社團參與在當代社會早已成為非常重要的議題，不論是西方還是台灣學界都有許多相關的研究。不同於西方社團參與的形式，台灣距離政治民主化只有短短的數十年，社團參與在過去威權統治以及現在民主開放的影響下，產生了複雜的運作機制。一方面，政治上的開放使得社團參與遭遇的限制大幅減少，各式各樣社團呈現蓬勃發展的趨勢，目的性的結社成為了最重要的社團參與形式；另一方面傳統文化下的擬式血源性社團並沒有因為威權體制崩解而失去活力，在地方選舉中依舊保有關鍵的地位。 為了探究台灣解嚴後社團參與的獨特意義，以及民主化之後是否又面臨什麼樣的改變？本文以參與社團所形成的網絡結構作為分析方法，從社團和政黨的網絡鑲嵌性以及社團網絡的社會資本效果，嘗試找出社團網絡的結構及變遷。 透過研究本文呈現了幾個重要發現：首先，研究結果指出台灣社團參與沒有欣欣向榮的發展，在參與者的比例有下降的趨勢，而且教育程度並無顯著提高，反駁了先前的研究；其次，在1992、1997以及2002年三次調查中，政黨和社團的鑲嵌性變化不大，大致上國民黨是強烈鑲嵌在社團網絡之中，反之民進黨則一直處於邊陲的地位，政黨輪替並沒有造成太大的改變；第三，草根性社團仍是台灣很重要的社會力基礎，其成員參與其他社團的比例相當高，不過受限於成員特殊性的影響，使得連結性有不少的侷限；最後，社團網絡確實會有社會資本的效果，不論是從連結能力還是不同結構位置的社團都被證實，但是在台灣這樣的社會資本卻是帶有選擇性的，整體上參與社團的人確實會比較傾向投給泛藍的陣營。 / Civic engagement in modern societies has been an important academic issue, both in Western countries and Taiwan. Unlike that in the Western societies, the civic engagement in Taiwan has a more complex operating mechanism in that authoritarian ruling in the past and democratization of Taiwan in the recent decades have a joint effect on the associations. On the one hand, because democratization greatly reduced the constraints on civic engagement, all kinds of associations have become prosperous and goal-oriented associations become the most important form of civic engagement. On the other hand, under the influence of traditional culture, primary associations still keep their power even with the collapse of authoritarian regime; they still play a key role in the local elections. This thesis analyzes the network structure formed by associations to understand the special meaning of civic engagement in Taiwan after the abolition of martial laws and the changes the network may encounter after the democratization. It looks at three investigations of Social Change Survey in 1992, 1997, and 2002 to find the structure and change from the network embeddedness of associations and political parties and from the effects of social capital obtained by association network. This thesis presents the following important findings: First, the associations in Taiwan are not as prosperous as mentioned in previous research. The data show that the proportion of participants among Taiwanese civilians decreases and the educational degree of the members does not significantly increase. Second, in the three surveys, the embeddedness of political parties and associations does not show obvious change. Generally speaking, KMT still strongly embed in association network, while DPP remains isolated from the network. The shift of political power does not cause strong effects. Third, the grassroots associations still are important basis of social forces, having a high ratio of members joining other associations. However, because of specialties of their members, the capacity of the grassroots associations is limited. Finally, association network has its effects on accumulating social capital, which can be shown by the capacity of association network and by the structural locations of different associations. However, such social capital in Taiwan is selective. Generally speaking, people who join the associations tend to support the pan-blue parties.

創業精神的研究對象概可分為新創企業及已奠基廠商，本研究是關注已奠基廠商的創業行為研究，稱為公司興業精神研究。此研究的主軸是興業精神行為模式，此模式是以興業導向衡量公司興業精神，主要在探討公司興業精神與廠商績效的關聯，過去二十多年來在許多學者的努力下已有豐碩的理論發展與實證成果。然此類研究也遇到發展瓶頸，因而學者建議此類研究應往國際化活動或是結合社會網絡觀點發展。 本研究是以興業精神行為模式為基礎，結合社會網絡觀點中的關係鑲嵌性概念，經由文獻回顧歸納出影響多國企業子公司興業精神的關係鑲嵌性包括母子公司間公司鑲嵌性、顧客關係鑲嵌性、供應商關係鑲嵌性及政府單位關係鑲嵌性，探討不同關係鑲嵌性與多國企業子公司興業導向的關聯。 經由個案訪談及問卷調查方法，對台灣企業在大陸子公司的230位經理人進行調查，以統計方法檢定各項假說，並再對未符合預期的假說進行較深入探索性分析，研究結果發現：（1）多國企業子公司興業導向與顧客關係鑲嵌性有導U字型關聯，（2）多國企業子公司興業導向與供應商關係鑲嵌性有導U字型關聯，（3）多國企業子公司興業導向與政府單位關係鑲嵌性無關聯，（4）多國企業子公司興業導向與母子公司間關係鑲嵌性有正向關聯。此結果顯示在社會網絡理論中的重要觀點：「平衡網絡」或是「過度鑲嵌」，會在多國企業子公司的興業精神中發生，換言之，本研究證實與顧客或供應商過度鑲嵌時，會不利於子公司興業精神行為。 本研究同時也探討環境中的政策不確定性、產業不確定性及競爭不確定性與子公司興業導向的關聯，研究結果顯示：（5）多國企業子公司興業導向與政策不確定性有正向關聯，（6）多國企業子公司興業導向與產業不確定性無關聯，（7）多國企業子公司興業導向與競爭不確定性有正向關聯。研究結果顯示：在面對政策上的不確定或是競爭上的不確定時，多國企業子公司會發揮更高的興業精神來因應此環境下的變動。 最後，本研究依理論架構與實證發現，提出研究的理論貢獻、實務意涵及後續研究的建議，使未來研究能彌補理論發展或是實證研究的不足。 / Research on corporate entrepreneurship(CE) has grown rapidly over the past decades. Both scholars and practitioners remain interested in studying and better understanding CE(Ireland, Kuratko & Covins, 2002).CE has bees viewed as the driver of new business and economic growth within on-going enterprises as achieved through innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking(Miller, 1983; Covin & Slevin, 1989e), new business venturing (Burgelman, 1983b, Guth & Ginsberg, 1990; Zahra, 1995), self-renewal(Guth & Ginsberg, 1990; Zahra, 1995; Shama & Chrisma, 1999), opportunity pursuit(Stevenson & Jarillo, 1990; Shane & Vankataraman, 2000), etc. CE can be important not only for small and medium size enterprises but also for large corporation(Antocic & Hisrich, 2001). The previous research mainly focused on the relationship between CE and firm performance and generated an study axial of entrepreneurship behavior model that used measures as the firm entrepreneurial orientation(Covin & Slevin, 1989, 1991; Zahra, 1996,1996; Lumpkin & Dess, 1996). Although this kind of research has come out with valuable theoretical concepts and rich empirical results, it till encounters the bottleneck of research. Some scholars suggested that CE research should be extended to international business activities or include the social network perspective(Zehra et. al. , 2003). Approximately 15 years ago, research on networks emerged as an important new era of inquiring within the field of entrepreneurship, but published papers on journals were relatively few and mainly focused on the development and consequences of networks in the new venture creation process, or focused on small medium-sized firms(Hoang & Antocic, 2003). There was lack of the network perspective research on the established firm in the field of entrepreneurship. This research extended entrepreneurship into international activities and conducted an empirical study on multinational enterprise’s subsidiaries with relational embeddedness of social network perspective. Through the literature review and case study, we generated a research framework and a set of hypothesis which described the relationships between relational embeddedness and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation. We collected data and used statistical tool to verify the hypothesis. Besides, we conducted an exploratory analysis on some field of what hypotheses were not supported to further understand how relational embeddedness influence the entrepreneurial behavior in the subsidiaries of multinational enterprises. This research finds that (1)there exists the inverse U shape relationship between the customer relational embeddedness and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation, (2)there exists the inverse U shape relationship between the supplier relational embeddedness and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation, (3)there exists no relationship between government relational embeddedness and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation, (4)there exists the positive association between the mother-subsidiary relational embeddedness and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation. This results imply that the important phenomenon of balance network or over embeddedness be exactly happen in the filed of subsidiary’s entrepreneurial behavior. Our study verified that over embeddedness will negatively influence the entrepreneurship of subsidiary, especially over embeddedness with customers or suppliers. This research also searched the relationship between the environmental uncertainties and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation. This result finds that (5) there exists positive association between the policy uncertainty and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation, (6) there exists non-association between the industry uncertainty and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation,(7) there exists positive association between the competitive uncertainty and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation. This imply the subsidiary will advance his entrepreneurial behavior to overcome the environmental uncertainty or pursuit the business opportunities in the dynamic change. Finally this research proposed the theoretical contribution, practitioner implications and further research suggestions