國家符號被廣泛的運用在我們的生活中，雙十節慶時滿街懸掛的國旗，奧運會時國家代表隊，象徵國家榮耀的國旗，護照封面的國徽。在現代社會中國家象徵如國旗、國徽、國歌，蘊含了國家的歷史、地理、文化和政治等。在國家新建立時，國家象徵在國家現代化過程扮演重要角色，在國際間重要的文化識別，對於群體內是群體內是認同歸屬感，蘊含須能與每個國民溝通，是凝聚社會群體的要件，國家象徵制定是一項重要議題因此國家象徵制定與物件的選取是是一項重要議題。而社會網絡分析方法(Social Network Analysis)近年來也運用到各種領域資料，跨領域的研究，讓我們帶來新的可能。 本研究目的在於探討國家象徵所使用的民族文化象徵元素與意涵， 對國徽語意分析，以社會網絡分析205個國徽，探索國家地理位置、文化象徵元素和象徵意涵間的關係，試著從中觀察出一些隱含在資料中的現象，提供數位人文探索的可能。

社團參與在當代社會早已成為非常重要的議題，不論是西方還是台灣學界都有許多相關的研究。不同於西方社團參與的形式，台灣距離政治民主化只有短短的數十年，社團參與在過去威權統治以及現在民主開放的影響下，產生了複雜的運作機制。一方面，政治上的開放使得社團參與遭遇的限制大幅減少，各式各樣社團呈現蓬勃發展的趨勢，目的性的結社成為了最重要的社團參與形式；另一方面傳統文化下的擬式血源性社團並沒有因為威權體制崩解而失去活力，在地方選舉中依舊保有關鍵的地位。 為了探究台灣解嚴後社團參與的獨特意義，以及民主化之後是否又面臨什麼樣的改變？本文以參與社團所形成的網絡結構作為分析方法，從社團和政黨的網絡鑲嵌性以及社團網絡的社會資本效果，嘗試找出社團網絡的結構及變遷。 透過研究本文呈現了幾個重要發現：首先，研究結果指出台灣社團參與沒有欣欣向榮的發展，在參與者的比例有下降的趨勢，而且教育程度並無顯著提高，反駁了先前的研究；其次，在1992、1997以及2002年三次調查中，政黨和社團的鑲嵌性變化不大，大致上國民黨是強烈鑲嵌在社團網絡之中，反之民進黨則一直處於邊陲的地位，政黨輪替並沒有造成太大的改變；第三，草根性社團仍是台灣很重要的社會力基礎，其成員參與其他社團的比例相當高，不過受限於成員特殊性的影響，使得連結性有不少的侷限；最後，社團網絡確實會有社會資本的效果，不論是從連結能力還是不同結構位置的社團都被證實，但是在台灣這樣的社會資本卻是帶有選擇性的，整體上參與社團的人確實會比較傾向投給泛藍的陣營。 / Civic engagement in modern societies has been an important academic issue, both in Western countries and Taiwan. Unlike that in the Western societies, the civic engagement in Taiwan has a more complex operating mechanism in that authoritarian ruling in the past and democratization of Taiwan in the recent decades have a joint effect on the associations. On the one hand, because democratization greatly reduced the constraints on civic engagement, all kinds of associations have become prosperous and goal-oriented associations become the most important form of civic engagement. On the other hand, under the influence of traditional culture, primary associations still keep their power even with the collapse of authoritarian regime; they still play a key role in the local elections. This thesis analyzes the network structure formed by associations to understand the special meaning of civic engagement in Taiwan after the abolition of martial laws and the changes the network may encounter after the democratization. It looks at three investigations of Social Change Survey in 1992, 1997, and 2002 to find the structure and change from the network embeddedness of associations and political parties and from the effects of social capital obtained by association network. This thesis presents the following important findings: First, the associations in Taiwan are not as prosperous as mentioned in previous research. The data show that the proportion of participants among Taiwanese civilians decreases and the educational degree of the members does not significantly increase. Second, in the three surveys, the embeddedness of political parties and associations does not show obvious change. Generally speaking, KMT still strongly embed in association network, while DPP remains isolated from the network. The shift of political power does not cause strong effects. Third, the grassroots associations still are important basis of social forces, having a high ratio of members joining other associations. However, because of specialties of their members, the capacity of the grassroots associations is limited. Finally, association network has its effects on accumulating social capital, which can be shown by the capacity of association network and by the structural locations of different associations. However, such social capital in Taiwan is selective. Generally speaking, people who join the associations tend to support the pan-blue parties.

在媒介暴漲的現代社會中，資訊的掌握成為新興權力的象徵。台灣社會的八卦文化，由口語之消息傳播，轉變為媒體大幅腥羶色之報導。其深入公領域生活，挑起個人隱私與公眾求知慾之間的拉鋸戰，學界對於八卦文化之盛行，莫不表現高度之重視，然其觀察取向多由媒體、新聞之角度作一道德價值的反省，鮮少針對八卦之實際行為與互動加以研究。本研究以社會網絡分析方法，針對小團體之成員予以測量觀察，瞭解個人於日常之人際網絡中，加何獲得八卦消息，以期對於八卦之現象做一探索。 本研究以友誼網絡為參照之對象，分析團體內成員由八卦關係組成的網絡，其結構特性、權力角色、成員八卦關係的聚合狀態、八卦互動之模式、八卦者所持有的態度。研究發現，八卦深植於日常生活，由友誼關係發展而來；於日常生活之中掌握八卦資訊的個人，在八卦訊息的溝通中，亦扮演重要的角色，該結果證實學者對於八卦與權力高度相關之看法。其次，團體內個人的八卦關係，遠比友誼關係來得親近，其互動模式呈現放射狀，成員基於交換訊息所組成的八卦次團體，具有單一的核心，這些特性顯示出八卦傳遞的時效價值，以及團體內八卦活絡之現象。最後，本論文檢證學者所提出之八卦理論，並提出八卦之社會功能，予以修正與重新詮釋。 關鍵字：八卦、社會網絡分析、社會功能 / In the modern society, the acquisition of information has become the new way to gain dominant position. In Taiwan, the gossip culture has been transformed from interpersonal communication topic to popular news on mass media. Gossip not only challenges the boundary between public and private realm but also provokes the debate between personal privacy and the right of information access. In the discipline of mass communication, the issue of gossip is examined from the ethical perspective. However, this study takes a sociological approach that adopts the social network analysis. A pre-selected concrete small group is used as a research sample to explore how gossip circulates in our daily interactions. This thesis presents the results from the comparisons between the gossip network to the friendship network. They are demonstrated in the order of network structure, roles, proximity, interaction patterns, and the attitudes of the gossipy people. This study suggests that gossip is deeply rooted in the friendship relations. It further shows that the prominent actors in our daily life occupy an important position in the transmission of gossip, which corresponds to the hypothesis of social control theory. Additionally, the social distance within the gossip network is much more closer than that within the friendship network. Moreover, the gossip network is composed of a single-core structure with a star-shaped interaction pattern. This unique structure is formed by the frequent exchange of information and instant diffusion of gossip. Finally, various theories of the social functions of gossip are reexamined, and new understandings of these theories are provided in the end of this thesis. Keywords: gossip, social network analysis, social functions.

節慶活動在人類社會不同階段的文化進程中扮演著重要的角色，隨著經濟發展及社會變遷，其型態及功能更趨多元，而公部門多扮演關鍵推動或執行的角色。因節慶活動的組織運作與網絡管理有別於傳統的政策執行，本研究即以2005台北燈節為觀察平台，欲探究公部門辦理節慶活動的組織結構及運作方式，並從網絡的形成過程中，瞭解行動者彼此的角色位置及參與活動的態度認知，同時也探討行動主體整合關係網絡的過程與結果。 根據研究目的，並經文獻探討、參與觀察及深度訪談的綜合分析，研究發現：在個案部分，活動組織係依階段動態組成，具有系統功能特質，其網絡係在不同認知及權力基礎的行動者間多向互動，並仰賴行動者間的合作信任關係形成，因此可說非正式結構具有實質影響性，而在網絡整合過程，核心行動者雖能善用諸多策略，惟整合結果各行動者對達成認知仍有差異；此外在理論部分，本研究以行動與結構調和觀點提供了網絡研究的若干價值，同時也提出了若干省思。研究最後在政策層面提出了短、中、長程的建議；而在執行層面則是對活動規劃、執行組織及網絡整合等提出相關建議。 / Festivals celebrations play a significant role when cultures evolve. With the change of economic and social development, their forms and functions are getting more diversified while government departments mainly take the role of promotion or execution. Unlike common policy administration, management of networks and organization operation in festivals celebrations are much different. So the research observes Taipei Lantern Festival 2005 to probe into the organization structure and its implementation when government departments dealt with festivals celebrations. And through the forming of network, we seek to understand the position of actors and their expectations of the activity and meanwhile study the course and result of integration of executive sectors. According to the research purpose, document study, observation and in depth interview, it concludes that in the case study, the dynamic activity changes as occasions arise and characteristic of organizationic functions. The network interacts between different sectors of diverse expectations and authorities and it leans on relationship and cooperation between sectors. The informal structure, so to speak, is influential. And during the integration of network, the sector in charge could employ strategies to get work done, but other sectors might expect differently toward the result. Theoretically the research, in terms of reconciliation of actions and structures, focuses on the network and provides also some reflections. At last it forwards short-term, mid-term, and long-term political suggestions. For the execution part, it offers some advice for activity planning, executive organization and integration of network as well.

Is Xi Jinping’s anticorruption campaign genuinely fighting corruption, or does it serve to expand Xi’s power? This “hunt for tigers and flies” is second to none in the history of the Communist Party of China. In the first 29 months of Xi’s tenure, 104 “tigers” – corrupt cadres at or above vice-provincial/ministerial level – have been confirmed of being brought down in the campaign, including 4 national leaders. It is Xi’s first sweep of his new broom and tells a story more than anticorruption itself. This thesis studies the early stage of Xi’s campaign against corruption from November 2012 to March 2015 from quantitative and network perspectives and illustrates the political dynamics that drive anticorruption in a period when the new autocrat consolidates his power. First, the thesis examines the temporal and geographical/functional distribution of tigers and concludes that it is a thorough campaign fueled by the autocrat’s increase of power. The process of Xi Jinping’s consolidating power pushes through anticorruption. Second, analysis of the tiger succession shows that Xi Jinping does not often apply outsider succession to fill the vacancies by his own loyalists. It suggests that the anticorruption campaign does not directly expand his power by personnel appointment. Third, this thesis draws a colleague network of the fallen tigers and uses centrality measurement to identify factional structure in the sociogram. Network analysis helps find out whether Xi Jinping takes advantage of the tiger hunt to strike down his enemies and, if he does, who he targets at. It turns out that there are factional groups that Xi cracks down, and the purge creates a favorable climate for Xi’s transcendence from a first-among-equals leader in power-sharing arrangements to an unchallengeable autocrat.

資訊社會的到來，數位化的環境帶來希望也造成墜落。自90年代末期，數位落差的現象開始為國家、社會所關注，其中偏遠地區的學童往往因距離與社經條件的關係而存在嚴重的數位落差問題。 「數位人文希望關懷團隊」即是非營利部門參與此議題的力量之一，其特別處在於除了解決數位落差問題外，更認為資訊科技能帶來機會。其藉由營隊中的課程與兩校學童的交流，建立起部落學童的基礎資訊能力與因同儕而起的網路使用動機，再透過數位平台的建立與共讀活動的設計，讓部落學童能夠長期與學伴互動，得到陪伴與鼓勵，而達到促進學習動機與成就的目的。而本研究即是希望瞭解個案的歷程與影響及行動背後的運作。 透過訪談與問卷，研究發現在一年的行動後，方案引發的動機，的確讓部落學童的數位落差情形與學習狀況所改善，而在過程中部落社區的氛圍也有轉變，變得更有活力。只是行動也曾遇到不少困難，包括：部落需求的認知差距、資訊基礎建設的建置與維護及行動背後各團隊的合作問題。 而協調合作為本行動在運作上的重要課題，因此本文透過網絡分析、訪談及參與觀察的整理來探討此議題。其中，透過網絡分析發現，團隊的合作狀況緊密且不會過度集中，但仍有集中於部分成員的狀況。而透過訪談整理則發現五個影響協調合作關係的議題，包括：行動方案是有利的、組織的型態與性質、意見不被接受、距離與溝通困擾、認知好的成果等，其中訪談結果雖然並未直接提及網絡結構的影響，但透過比對，仍可發現網絡結構透露出行動者的基本限制而將間接影響合作關係。最後，本文也發現行動中存在著協調合作模式的認知差異，而應注意定位與合作制度化的問題。 根據以上研究發現，本文也對個案提出相關的建議，包括：加強部落電腦教室的管理與維護、在目標下創造各方合作的利基、確立團隊溝通管道與平台、確認各方權利義務與增加行動管理的合作夥伴。 / Digital environment contributes opportunity and divide at the coming of information society. Since the late 1990s, digital divide becomes a popular issue in governments and societies, among which children in the remote district are the one who need more concern. Digital and Cultural Hope (DCH), which is composed of a few groups, is one participant from the nonprofit sector. DCH believes it should not only just bridge the digital divide, but also use the information and communication technology (ICT) to create the opportunity for the children. Hence, it runs a project from an idea like email pal to encourage children’s motives of using ICT and acquiring knowledge in a rural community. This is an effective and unique way to solve the problem. Therefore, the study wants to explore the course and the impact of the DCH project. The study, through interview and questionnaire, finds the DCH project does make its goal after a year of implementing. The motives of children help them improve the digital literacy and school learning. Meanwhile, the DCH project also changes the atmosphere of the community. However, the DCH project does face some challenges. First, the different perception of demand between DCH and the community makes some conflicts. Second, it is difficult to maintain ICT infrastructure for the community. And, at last, one member of DCH closures the collaboration and quits the project. Collaboration is an important issue for the project, because its service is delivered by the collaboration of the groups in DCH. The study, through network analysis, finds the structure of DCH is dense, but not highly central. It also finds five issues of collaboration, and finds network does have an indirect impact of collaboration. Last but not least, the study discovers there is a perception gap of collaboration in DCH, and considers DCH needs to concern about the issues of responsibility between team members and institutionalization of collaboration. According to the findings, the study brings up some suggestions as follow. First, DCH needs to strengthen the maintenance and management of ICT infrastructure by training the community residents and acquiring other supports. Second, it should create the incentives of collaboration for the team members. Third, the information exchange platform is suggested for team communication. And, the right and the duty of the members should be confirmed by each other. At the end, the study advises to invite new participants for managing the project.

近年來，由於網路發展、知識水平的提升、社會大眾對網路使用習性的改變以及網路瀏覽速度的提升，網路影音播放已然相當普及；同時，Web2.0的概念廣為網路使用者接受，使YouTube 等Web2.0影音網站崛起。以YouTube為首的Web2.0影音網站，成為了人們參與網路社群以及與他人互動的管道；另一方面，全球化競爭，網路廣告的廣泛使用，讓Web2.0影音網站成為一項新穎的傳播媒介。 　　本研究於YouTube網站上抓取11,269筆「蘋果電腦Mac系列產品」相關資料，利用資料間的好友關係、訂閱／被訂閱關係，建構一社會網絡；並使用社會網絡分析中著重連結方向性的方法，辨識網絡上的傳播關鍵節點，包括廣為對外散佈意見的意見領袖、集中訂閱的參考節點，以及深度涉入特定影音類型的專家；同時本研究使用資料探勘中的關連規則分析，獲得傳播關鍵節點間的關連規則。其次，本研究使用人與人矩陣辨識使用者透過哪些影音類型會產生緊密連結；另利用資料探勘中的分群技術，將網絡上的節點作子網絡歸屬，透過分析子網絡的屬性，加上各子網絡適合行銷傳播的特性，探討在影音網站上行銷傳播之特性。 　　本研究發現，在YouTube網站上與Mac系列產品有關的使用者，多喜好觀賞音樂、娛樂類型的影音，且使用者透過觀看音樂和電影與動畫類型影音易產生緊密連結；九個分群子網絡關鍵傳播節點和關連規則數量都不一，且適合傳播的影音類型都不相同，將可視要傳播的理念或產品性質最接近的子網絡來操作傳播。 / Nowadays, web videos are put to use universally due to the development of Internet, arising of the multitude knowledge and the change of the Internet using behavior. Moreover, the concept of Web2.0 has accepted by the Internet users. The reasons mentioned above result the prosperity of Web2.0 video websites like YouTube. Several user interaction facts have made Web2.0 video websites channels which allow people to participate in web communities and to interact with each others. Furthermore, the Web2.0 video websites have become a new communication media on account of worldwide competition and the using of Internet advertisement. Therefore, the enterprises often interpenetrate target consumers by web videos through Web2.0 video websites. The research propose an analytic structure which is an effective method to recognize the critical properties of marketing communication on Web2.0 video websites by social network analysis, data mining and communication theories. The main purposes of the research are as following. 1. To present an analytic structure to realize the keys to marketing communicate on Web2.0 video websites. 2. Critical network problems analysis, positioning the network users and explaining the marketing communication meaning. 3. Verifying with YouTube-Mac network.

近年隨全球生產鏈改變，廠商為維持競爭力由追求區位最佳化，轉而追求網絡位置優化。在此種現象下，引發本研究探討區位環境在廠商創新過程中所扮演之角色，並嘗試與網絡位置共同分析，探查區位環境對於廠商是否具有功能化效果。且以Markusen (1996)與Glückler(2007)之論述為基礎，檢視創新環境差異下是否存在網絡結構差異。區位環境與技術網絡分別透過創新氛圍與社會資本作為論述框架，利用兩者皆強調個體行動者特質，連結地理區位、社會化行動至創新績效之路徑。 本研究以台灣生物技術廠商為研究對象，該產業為我國新興產業之一，對於技術網絡建立與研發需求強烈。資料收集同時利用二手資料與問卷方式，建立近似於整體性的技術網絡資料，分析方法採用社會網絡分析法、變異數分析以及卜瓦松回歸進行假說驗證。分析結果呈現地區創新氛圍差異確實存在廠商社會資本型態差異，支持先前文獻論述。而地區創新氛圍在廠商創新過程中扮演調和社會資本結構面功能角色，隨創新氛圍提升，強化直接連結的正向效果，減緩了網絡中介的負向效果；突顯了區位選擇在廠商面對全球化過程中仍為影響創新績效的關鍵因子。 / The empirical studies of firms’ innovation pointed out the important of localtion. In early days, firms pursue better location to lower the cost.But now they facing the globalization recombining the global supply chain. The important of location is re-placed by “ network system”. In this view, the main part of our research tring to understand the role of innovative milieu in innovation process. According to the lite-rature of Markusen (1996) and Glückler(2007) suggest the difference network structure between difference industrial districts. The second goal of this research is using statistical data to confirm their explanation. Tthis research which indicate two important results. The first is the difference social capital of firms existing in difference innovative milieux.This result support Markusen and Glückler’s discussions. Second, the role of innovative milieu is mod-erated effect between social capital and innovative perfornment.Following the differ-ence social capital strength, the effect of innovative milieu is difference.The empirical result indicate that the important function of location is working on firms’ innovative process.

台灣董監事及高階管理者連結成為公司治理的重要議題。本研究欲探討某人同時兼任兩間以上公司之董事、監察人及高階管理者職位，所形成之董監連結，對公司經營績效之影響。本研究以董監連結變數作為衡量社會資本之質與量，並首度辨認董監連結之方向，透過社會網絡分析軟體將2010年台灣電子業上市公司之網絡連結狀況予以視覺化。 　　本研究實證結果顯示，與其他公司連結的數量愈多、兼任比例愈高，可能無法有效監督公司之經營管理，高度連結的狀況將使公司績效變差；公司擔任主要中間媒介的程度愈高，公司績效愈好。惟本研究在探討公司與其他公司的距離、連結至不同產業的種類數與公司經營績效之間的關係時，該部分實證結果並未呈現顯著相關。因此，不同的董監事連結構面對公司經營績效產生不同的影響，公司應適當的監督與控制董監事連結行為，並可以其作為透過策略聯盟提升公司經營績效的途徑之一。 / The interlocking among board members from different corporations has become one of the corporate governance research issues. Interlocking directorates means that firms appoint directors or managements who hold directorships in two or more companies. This study aims to examine the relationships between interlocking directorates and firm performance. This study uses the variable of interlocking directorates to measure the quality and quantity of social capital, and is the first study in Taiwan to identify the direction of interlocking directorates. This study uses the sample of Taiwan listed companies from 2010 to visualize the social network via SNA software. The empirical results are summarized as follow. If a firm has higher number of interlocking directorates, or a director has too many directorships, he/she is incapable of effectively monitoring the management of the firm. As a result, the high interlocking situation will hurt a firm’s performance. If a firm serves as the medium in the social network, it will enhance company’s performance. However, if a company has shorter distance to other companies or board of directors from various industries, it does not significantly affect the company’s performance. The above results suggest that different aspects of interlocking directorates have different effect on a company’s performance. Therefore, companies have to adequately monitor and control the behavior of interlocking directorates. In addition, interlocking directorates can be a way to enhance a company’s performance via strategic alliance.

本研究旨在探討教育學門系所評鑑的理論和執行相關課題，並建構教育學門系所評鑑指標權重體系，提供執行教育學門系所評鑑之參考。經由文獻分析，初擬教育學門系所評鑑指標，選取系所評鑑委員和系所主管共計16人為研究對象，使用模糊德懷術建構教育學門系所評鑑指標體系架構，再以網絡分析法建立評鑑指標的相對權重體系。研究結果指出，教育學門系所評鑑指標體系包含行政管理、環境設備、課程規劃、教師教學、學生學習、專業表現、經營成效等七個向度和17個次向度與65項評鑑指標。最後，本研究針對主管教育行政機關、辦理教育學門系所評鑑單位、教育學門系所及後續研究者提出具體建議。 / The study explored the relevant theoretical foundation and practical issues about the evaluation for educational departments and graduate schools. The study also proposed an evaluation indicator weighting system for educational departments and graduate schools in higher education. By reviewing relevant academic literature, the preliminary evaluative indicators were proposed. Sixteen experts who are university program evaluators or chairpersons of departments and graduate schools were the testing samples. This study adopted the Fuzzy Delphi method to build a framework of the evaluation indicator system. In addition, the relative weight of each evaluation indicator was assessed by the Analysis Network Process. The results showed that the conceptual framework of the evaluation indicator system containing 7 dimensions, 17 sub-dimensions, and 65 indicators. The seven dimensions are administrative management, environment and equipments, curriculum planning, faculty’s teaching, student’s learning, professional performance, and operative outcomes. Finally, suggestions were proposed to educational authority, institutions of program evaluation, educational departments and graduate schools, and further researchers.