代表性和有效性，完成「海軍紀律指標」的理論建構。本研究指標項目總數96項，扣除無效指標4項，有效指標計有92項，其中主要指標47項，次要指標45項。 根據研究結果之統計資料分析，有以下四項之主要研究發現： （一）本研究建構之紀律指標，其中滿分指標與無效指標，這兩種極端情形均佔總數的比率極低；另外，主要指標與次要指標佔總數的比率極高，且分配情形呈現出相當的對稱性。（二）可提供未來評核紀律的專業基準。（三）軍紀指標應兼顧「質性」與「量性」指標，方能建立合理公平的評核制度。（四）著手應然面的學術研究，可提供軍隊實然面的制度改革。 / In this essay the author looks from the theoretical inquiry about the military discipline to construct the R.O.C. Navy discipline indicators. The construction is to be the base that establishing academically the system of Navy discipline examination further. There are five purposes of this research. Firstly, the purpose is to explore that the military discipline contains which dimensions and each dimension of military discipline contains which indicators, serves to develop further the system of Navy discipline examination. Secondly, the purpose is to explore those indicators if estimate accurately actual condition of army discipline. Thirdly, the purpose is to explore those indicators if estimate appropriately effects on the army that caused by discipline disobey. Fourthly, the purpose is to explore those indicators if distinguish incident from non-incident about the essentiality of causes of discipline disobey. Fifthly, in accordance with major findings to provide suggestions for improving the military discipline policy and academic investigation. For achieving the five purposes aforementioned, after reviewing some relevant references, completes the theoretical construction of the military discipline indicator. Meanwhile, after reviewing the regulations and rules of R.O.C. military discipline, deduces that military discipline contains four dimensions of life discipline、work discipline、training discipline and combat discipline. In short, there are 96 R.O.C. Navy discipline indicators deduced by theoretical construction and existing regulations. Then, expert panel constituted that consists of 10 experts whose specialty are about military discipline. Applying Modified Delphi Technique processes two times questionnaire anonymously answered by expert panel. Verifying the propriety of the constructions is based on interaction and feedback of the expert’s opinion through the two times questionnaire anonymously. After the estimation of importance、consensus and stability of 96 Navy discipline indicators, finds out that 4 indicators are irrelevant, the others are relevant. Some of the relevant indicators, including 47 indicators are first grade indicators, 45 indicators are second grade indicators. According as statistical results indicated that：(1)Those two extreme kinds of full marks indicators and irrelevant indicators are few in the constructions. Also, the percentage of the first grade indicators and the second grade indicators are high in the construction that consists of 96 indicators. Both of the indicators distribute symmetrically. (2)The findings have served to establish academically the system of Navy discipline examination further. (3)Military indicator in constructing should consider after both sides of qualitative assessment and quantitative assessment that will enable the system of Navy discipline examination to practice reasonably and equitably. (4)Academic research will contribute to revolution in military affairs of discipline examination further.